1 Kings 20

1 Kings, chapter 20 1 Kings 20 1 Kings 19 chapter 19 1 Kings 21 chapter 21 First book of Kings Old Testament 11 Nevi'im 4 Former Prophets Leningrad-codex-09-kings.pdf 250px The pages containing the Books of Kings (1 & 2 Kings) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). 1 Kings 20 is the 20th chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.Halley 1965 198Collins 2014 288 The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.McKane 1993 324 This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of the Omrides.Dietrich 2007 244 The focus of this chapter is the reign of king Ahab in the northern kingdom.Dietrich 2007 247 Text This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 43 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Würthwein 1995 35-37 There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).Würthwein 1995 73-74The whole book of 1 Kings is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.Codex Sinaiticus The extant palimpsest AqBurkitt contains verses 7–17 in Koine Greek translated by Aquila of Sinope approximately in the early or mid-second century CE.Fragments of the Books of Kings According to the Translation of Aquila Burkitt Francis Crawford Francis Crawford Burkitt 1897 10 University Press Cambridge 1117070484 https://archive.org/details/fragmentsofbooks00aquiuoft 5222981 Ahab's victory over the Arameans (20:1–34) Israelite–Aramean War 1 Kings 20 and 22 record a series of wars between an Aramean king, Ben-Hadad, and King Ahab of Israel.Dietrich 2007 247 With the help of prophetic oracles, the Israelite king managed to repeatedly defeat an aggressive, arrogant and stronger enemy.Dietrich 2007 247 The Arameans initially regarded YHWH to be 'a mountain god who had no power on the plains' (verses 23), based on the religious and social history that Yahweh's home was originally the mountains of southern Sinai and Edom (Exodus 3; Judges 5:4) and Israel was developed into an ethnic and political power on the mountains of Palestine (Judges 1:27-35; 1 Samuel 13–14; 2 Samuel 2:9).Dietrich 2007 247 However, at the end it was shown that the entire country belongs to Yahweh (and his people), even Ahab managed to force Ben-Hadad to accept the establishment of an Israelite trading office in Damascus (verse 34).Dietrich 2007 247 This period may fit the record from Assyrian sources that Ahab and the Aramean king, Adad-idri (Aramaic: "Hadadezer") were closely allied to each other to fight Assyrian army (ANET 276–277).Dietrich 2007 247 Verse 34 So Ben-Hadad said to him, "The cities which my father took from your father I will restore; and you may set up marketplaces for yourself in Damascus, as my father did in Samaria." Then Ahab said, "I will send you away with this treaty." So he made a treaty with him and sent him away.1 Kings 20:34 NKJV NKJV "My father took from your father": may refer to Baasha during whose reign the Arameans (Syrians) took some cities from the kingdom of Israel (1 Kings 15:20 9), so "father" here has the sense of "predecessor", or refer to Omri, Ahab's father, who might have war with the Syrians but not recorded in the Scripture (1 Kings 16:27 9).Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "1 Kings 20". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019. Chiastic structure Biblical scholar Burke O. Long (1985) pointed out that these verses have a chiastic structure:Long 1985 406 A: Negotiations (Ben-hadad and Ahab) vv. 1–11Long 1985 406 B: Battle for Samaria vv. 12–21Long 1985 406 X: Transition: Prophet's Counsel v. 22Long 1985 406 B': Battle of Aphek vv. 23–30Long 1985 406 A': Negotiations (Ben-hadad and Ahab) vv. 31–34Long 1985 406 A prophetic warning to Ahab (20:35–43) The positive outcome of the war against Aram was tarnished by Ahab's action to make business contracts with Benhadad, instead of killing him ("devoted him to destruction", which was an 'underlying principle of Deuteronomistic theory and historical writing'; cf. Deuteronomy 13:12–18; 20:16–18; Joshua 6–7; 11:10–15, etc.). The prophetic rebuke was given through a prophet's ingenious scheming which forced the king to call out his own error and 'bring judgement upon himself' (cf. as Nathan did to David in 2 Samuel 12).Dietrich 2007 247 Verse 42 And he said to him, "Thus says the Lord, ‘Because you have let go out of your hand the man whom I had devoted to destruction,[a] therefore your life shall be for his life, and your people for his people."1 Kings 20:42 ESV ESV "Devoted to destruction": or "set apart (devoted) as an offering to the Lord (for destruction)".Note of 1 Kings 20:42 in ESV Like Saul who released an enemy king whom God had "devoted to destruction" (1 Samuel 15), Ahab's life was forfeit because he released Benhadad.Coogan 2007 528 Hebrew Bible See also 22em Aphek (biblical) Damascus Israel Jezreel Prophet Samaria Syria Related Bible parts: Deuteronomy 13, Joshua 6, Joshua 7, 1 Samuel 15, 2 Samuel 12, 1 Kings 15, 1 Kings 16 Notes References Sources Collins John J. Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures Chapter 14: 1 Kings 12 – 2 Kings 25 277–296 Fortress Press 2014 https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ 978-1451469233 Coogan Michael David Michael D. Coogan The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 Coogan Michael David Marc Zvi Brettler Carol Ann Newsom Pheme Perkins Augmented 3rd Oxford University Press 2007 978-0195288810 https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ Dietrich Walter 13. 1 and 2 Kings The Oxford Bible Commentary John Barton John Barton (theologian) John Muddiman John Muddiman Oxford University Press first (paperback) 2007 232–266 978-0199277186 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ February 6, 2019 Halley Henry H. Henry Hampton Halley Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary 24th (revised) Zondervan Publishing House 1965 https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr registration 0-310-25720-4 Hayes Christine Introduction to the Bible Yale University Press 2015 https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC 978-0300188271 Leithart Peter J. 1 & 2 Kings Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible Brazos Press 2006 https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_gvin9G7LgC 978-1587431258 McKane William Kings, Book of Metzger Bruce M Bruce M. Metzger Coogan Michael D The Oxford Companion to the Bible https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458 registration Oxford University Press 1993 409–413 978-0195046458 Long Burke O. Historical Narrative and the Fictionalizing Imagination Vetus Testamentum Brill 35 4 1985 0042-4935 1517757 405–416 10.2307/1517757 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1517757 subscription Metzger Bruce M Bruce M. Metzger Coogan Michael D The Oxford Companion to the Bible Oxford University Press 1993 978-0195046458 Würthwein Ernst Ernst Würthwein The Text of the Old Testament Wm. B. Eerdmans Grand Rapids, MI 1995 Erroll F. Rhodes 0-8028-0788-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC January 26, 2019 External links Jewish translations: Melachim I - I Kings - Chapter 20 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org Christian translations: Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 1 Kings chapter 20. Bible Gateway 20 Category:Aram-Damascus