20-pounder Parrott rifle

Type of rifled cannon 20-pounder Parrott rifle File:CW Arty 20lb Parrott front.jpg 250 A 20-pounder Parrott rifle is located at Gettysburg National Military Park. Rifled cannon United States 1861–1865 United StatesConfederate States American Civil War Robert Parker Parrott 1859–1860 West Point Foundry $380 1861–1864 United States: c. 300Confederate States: 45+ 1750 lb kg 0 84 in m 2 yes yes 20.0 lb kg 1 shell2.0 lb kg 1 charge 3.67 in mm 0 1 Muzzle loading 1250 ft/s m/s 0 1900 yd m at 5° 1175 lb kg 0 The 20-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was a cast iron muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was adopted by the United States Army in 1861 and employed in field artillery units during the American Civil War. As with other Parrott rifles, the gun breech was reinforced by a distinctive wrought iron reinforcing band. The gun fired a 20 lb kg 1 projectile to a distance of 1900 yd m 0 at an elevation of 5°. The 20-pounder Parrott rifle could fire shell, shrapnel shell (case shot), canister shot, and more rarely solid shot. In spite of the reinforcing band, the 20-pounder earned a dubious reputation for bursting without warning, killing or injuring gunners. The Confederate States of America also manufactured copies of the gun. Background Robert Parker Parrott was an ordnance officer in the US Army who inspected cannons manufactured at the West Point Foundry in Cold Spring, New York. In 1836, president of the company Gouverneur Kemble persuaded Parrott to resign from the Army and join his firm. Several years before the American Civil War, gun founders grappled with the problem of rifling cannons.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 109 Bronze smoothbore cannons had windage – or space – between the round shot and the barrel. Windage caused the propellant gases from the gunpowder explosion to leak out, but it also put less stress on the gun barrel. With rifled cannon, the ammunition was designed to expand the shell so that there was no windage between the projectile and the gun barrel. This meant that a smaller gunpowder charge could throw a rifled projectile farther, but it also meant that the gun barrel was put under greater stress.Cole 2002 75 Bronze cannons infrequently burst because the metal was flexible. Cast iron was stronger than bronze, but it was also more rigid. This made cast iron guns more prone to burst at the breech or muzzle.Cole 2002 77 Bronze was too soft a metal for rifled guns. Cast iron was hard enough to take rifling but it was too brittle. Parrott's solution to this puzzle was a cast iron rifled cannon that had a wrought iron reinforcing band wrapped around the breech.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 109 When banded guns were manufactured, gravity acted on the bands as they cooled, making an uneven fit around the gun barrel. Parrott overcame the problem by slowly rotating the gun barrel while it was being cooled. The Parrott rifle was first developed in 1859–1860.Morgan 2002 Parrott later noted of his invention, "I do not profess to think that they are the best gun in the world, but I think they were the best practical thing that could be got at the time".Cole 2002 94 The U.S. government bought the first ten 10-pounder Parrott rifles on 23 May 1861.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 109 The U.S. Ordnance Department trusted Robert Parrott to such a degree that he was allowed to be the inspecting officer until the end of 1862. This was a unique arrangement since Parrott was also the manufacturer.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 109 Manufacture The West Point Foundry produced about 300 20-pounder Parrott rifles between September 1861 and July 1864. The gun barrels weighted between 1635 lb kg 0 and 1815 lb kg 0. The rifling consisted of five lands and grooves of right-hand gaining twist (increasing toward the muzzle) and the caliber (bore diameter) was 3.67 in mm 0.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 117 The 20-pounder Parrott had a reinforcing band 16.25 in cm 0 long and 1.5 in mm 0 thick. The Register of Inspections recorded numbers 1 through 284. However, there were gaps in the record and surviving guns have been found with numbers in the gaps. Also, there is a gun at Gettysburg National Military Park with registry number 296, so it is likely that the real number of guns produced is at least 296.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 263–264 The cost per gun was approximately $380.Cole 2002 83 A number of the guns were designed for Navy use and had a block and pin that fitted over the cascabel (end knob). Only 15 Federal-made guns are known to have survived to the present day.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 117 The Tredegar Iron Works in the Confederacy produced 45 20-pounder Parrott rifles between August 1862 and December 1864. Like the Federal version, the guns were rifled with five grooves in a right-hand twist. The Confederate pattern differed from the Federal gun by having a reinforcing band 20 in cm 0 long and 2 in mm 0 thick. This resulted in the guns averaging 1866 lb kg 0 each, which is 51 lb kg 0 more than the heaviest Federal pieces. The Noble Brothers & Company of Rome, Georgia contracted to manufacture 20-pounder Parrott rifles for the Confederacy, but it is not known if they were produced and none have survived.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 119 There are 14 surviving Confederate-made 20-pounder Parrott rifles of which two have markings from the Macon Arsenal and the others were made at Tredegar. The two Macon Arsenal guns have weights averaging 1657 lb kg 0.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 117–118 Specifications thumb|right|upright=1.4|alt=Photo shows a 20-pounder Parrott rifle with a highway a short distance beyond it.|20-pounder Parrott rifle, rear view, Gettysburg NMP The 20-pounder Parrott rifle had a bore (caliber) with a diameter of 3.67 in mm 0 and fired a projectile weighing 20 lb kg 1. Its gun barrel was 84 in cm 0 long and weighed about 1750 lb kg 0. The gunpowder charge weighed 2.0 lb kg 1 and fired the projectile with a muzzle velocity of 1250 ft/s m/s 0 to a distance of 1900 yd m 0 at 5° elevation.Cole 2002 298 A smoothbore cannon's projectile usually retained only one-third of its muzzle velocity at 1500 yd m 0 and its round shot could be seen in the air. At the same distance, a rifled projectile often retained two-thirds of its muzzle velocity and was not visible while in flight. A rifled projectile only became visible if it started to tumble out of control. Tumbling occurred when the shell failed to take the grooves inside the gun barrel or when the spin wore off in flight.Cole 2002 237 Rifling allowed elongated/heavier rounds to be fired. For example, smoothbore cannons of the same 3.67 caliber as the 20-pounder Parrott fired only 6 pound round shot. For example the M1841 6-pounder field gun.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 24 The 20-pounder Parrott rifle was mounted on the 1175 lb kg 0 carriage for the M1841 12-pounder field gun.Downey 2019b The 20-pounder Parrott rifle fired case shot (shrapnel), shell, and canister shot. The use of bolts (solid shot) was rare and it was usually not provided in the ammunition chests. Firing a shell without a fuse would achieve the same result as firing a solid shot from a rifled gun.Cole 2002 125 Parrott ammunition was designed to be used. The Parrott rifles could also fire Hotchkiss ammunition, but gunners were not allowed to use Schenkl ammunition.Cole 2002 153 One flaw in Parrott ammunition was the position of the sabot was at the shell's base. This meant that the final impulse on the projectile as it left the gun was on its base, possibly causing the shell to wobble in flight.Cole 2002 142 When firing Canister shot rifled guns were not as effective as canister fired from a 12-pounder Napoleon or a M1841 12-pounder howitzer. First, the rifled gun's 3.67-inch bore was narrower than the 12-pounder's 4.62 in mm 0 bore and thus could fire fewer canister balls. Second, the gun's rifling caused the canister to be thrown in an irregular pattern. Union General Henry Jackson Hunt asserted that rifled guns had a canister range only half the 400 yd m 0 effective range of canister fired from the 12-pounder Napoleon.Cole 2002 130–131 Early in the war, many Union batteries were organized with six guns of identical type.Cole 2002 56 However, as will be noted, batteries armed with 20-pounder Parrott rifles often had four guns.Downey 2019a Each gun required two 6-horse teams. The first team pulled the gun and its limber and the second team pulled the caisson (ammunition wagon).Cole 2002 110 Each caisson carried two ammunition chests and the limber carried one additional ammunition chest.Coggins 1983 68–69 In addition to its guns, limbers, and caissons, each battery had two additional vehicles, a supply wagon and a portable forge.Cole 2002 108 The 20-pounder Parrott rifle's great weight made it difficult for a 6-horse team to pull. The guns were among the heaviest pieces that could be classified as field artillery, so few were taken along with the field armies.Cole 2002 139 The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was more frequently utilized.Cole 2002 91 Under normal conditions, infantry could be expected to march 15 mi km 1 in six hours, while it would take an artillery battery 10 hours to march 16 mi km 1.Cole 2002 112 History thumb|right|upright=1.4|alt=Sepia photo shows a Civil War era USA gun crew practicing with a 20-pounder Parrott rifled gun.|Federal gun crew from the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment practices with a 20-pounder Parrott rifle in the Washington D.C. defenses. At the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the Federal Army of the Potomac employed 22 20-pounder Parrott rifles while the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had none.Johnson Anderson 1995 129 The 5th New York Independent Light Artillery (Taft's) and 1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, Batteries A (Wever's), B (von Kleiser's), and C (Langner's) were all 4-gun 20-pounder Parrott batteries belonging to the V Corps.Johnson Anderson 1995 75 Simmonds' Battery Kentucky Light Artillery had two 20-pounder Parrott rifles, three 10-pounder Parrott rifles, and one iron 12-pounder howitzer.Johnson Anderson 1995 79 Simmonds' Battery and the 4-gun 20-pounder Parrott armed 2nd U.S. Artillery, Battery E (Benjamin's) served in the IX Corps.Johnson Anderson 1995 77 During the Battle of Fredericksburg on 13 December 1862, the 5th New York Battery and Batteries A, B, and C of the New York Battalion served in the Artillery Reserve.Battles & Leaders 1987 143 The Artillery Reserve was posted on the east bank of the Rappahannock River on Stafford Heights, opposite the town of Fredericksburg, Virginia.Battles & Leaders 1987 113 Before the Second Battle of Corinth on 3–4 October 1862, William Rosecrans built several lunettes to defend the west side of Corinth, Mississippi. Battery Phillips was 200 yd m 0 north of Corona Female College, Battery Williams was 400 yd m 0 northeast of Phillips, and Battery Robinett was 200 yd m 0 north of Williams and 675 yd m 0 west of Corinth. Battery Williams contained 30-pounder Parrott rifles while Battery Robinett was armed with three 20-pounder Parrott rifles and manned by Company C of the 1st U.S. Infantry Regiment.Cozzens 1997 37 On the first day, Captain Henry Richardson's Battery D, 1st Missouri Light Artillery helped repel two Confederate attacks but lost one gun.Cozzens 1997 168 On the second day, the Confederate division led by Martin E. Green routed the division of Thomas Alfred Davies in the Union right-center, but not before the Union guns in Battery Powell inflicted serious casualties. Guarding the north side of Corinth, Battery Powell was defended by three 20-pounder Parrott rifles of Richardson's battery and two M1841 24-pounder howitzers. These guns were overrun.Cozzens 1997 237–243 However, the tide turned and Federal troops recaptured the position, re-manned the guns, and fired on the retreating Confederates.Cozzens 1997 249 In the center, Dabney H. Maury's Confederate division launched an assault on David S. Stanley's Federal division. Stanley's position was buttressed by Battery Robinett which became the focus of gallant but unsuccessful Confederate attacks. Losses on both sides were heavy.Cozzens 1997 258–266 Union General Quincy Adams Gillmore believed that Parrott rifles were as good as the best artillery despite their "unequal endurance". He wrote that the Parrotts were easy for gun crews to operate. Nevertheless, the 20-pounder Parrott rifles had many critics. Confederate General J. Johnston Pettigrew complained that a battery of four 20-pounder Parrotts proved to be worthless. He wrote that half their shells exploded almost as soon as they left the gun and many of the others wobbled in flight. Finally, one of the guns burst, killing one gunner and injuring two others. Confederate Major John Haskell wanted the 20-pounder Parrotts taken away from the Macon Light Artillery to spare its men possible injury. Union General Hunt protested that the 20-pounder Parrotts were "very unsatisfactory"OR 1 Series 1, Volume 21, p. 189f. because the shells were unreliable and dangerous to Federal troops. He noted that two of the guns burst at Antietam and one at Fredericksburg. Hunt tried to suppress the use of the 20-pounders in the Army of the Potomac. One of the guns of Taft's Battery (5th New York) burst at Gettysburg.Cole 2002 93–94 Parrott rifles were not employed again after the Civil War.Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 109 Civil War artillery Field artillery in the American Civil War +Characteristics of American Civil War artillery piecesCoggins 1983 66Coggins 1983 77 Description Caliber Tube length Tube weight Carriage weight Shot weight Charge weight Range 5° elev. M1841 6-pounder cannon 3.67 in cm 1 60 in cm 0 884 lb kg 0 900 lb kg 0 6.1 lb kg 1 1.25 lb kg 1 1523 yd m 0 M1841 12-pounder cannon 4.62 in cm 1 78 in cm 0 1757 lb kg 0 1175 lb kg 0 12.3 lb kg 1 2.5 lb kg 1 1663 yd m 0 M1841 12-pounder howitzer 4.62 in cm 1 53 in cm 0 788 lb kg 0 900 lb kg 0 8.9 lb kg 1 1.0 lb kg 1 1072 yd m 0 M1841 24-pounder howitzer 5.82 in cm 1 65 in cm 0 1318 lb kg 0 1128 lb kg 0 18.4 lb kg 1 2.0 lb kg 1 1322 yd m 0 M1857 12-pounder Napoleon 4.62 in cm 1 66 in cm 0 1227 lb kg 0 1128 lb kg 0 12.3 lb kg 1 2.5 lb kg 1 1619 yd m 0 12-pounder James rifle 3.67 in cm 1 60 in cm 0 875 lb kg 0 900 lb kg 0Johnson Anderson 1995 25 12 lb kg 1 0.75 lb kg 1 1700 yd m 0 3-inch Ordnance rifle 3.0 in cm 1 69 in cm 0 820 lb kg 0 900 lb kg 0Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 217 9.5 lb kg 1 1.0 lb kg 1 1830 yd m 0 10-pounder Parrott rifle 3.0 in cm 1 74 in cm 0 899 lb kg 0 900 lb kg 0Hazlett Olmstead Parks 2004 217 9.5 lb kg 1 1.0 lb kg 1 1900 yd m 0 20-pounder Parrott rifle 3.67 in cm 1 84 in cm 0 1750 lb kg 0 1175 lb kg 0Johnson Anderson 1995 25 20 lb kg 1 2.0 lb kg 1 1900 yd m 0 Notes 3 References Battles & Leaders 1987 Battles and Leaders of the Civil War 3 1987 1883 Castle Secaucus, N.J. 0-89009-571-X Coggins Jack Arms and Equipment of the Civil War 1983 Fairfax Press New York, N.Y. 0-517-402351 Cole Philip M. Civil War Artillery at Gettysburg New York, N.Y. Da Capo Press 2002 0-306-81145-6 Cozzens Peter Peter Cozzens The Darkest Days of the War: The Battles of Iuka and Corinth 1997 University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, N.C. 0-8078-5783-1 Downey Brian Units at Antietam Equipped with the 3-in. Ordnance Rifle 2019a Antietam on the Web http://antietam.aotw.org/weapon_to_units.php?weapon_id=3 Downey Brian 20-pounder Parrott rifled muzzleloader 2019b Antietam on the Web http://antietam.aotw.org/weapons.php?weapon_id=13 Hazlett James C. Olmstead Edwin Parks M. Hume Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War Urbana, Ill. University of Illinois Press 2004 0-252-07210-3 Johnson Curt Anderson Richard C. Jr. Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam 1995 Texas A&M University Press College Station, Tex. 0-89096-623-0 Morgan James Green Ones and Black Ones: The Most Common Field Pieces of the Civil War 2002 civilwarhome.com https://www.civilwarhome.com/artillery.html Further reading The Weapons of Antietam http://antietam.aotw.org/weapons.php?weapon_id=all Downey Brian 2019 Antietam on the Web Ripley Warren Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War Charleston, S.C. The Battery Press 1984 12668104 Category:American Civil War artillery