1884 in science

none February 2012 1884 science 1884 The year 1884 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Chemistry October 14 – George Eastman is granted his first patents for photographic roll film in the United States. J. H. van 't Hoff proposes the Arrhenius equation for the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant, and therefore, rate of a chemical reaction.Arrhenius equation – IUPAC Goldbook definition Hermann Emil Fischer proposes the structure of purine, a key component in many biomolecules, which he synthesizes in 1898; he also begins work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars. Emil Fischer: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921 Elsevier Publishing Company 1966 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html 2007-02-28 Henry Louis Le Chatelier develops Le Chatelier's principle, which explains the response of dynamic chemical equilibria to external stresses.Henry Louis Le Châtelier World of Scientific Discovery Thomson Gale 2005 http://www.bookrags.com/biography/henry-louis-le-chatelier-wsd/ 2007-03-24 Paul Vieille invents Poudre B, the first smokeless powder for firearms.Davis Tenney L. The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives 1943 289–292 New York Wiley Climatology The Köppen climate classification scheme is first published by German-Russian botanist Wladimir Köppen.Köppen Wladimir 1884 Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world) https://boris.unibe.ch/9257/1/s9.pdf Meteorologische Zeitschrift 2011 20 3 351–360 2011MetZe..20..351K 10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105 209855204 2 September 2016 E. Volken S Brönnimann Mathematics Georg Cantor introduces the Cantor function.Ludwig Scheeffer Allgemeine Untersuchungen über Rectification der Curven Acta Mathematica 5 1884 49–82 10.1007/BF02421552 free Gottlob Frege publishes Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik ("The Foundations of Arithmetic") presenting a theory of logicism. Edwin Abbott Abbott (as "A Square") publishes Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, a mathematical novella. Medicine January 7 – German microbiologist Robert Koch isolates Vibrio cholerae, the cholera bacillus, working in India.Koch, R. (20 March 1884) de "Sechster Bericht der deutschen wissenschaftlichen Commission zur Erforschung der Cholera" (Sixth report of the German scientific commission for research on cholera), de Deutsche medizinische Wochenscrift (German Medical Weekly), 10 (12): 191–192. On page 191, he mentions the characteristic comma shape of Vibrio cholerae: "de Im letzten Berichte konnte ich bereits gehorsamst mittheilen, dass an den Bacillen des Choleradarms besondere Eigenschaften aufgefunden wurden, durch welche sie mit aller Sicherheit von anderen Bakterien zu unterscheiden sind. Von diesen Merkmalen sind folgende die am meisten charakteristischen: Die Bacillen sind nicht ganz geradlinig, wie die übrigen Bacillen, sondern ein wenig gekrümmt, einem Komma ähnlich." (In the last report, I could already respectfully report that unusual characteristics were discovered in the bacteria of enteric cholera, by which they are to be distinguished with complete certainty from other bacteria. Of these features, the following are the most characteristic: the bacteria are not quite straight, like the rest of the bacilli, but a little bent, similar to a comma.) Koch and Friedrich Loeffler formulate Koch's postulates on the causal relationship between microbes and diseases. Loeffler also discovers the causative organism for diphtheria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Dr Takaki Kanehiro of the Imperial Japanese Navy conducts a controlled experiment demonstrating that deficient diet is the cause of beriberi, but mistakenly concludes that sufficient protein alone would prevent it.Rosenfeld L. Vitamine—vitamin: the early years of discovery Clin Chem 43 680–5 1997 4 9105273 10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680 free Georg Theodor Gaffky isolates the pathogenic bacillus salmonella typhi as the cause of typhoid fever.Gaffky G. T. A. 1884 https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6lQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA372 Zur Aetiology des Abdominaltyphus Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 2 372–420Hardy, A. Food, hygiene, and the laboratory. A short history of food poisoning in Britain, circa 1850-1950 Social History of Medicine 12 2 293–311 August 1999 11623930 10.1093/shm/12.2.293 Ophthalmologist Karl Koller announces his use of a local anesthetic (cocaine) in surgery;At a medical congress in Heidelberg, Germany, September 15. Honegger H. Hessler H. [Discovery of local anesthesia by Karl Koller. I] Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 157 3 428–38 West Germany 0023-2165 4922411 German September 1970 Jellinek also demonstrates cocaine's effects as an anesthetic on the respiratory system. Friedrich Schultze first describes the disorder that will become known as Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.Enersen Ole Daniel http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/30.html Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Whonamedit? April 12, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110628223408/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/30.html June 28, 2011 dead First known case of artificial insemination by sperm donation: William H. Pancoast, a professor in Philadelphia, takes sperm from his "best looking" student to inseminate an anesthetized woman without her knowledge, not reported for 25 years.https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/01/first-artificial-insemination/423198/ The First Artificial Insemination Was an Ethical Nightmare Yuko Elizabeth 2016-01-08 The Atlantic en-US 2019-07-17Kramer Wendy 2016-05-10 A Brief History of Donor Conception https://www.huffpost.com/entry/a-brief-history-of-donor-conception_b_9814184 2021-07-29 HuffPost enThe Medical World April 1909 163–164 Letter to the Editor: Artificial Impregnation http://familyscholars.org/2011/02/17/4579/ dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120724221400/http://familyscholars.org/2011/02/17/4579/ 2012-07-24 (cited in Gregoire, A. Mayer, R. 1964 The impregnators Fertility and Sterility 16 130–4 14256095 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35476-0 free) Among the papers on brain function published by Vladimir Bekhterev is a study on the formation of the human conception of space.Alexander Petrunkevitch Russia's Contribution to Science Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences 23 1920 232 Physics Ludwig Boltzmann derives the Stefan–Boltzmann law on blackbody radiant flux from thermodynamic principles. Technology February 12 – Lewis Waterman gets his first patent for a capillary feed fountain pen in the United States.293545. May 16 – Angelo Moriondo of Turin is granted a patent for an espresso machine.#33/256. Bollettino delle privative industriali del Regno d’Italia 2nd Series 15 (1884) pp. 635–655. June 13 – LaMarcus Adna Thompson opens the "Gravity Pleasure Switchback Railway" at Coney Island, New York City. October – Hiram Maxim first demonstrates the Maxim gun, the first self-powered machine gun (using recoil operation).McCallum Iain Blood Brothers – Hiram and Hudson Maxim: Pioneers of Modern Warfare Chatham Publishing London 1999 978-1-86176-096-8 49 Fall – Chester H. Pond invents the first electrical self-winding clock.Kane Joseph Nathan 1997 Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries and Inventions in the United States 5th H. W. Wilson 605 0824209303 registration https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00kane_0/page/605 Charles Parsons invents the modern steam turbine.http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_charles_parsons.php Charles Parsons (1854–1931) 2024-11-03 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080110063209/http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_charles_parsons.php 2008-01-10 Profiles of Scientists from Irish Universities Wayback Machine Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs make a fully controllable free-flight in French Army airship La France with an electric motor.Winter Lumen Degner Glenn Minute Epics of Flight New York Grosset & Dunlap 1933 49–50 Hungarian engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri invent the closed core high efficiency transformer and AC parallel power distribution.Guarnieri M. 2013 Who Invented the Transformer? IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 7 4 56–59 10.1109/MIE.2013.2283834 Thomas Parker builds a practical production electric car in Wolverhampton (England) using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries. Mexican General Manuel Mondragón designs an early form of the Mondragón rifle, the world's first automatic rifle. Edward Butler files a patent for his petroleum motor tricycle.Edward Butler (1862-1940) - Graces Guide https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Edward_Butler_(1862-1940) 2025-09-12 www.gracesguide.co.uk Other events September 24 – Smeaton's Tower opened to the public on Plymouth Hoe as a monument to the history of civil engineering.The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History Plymouth Data Moseley Brian Smeaton's Tower August 2007 http://www.plymouthdata.info/Memorial-Smeaton%27s%20Tower.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20110316120322/http://www.plymouthdata.info/Memorial-Smeaton%27s%20Tower.htm 2011-03-16 2015-02-13 October 22 – International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian. Sophie Bryant becomes the first woman in England to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Science, by the University of London. Also in this year, she is the first woman to publish a paper with the London Mathematical Society. Sofia Kovalevskaya is appointed "Professor Extraordinarius" in mathematics at Stockholm University and becomes the editor of Acta Mathematica.Roger Cooke The Mathematics of Sonya Kovalevskaya https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofson0000cook registration New York Springer-Verlag 1984 978-0-387-96030-2 Awards Copley Medal: Carl LudwigCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Albert Jean Gaudry Births January 26 – Edward Sapir (died 1939), Pomeranian-born anthropological linguist. January 28 Auguste Piccard (died 1962), Swiss physicist and explorer. Jean Piccard (died 1963), Swiss-born chemist and explorer. March 24 – Chika Kuroda (died 1968), Japanese chemist. July 2 – Alfons Maria Jakob (died 1931), German neuropathologist. July 4 – Eleanor Williams (died 1963), Australian bacteriologist and serologist. February 23 – Casimir Funk (died 1967), Polish biochemist, coiner of the term vitamin. August 5 – Ludwik Hirszfeld (died 1954), Polish microbiologist and serologist. August 31 – George Sarton (died 1956), Flemish historian of science. November 8 – Hermann Rorschach (died 1922), Swiss psychiatrist. Deaths January 6 – Gregor Mendel (born 1822), Silesian geneticist. February 7 – Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt (born 1825), German astronomer. May 10 – Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (born 1817), Alsatian French chemist. May 12 – Robert Angus Smith (born 1817), British atmospheric chemist. May 13 – Cyrus McCormick (born 1809), American inventor. July 18 – Ferdinand von Hochstetter (born 1829), German geologist. July 20 – Sir Caesar Hawkins (born 1798), English surgeon. November 3 - Antoine Constant Saucerotte (born 1805), French physicianLH/2463/9 November 11 – Alfred Brehm (born 1829), German zoologist. November 25 – Hermann Kolbe (born 1818), German chemist. References 30em Category:19th century in science Category:1880s in science