1964 in science

none 1964 science 1964 The year 1964 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space exploration January 30 – The Soviet Union launches the first Elektron satellites. Spring – First recognition of cosmic microwave background radiation as a detectable phenomenon,In a brief paper by Soviet astrophysicists A. G. Doroshkevich and Igor Novikov. Penzias A. A. 2006 The origin of elements http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-lecture.pdf Nobel lecture Nobel Foundation 2006-10-04 securing the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. March 20 – The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organization) is established (under an agreement of June 14, 1962). July 31 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the Moon; images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound telescopes. October 12 – The Soviet Union launches the Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew and the first flight without space suits (the crew wouldn't fit in the space capsule otherwise). Biology British molecular biologist Robin Holliday proposes existence of the Holliday junction in nucleic acid. Computer science April 7 – IBM announces the System/360, in six models with 32-bit architecture. May 1 – John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz run the first program created in BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level programming language that will eventually be included on many computers and even some games consoles. PL/I (Programming Language I), a block-structured computer language, is created by George Radin, while at IBM. Programma 101 is announced at the World's Fair. Invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, It is one of the first commercial desktop programmable calculators. Earth sciences March 27 (Good Friday) – Great Alaskan earthquake, the second most powerful known, with a magnitude of 9.2.2012-07-18 Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900 https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.php U.S. Geological Survey 2012-09-05 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20101107224716/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.php 2010-11-07 Swiss geologist Augusto Gansser publishes Geology of the Himalayas. History of science and technology January 23 – The Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology opens to the public in Washington, D.C.Mission & History March 2012 http://americanhistory.si.edu/museum/mission-history National Museum of American History 2018-02-14 Mathematics Paul Cohen proves the independence of the continuum hypothesis.Crilly T. 2007 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know 73 Quercus 978-1-84724-008-8 Jacques Tits publishes significant work on group theory.Tits J. 1964 Algebraic and abstract simple groups Annals of Mathematics Second Series 80 313–329 1970394 0164968 10.2307/1970394 2 Paleontology August – John Ostrom identifies remains of the dinosaur Deinonychus in Montana, significant in being a small, agile species closely related to the birds.Ostrom J. H. 1969 Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10658785 Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin 30 1–165 Physics Three papers are published by Robert Brout and François Englert,Englert F. Brout R. 1964 Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons Physical Review Letters 13 321–323 1964PhRvL..13..321E 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.321 9 freeBrout R. Englert F. 1998 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Gauge Theories: A Historical Survey hep-th/9802142 Peter Higgs,Higgs P. W. 1964 Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons Physical Review Letters 13 508–509 1964PhRvL..13..508H 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508 16 free and Gerald Guralnik, Dick Hagen, and Tom Kibble,Guralnik G. S. Hagen C. R. Kibble T. W. B. 1964 Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles Physical Review Letters 13 585–587 1964PhRvL..13..585G 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585 20 freeGuralnik G. S. 2009 The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles International Journal of Modern Physics A 24 2601–2627 0907.3466 2009IJMPA..24.2601G 10.1142/S0217751X09045431 14 16298371 predicting the Higgs boson and Higgs mechanism (or Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism) which provides the means by which gauge bosons can acquire non-zero masses in the process of spontaneous symmetry breaking.Kibble T. W. B. 2009 Englert–Brout–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism Scholarpedia 4 1 6441 10.4249/scholarpedia.6441 2009SchpJ...4.6441K free As part of Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration, the journal will recognize each of these contributions as milestone papers in its history.Physical Review Letters 50th Anniversary Milestone Papers. Existence of the charm quark is speculated by James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow.Bjørken B. J. Glashow S. L. 1964 Elementary particles and SU(4) Physics Letters 11 3 255–257 1964PhL....11..255B 10.1016/0031-9163(64)90433-0 John Stewart Bell publishes a paper on the EPR paradox originating Bell's theorem.Bell John S. 1964 On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox Physics Physique Физика 1 3 195–200 10.1103/PhysicsPhysiqueFizika.1.195 free James Cronin, Val Fitch and coworkers provided clear evidence from kaon decay is a CP violation.Christenson J. H. Cronin J. W. Fitch V. L. Turlay R. 1964 Evidence for the 2π Decay of the K2 0 Meson System Physical Review Letters 13 4 138 1964PhRvL..13..138C 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.138 free Physiology and medicine January 11 – U.S. Surgeon General Luther Terry reports that smoking may be hazardous to health in the first such statement from the Federal government of the United States. January 16 – First angioplasty carried out, on the superficial femoral artery by U.S. interventional radiologist Charles Dotter.Dotter C. T. Judkins M. P. 1964 Transluminal Treatment of Arteriosclerotic Obstruction: Description of a New Technic and a Preliminary Report of Its Application http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/30/5/654.full.pdf+html Circulation 30 5 654–670 10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654 14226164 freeRösch J. Keller F. S. Kaufman J. A. 2003 The Birth, Early Years, and Future of Interventional Radiology Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 14 7 841–853 12847192 10.1097/01.RVI.0000083840.97061.5b January 23 – First heart transplantation on a human, using a chimpanzee heart, carried out by U.S. surgeon James D. Hardy on Boyd Rush, but the organ is rejected after a few hours. March 28 – The Epstein-Barr virus is first described, by Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr in London.Epstein, M. A. Achong, B. G. Barr, Y. M. 1964-03-28 Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma The Lancet 1 7335 702–703 14107961 10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7 June 27 – Iain Macintyre's group reports it has isolated and sequenced the newly discovered hormone calcitonin and demonstrates its origin in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.Foster G. V. Baghdiantz A. Kumar M. A. Slack E. Soliman H. A. MacIntyre I. 1964 Thyroid origin of Calcitonin http://www.nature.com/articles/2021303a0 Nature en 202 4939 1303–1305 10.1038/2021303a0 14210962 1964Natur.202.1303F 2443410 subscription Jerome Horwitz synthesizes zidovudine (AZT), an antiviral drug that will come to be used in treating HIV. Temazepam first synthesized. Lesch–Nyhan syndrome is first described, by Drs Michael Lesch and William Nyhan. Fernando Alves Martins of Portugal applies optical fiber technology to a gastrocamera to produce the first such device with a flexible fiberscope, for use in esophagogastroduodenoscopy.Martins F. A. 30 June 2009 O Endoscópio https://inventonices.blogspot.com/2009/06/o-endoscopio.html Portuguese Fernando Alves Martins' Blog 2012-02-07 Psychology Publication of Eric Berne's book Games People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships in the United States. Technology October – Dr. Robert Moog demonstrates his prototype synthesizers.Moog R. A. 1965 Voltage-Controlled Electronic Music Modules Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 13 3 200–206 Farrington Daniels' book Direct Use of the Sun's Energy is published.Yale University Press. Publications Science Citation Index begins publication. Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Prokhorov Chemistry – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Medicine – Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen Births January 2 – Michael J. Horowitz, American electrical engineer. March 5 – Yoshua Bengio, French-born Canadian computer scientist. June 5 – Dukagjin Pupovci, Kosovo Albanian professorhttp://www.see-educoop.net/experts/data/dukagjin_pupovci.htm See ECN Expert South East European University 18 July 2014 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20101018094022/http://www.see-educoop.net/experts/data/dukagjin_pupovci.htm 18 October 2010 dmy-all February 19 – Jennifer Doudna, American biochemist.Jennifer Doudna American biochemist https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jennifer-Doudna Encyclopædia Britannica 7 October 2020 en August 25 – Maxim Kontsevich, Russian mathematician. Gillian Reid, Scottish-born inorganic chemist Deaths February 5 – Matilde E. Moisant (born 1878), American pioneer aviator. February 20 – Verena Holmes (born 1889), English mechanical engineer and inventor. April 14 – Tatiana Ehrenfest-Afanaseva (born 1876), Russian-born Dutch mathematician. April 24 – Gerhard Domagk (born 1895), German pathologist and bacteriologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. May 30 – Leó Szilárd (born 1898), Hungarian-American physicist. June 7 – Arthur O. Austin (born 1879), American electrical engineer. October – Guy Stewart Callendar (born 1898), English thermodynamic engineer and climatologist. December 1 – J. B. S. Haldane (born 1892), British geneticist. December 17 – Victor Franz Hess (born 1883), American physicist. December 30 – Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (born 1885), German neuropathologist. References Category:20th century in science Category:1960s in science