1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia

To remove legal immunity of royalty March 2015 March 2015 Constitution (Amendment) Act 1993 Parliament of Malaysia An Act to amend the Federal Constitution. Act A848 Throughout Malaysia Dewan Rakyat 19 January 1993 Dewan Negara 20 January 1993 22 March 1993 Yang di-Pertuan Agong 18 February 1993 Package 10 March 1993 30 March 1993 Constitution (Amendment) Bill 1993 D.R. 01/1993 Mahathir Mohamad - Prime Minister 18 January 1993 18 January 1993 - 19 January 1993 133 0 23 Committee stage 19 January 1993 19 January 1993 133 0 16 Constitution (Amendment) Bill 1993 D.R. 01/1993 Ghafar Baba - Deputy Prime Minister 20 January 1993 20 January 1993 57 0 0 4 20 January 1993Move not for political gain but to protect citizens, says Ghafar https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930121-1.2.24.1 21 January 1993 The Straits Times 15 57 0 0 4 8 March - 9 March 1993 167 0 6 7Hassan Kalimullah Changes to remove rulers' immunity passed by big margin https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930310-1.2.6 10 March 1993 25 June 2025 The Straits Times 1 10 March 1993Hassan Kalimullah Unanimous 'yes' from Senate to strip rulers of immunity https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930311-1.2.22.5 11 March 1993 25 June 2025 The Straits Times 16 58 0 0 Federal Constitution of Malaysia Conference of Rulers, Legal immunity, Monarchies of Malaysia, Sovereign immunity, Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Yang di-Pertua Negeri in force The 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia,Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia, Kathirithamby-Wells, pg 376SHERIDAN MAHAVERA: All in the name of fair distribution of power https://web.archive.org/web/20081208214756/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Monday/Columns/2422273/Article/index_html 8 December 2008 , 2008/12/08, New Straits Times officially known as Constitution (Amendment) Act 1993 (Malay: Akta Perlembagaan (Pindaan) 1993), is a constitutional amendment passed by the Malaysian parliament in order to remove the legal immunity of all Malaysian royalties. These changes include amendments to Articles 32, 38, 42, 63, 72, 181 and Eighth Schedule of the Malaysian Constitution; and insertion of two new Articles, namely Article 33A and Article 182, into the constitution. The amendments went into effect on 30 March 1993.29 March 1993 Constitution (Amendment) Act 1993 [Act A848] https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/Act%20A848.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20250625055638/https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/Act%20A848.pdf 25 June 2025 25 June 2025 Federal Legislation (LOM) Before the amendments were made, the Constitution granted rulers who have violated the law not to be prosecuted by the criminal court unless he voluntarily wishes to surrender his legal immunity.Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy, Nair, pg 133 The amendments were made at a time when the Malaysian monarchy witnessed a deteriorating relationship with the Malaysian government. During the late-1980s and the early-1990s, a series of controversial incidents involving the rulers cropped up, many of which came into a conflict of interest with several politicians.Government and Society in Malaysia, Crouch, pg 146 After two separate assault incidents by the Sultan of Johor and his younger son which occurred in 1992, the government was prompted to take up the initiative to call for the removal of legal immunity. The rulers were extremely unhappy with the government's calls for the removal of legal immunity, and initially dissented with the government. The government used a two-pronged approach of persuasion and coercion to obtain the assent of the rulers for their rulers. The rulers gave their assent for the government's proposals to remove their legal immunity, which was later implemented in March 1993. By some interpretations, these events leading up to the constitutional amendments were considered to be a constitutional crisis,About Malaysia, for all Malaysians https://web.archive.org/web/20110603235748/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F12%2F2%2Flifebookshelf%2F19315376&sec=lifebookshelf 3 June 2011 , SOO EWE JIN, 2 December 2007, The Star (Malaysia) given that the federal government, who needed the endorsement of the Sultans to implement the law, refused and subsequently led to a brief standoff between both sides.Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir, Milne, Mauzy, pg 38 However, in most cases, the events leading up to the constitutional amendment was generally closely identified as a monarchy crisis rather than a constitutional crisis.The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya, Harper, pg 372 Background incidents Gomez Incident In later part of the year, two connected assault incidents involving members of the Johor royal family occurred.1993-01-31 A stick to beat the sultans of swing: Raymond Whitaker reports from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/a-stick-to-beat-the-sultans-of-swing-raymond-whitaker-reports-from-kuala-lumpur-on-a-bitter-power-struggle-between-wayward-royals-and-a-thoroughly-modern-prime-minister-1481790.html 2023-10-07 The Independent The first one occurred on 10 July 1992, when the second son of the Sultan Iskandar, the Sultan of Johor, Tunku Abdul Majid, hit a Perak hockey goalkeeper, Mohamed Jaafar shortly after a hockey championship match between Perak and Johor, supposedly having lost his temper when the Perak team won the match by a penalty stroke.26 January 1993 MALAYSIA: JOHOR PRINCE FREED ON ASSAULT CHARGE IPS-Inter Press Service/Global Information Network http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digital_Content/News-Article/Mahathir/us-news/1991-1995/4.pdfKerajaan mansuh kekebalan raja Melayu: semua parti politik sokong, Petah, pg 89 The goalkeeper made a police report soon afterward which received attention from Parliament who pressured the Malaysian Hockey Confederation to issue Tunku Majid on 18 October 1992, a ban of five years participation in any national hockey tournaments.Netto Anil 1992 The Monarchy Takes a 'Beating': Gomez incident leads to constitutional review https://m.aliran.com/past-issues/1992Vol12No.12.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20250615000206/https://m.aliran.com/past-issues/1992Vol12No.12.pdf 15 June 2025 25 June 2025 Aliran Monthly Aliran Kesedaran Negara (Aliran) Penang 3 12 12 0127-5127 The Sultan, enraged by the decision issued to his son, exerted pressure on the state education department to issue orders to school hockey teams in Johor to boycott participation in national tournaments.Jayakrishnan S. Sarifuddin Tengku 7 December 1992 Gomez lodges police report Zaman: We will seek A-G's direction to investigate case https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NbYTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6051%2C2575579 25 June 2025 New Straits Times 1, 4 The decision upset Douglas Gomez, a hockey coach, who criticised the education department for destroying the leadership and called for the resignation of all key office bearers of the Johor Hockey Association.Raja Gerald 29 November 1992 Hockey coach takes a swipe at JHA https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Cq9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3008%2C3386675 25 June 2025 New Straits Times 1 The criticisms by Gomez made the Sultan angry, so he summoned Gomez to the Bukit Serene palace on 30 November,Raja Gerald Nambiar Ravi Taib Mohd Yusof 1 December 1992 Hockey coach summoned to Johor palace https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MbYTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6686%2C118752 25 June 2025 New Straits Times 2 where he was reprimanded and beaten by the Sultan, in front of his dumbstruck bodyguards,Noor Farish A. Farish A. Noor https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstreams/d7930c7c-9260-47b6-aac4-c5e77048b8ac/download Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS (1951-2003) 2004 Malaysian Sociological Research Institute 9839986686 2 Kuala Lumpur 495-496 who are members of the Johor Military Force (JMF). Gomez, who suffered injuries to his face and stomach, sought treatment at a private clinic the following day and subsequently filed a police report on 6 December,Vijiyan K. 8 December 1992 Gomez: Sultan beat me https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NrYTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5832%2C3140900 25 June 2025 New Straits Times 1 after receiving tacit support from the Malaysian Cabinet. The government-backed media, on its part, was swift to report on the incident. Governmental relations with the Sultan of Kelantan The party leader of Semangat 46, Tengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd Hamzah, is a member of the Kelantan royal family and was held by high-esteem by the Sultan of Kelantan, Sultan Ismail Petra. Sultan Ismail Petra allegedly campaigned for Semangat 46 during the 1990 Malaysian general elections, which resulted in Semangat 46 as well as its then-coalition partner, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) wrestling over control of the Kelantan's state government from the Barisan Nasional government. The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad, expressed his unhappiness over the alleged royal support for Semangat 46, and was accused of violating the rule of political neutrality which was required by a constitutional monarch. In March 1992, customs officials revealed that Sultan Ismail Petra had owed the government RM2.1 million in import duties after he had purchased a convoy of twenty Lamborghini Diablo cars that were directly flown in from London. The Sultan firmly denied any wrongdoings on his part, and further issued a statement declaring support for the implementation of Islamic laws in the state by the PAS-led state government, which angered the BN-led federal government.Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter (1992), pg 35 Parliamentary debates and resolutions The press reports on Gomez plight widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public."Abdullah: Rakyat ashamed and angry", New Straits Times. 7 December 1992. pp. 4. A special parliamentary session was held on 10 December 1992 that saw all 96 members of the Dewan Rakyat present unanimously passed a resolution, which condemned Sultan Iskandar for injuring Gomez and declared that the Parliament shall "take all necessary actions" to prevent similar incident from recurring.10 December 1992 Parliamentary Debates of the House of Representatives [10 Dec 1992] https://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/hindex/pdf/DR-10121992.pdf 25 June 2025 Parliament of Malaysia 42-183 ms The subsequent parliamentary session on 27 December saw discussions to remove legal immunity, which agitated Sultan Iskandar to hold a rally to oppose the government's actions, but was forced to cancel after intense government pressure.Kershaw Roger https://research-solution.com/uplode/books/book-53732.pdf Monarchy in South-East Asia: The faces of tradition in transition Routledge 2001 9780415243483 Politics in Asia London & New York 111 25 June 2025 Members of the opposition party had a passive stance towards the government's proposals, particularly from Semangat 46."Semangat to oppose changes", The Star, 23 December 1992, pg 2Split over palace issue widens, The Star, 22 December 1992, pg 2 On 6 January 1993, the Malaysian cabinet unanimously approved the draft amendment bill to remove the rulers' immunities.Danapal G. 7 January 1933 Cabinet approves draft amendments https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7pkWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5250%2C2182154 25 March 2026 New Straits Times 1Lee H.P. 1993 Hereditary Rulers and Legal Immunities in Malaysia https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UTasLawRw/1993/17.html University of Tasmania Law Review 12 2 323-336 Three days later, the draft bill was presented to the Malay rulers during an informal meeting with prime minister Mahathir Mohamad and other senior UMNO leaders. The rulers in response requested they be given a week to formulate their stand on the proposed bill.10 January 1993 Rulers want more time https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8JkWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6361%2C3448896 25 March 2026 New Straits Times 1-2 An informal meeting of the Conference of Rulers was held at the National Palace on 16 January, however no decision was made and the meeting was deferred until the next day, although Mahathir, Ghafar Baba, and Anwar Ibrahim were summoned to the palace midway of the meeting.Hassan Kalimullah 17 January 1993 Rulers defer decision on amendments https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930117-1.2.2 25 March 2026 The Straits Times 1 On 17 January the next day, six out of the nine rulers agreed to the government's proposal, and a modified draft was accepted by both parties. Three rulers from Johor, Kedah and Kelantan however were absent from the meeting.Osman Manan Menon Vijayan Choong Alex 18 January 1993 Six Rulers says 'yes': Amendments made to proposal to remove legal immunity http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1993-1995/1993/00006767.pdf 26 June 2025 New Straits Times 1-2 Perdana Leadership Foundation LibraryHassan Kalimullah 18 January 1993 Six Malaysian rulers say 'Yes' to amendments https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930118-1.2.2 25 March 2026 The Straits Times 1 On 18 January, in a twist of event, the Conference of Rulers in a special meeting unanimously decided to withheld consent on the proposed bill, and requested for further deliberation and consultation with the government over the matter. In regards to the proposal of setting up a special court to prosecute the rulers, the Conference through a statement by the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal stated that the special court "is not the most suitable forum for such a purpose", claiming that the implementation of a special court would bring about difficulties in legal technicalities.19 January 1993 FULL TEXT OF RULERS' STATEMENT https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930119-1.2.25.5 25 March 2026 The Straits Times 16Decision of the Special Meeting of the Conference of Rulers on 18 January 1993, New Straits Times, 19 January 1993, pg 2"Rulers: Closer study of draft Bill Needed", New Straits Times, 19 January 1993, pg 1. The proposed amendments also came with the rule to allow members of parliament and state assemblymen to criticise the Sultans, even the Yang di-Pertuan Agong without fear of the Sedition Act, with the exception of advocating for the abolition of their constitutional position as monarches.Richardson Michael 15 December 1992 Malaysia Prepares To Strip Sultans Of Their Immunity https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/15/IHT-malaysia-prepares-to-strip-sultans-of-their-immunity.html 25 June 2025 International Herald Tribune In addition, the proposed amendments also sought to limit the power of the rulers to pardon offences of family members. Public criticisms of the rulers was also allowed by amendments to the Sedition Act, which makes it no longer an offence to criticise the royalty except to areas pertaining to their legitimate existence.Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success, Somun, Somun-Krupalija, pg 155 Nevertheless, a two-day long special parliamentary sessions starting from 18 January 1993 saw the Dewan Rakyat tabled the proposed amendments in spite of the Sultans' objections, with prime minister Mahathir Mohamad citing as far to say that there was no need to obtain royal assent to enact laws."PM tables amendment Bill despite Rulers' disagreement", New Straits Times, 19 January 1993, at 1, 4.Kassim Ismail 19 January 1993 Mahathir: Rulers have no powers to block Bill https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930119-1.2.2 25 June 2025 The Straits Times 1 Back in 1983, the constitution had been amended so that a veto by the Agong can be overridden by a parliamentary vote.Europa World Book 2, Taylor and Francis Group, pg 2757Jayasuriya, pg 223 On 19 January 1993, shortly before the Dewan Rakyat concluded its session, 133 out of 180 MPs voted in favour the amendment bill while members of the opposition parties abstained from voting, although opposition MPs from DAP and PAS still expressed their support in principle."133 MPs vote to remove legal immunity of Rulers: Amendment Bill passed", New Straits Times, 20 January 1993, pg 1, 2Hassan Kalimullah 20 January 1993 MPs vote to remove rulers' legal immunity https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930120-1.2.3 25 June 2025 The Straits Times 1 The following day, Dewan Negara unanimously approved of the proposed amendments.21 January 1993 Senate passes Bill unanimously https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HNlOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904%2C7787 25 June 2025 New Straits Times 1-2 The three rulers, on the other hand, continued to withhold their consent to the amendments, which saw the government threatening to withdraw the privileges and continued attacks via the national mediaShowdown with the Royals, Asiaweek, 27 January 1993, pg 30 on instances of royal excesses of their extravagant lifestyles and even hinting a possibility of ending constitutional monarchy in Malaysia, such as the publication of an article of monarchs who abdicated or were disposed since World War II.Government and Society in Malaysia, Crouch, pg 147 On 29 January, the bill was presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent.Hassan Kalimullah 31 January 1993 Constitutional amendments Bill presented to King for consent https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930131-1.2.15.2 25 March 2026 The Straits Times 9 The Yang di-Pertuan Agong on 18 February however refused assent on the bill, and returned a further amended version of the bill back to parliament for reconsideration.8 March 1993 Parliamentary Debates of the House of Representatives [8 March 1993] https://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/hindex/pdf/DR-08031993.pdf 25 March 2026 Parliament of Malaysia 12-14 ms The amended version of the bill was consented by the Conference of Rulers back on 11 February.Kassim Ismail 12 February 1993 Rulers agree to proposals to limit immunity https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930212-1.2.4 25 March 2026 The Straits Times 1 The Dewan Rakyat passed the third version of the bill on 9 March 1993,10 March 1993 Amendment Bill passed with bigger majority https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2uBOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ChQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2798%2C3691839 25 March 2026 New Straits Times 1 while the Dewan Negara approved the bill on 10 March, the following day.Hassan Kalimullah 11 March 1993 Unanimous 'yes' from Senate to strip rulers of immunity https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19930311-1.2.22.5 25 March 2026 The Straits Times 16 A new chapter, Part XV of the Constitution entitled "Proceedings against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers" was also enshrined.10 March 1993 Amendments to Federal Constitution https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2uBOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ChQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1739%2C3713599 25 March 2026 New Straits Times 2Legal Aspects of Doing Business in Asia and the Pacific, Campbell, pg 379 On 22 March, the bill was finally assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong at the time, Sultan Azlan Shah of Perak. The Act was gazetted on 29 March and the constitutional amendment officially went into effect on 30 March 1993, thereby ending the legal immunity of all Malaysian monarchs.31 March 1993 Constitutional amendments have become law https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19930331-1.1.14 25 March 2026 The Straits Times 14 Media coverage The government-backed media, on its part, launched a series of reports between 1992 and 1993 detailing alleged misdeeds by members of the royalty not only by the Johor royal familyList of criminal acts done by the Johor Sultan, New Straits Times, 20 January 1993, pg 4 but also on other royal houses from other states, questioning their extravagant lifestyles and misuse of moral authority to gain alleged concessions. The Pahang royal family, in particular, was criticised for the way which they allegedly gained favourable timber forestry concession ratesUnion: Review timber permits for royalty, New Straits Times, 15 December 1992, pg 2 and the unusually high shares which they were accorded in the timber forestry industry.Lim: 93000 acre km2 given to Sultan, The Star, 18 December 1992, pg 2 The views of the Islamic religious leaders were also well publicised, who criticised the royal excesses and even went as far as placing members of the royalty as equal members with the commoners in the eyes of Allah.Ulamas back constitutional change, New Straits Times, 1 January 1993, pg 2Qualities worthy of a Ruler in light of Islamic teachings, New Straits Times, 15 December 1992, pg 11Zaleha: Action was against Islamic teachings, New Straits Times, 21 January 1993, pg 2 In Kelantan, Sultan Ismail Petra was also heavily criticised for failing to pay import duty taxes after he purchased a convoy of imported Italian luxury sports car as well asAsian Bulletin, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League, Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League (China : Republic : 1949– ), Asian-Pacific Anti-Communist League, APLFD (Organization), APACL Publications, 1993, pg 36 alleged biased support for Semangat 46 by Dr Mahathir, for violating the constitution which states that monarchs will have to take on a neutral role in political affairs. The leader of Semangat 46, Tengku Razaleigh Tengku Mohd Hamzah was a member of the Kelantan royal family.Asian Recorder, K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press, 1993, pg 23061 Aftermath Another further constitutional amendment in May 1994 allowed any law that has been passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara to become law within 30 days, irrespective of whether the Agong had given his assent.Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia, Leifer, pg 297Handbook of Federal Countries, 2002: A Project of the Forum of Federations, Griffiths, Nerenberg, pg 185 The new legislation further reduced the veto power of the Agong — amended previously in 1983, which also sparked a constitutional crisis. The older bill stated that Rulers could withhold assent of a proposed amendment within 30 days once both houses of parliament pass a proposed amendment.Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir, Hwang, pg 241 The new constitutional amendment took some interesting twists following its amendments: In 1996, a Singaporean filed to sue the Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang for defamation in the special court for the rulers, which was turned down by the Special Court, establishing the precedent that the right to sue a ruler only belongs to a Malaysian citizen. In 1998, then Tengku Idris (later Sultan Sharafuddin) of Selangor sued a company, Dikim Holdings in the High Court. In 1999, when his father, Sultan Salahuddin was elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Paramount Ruler) of Malaysia, Tengku Idris was appointed as Regent of Selangor. The case was referred to the Federal Court on whether the Regent is considered a ruler, which the court replied in the negative. In 2001, Sultan Salahuddin died and Tengku Idris ascended the Selangor throne. The case was referred to the Federal Court again, which the court ruled that the High Court had lost jurisdiction over the case, and the case must be withdrawn and refiled in the Special Court. In both cases, only the Special Court had authority to exercise jurisdiction over the rulers, whether they were to be tried or intended to try another party.Test case on right to sue Sultans https://web.archive.org/web/20080904170506/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F20%2Ffocus%2F22122956&sec=focus 4 September 2008 , 20 August 2008, Shad Saleem Faruqi, The Star (Malaysia) The Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Ja'afar became the first ruler to have judgement made against him in the Special Court, whereby he was ordered to settle US$1 million in debts he had owed to a bank.New Ruler for Negeri Sembilan https://web.archive.org/web/20101031140041/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/SE%2BAsia/Story/STIStory_319973.html 31 October 2010 , 30 December 2008, The Straits Times The landmark verdict prompted his oldest son, the Regent of Negeri Sembilan, Tunku Naquiyuddin to advocate the restoration of rulers' immunity during a speech in November 2008. This raised concerns among the public, in view of the history of past royal excesses, but specifically the Gomez incident. Tunku Naquiyuddin, however, added further that immunity to rulers should not be extended to cases when rulers commit acts of criminality, such as assault.http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Thursday/National/2412825/Article/index_html 27 November 2008 'Restore immunity of rulers' Sheridan Mahavera New Straits Times See also Constitution of Malaysia Monarchies of Malaysia Parliament of Malaysia Sovereign immunity List of crimes committed by members of the Johor royal family Notes References Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter, by Peter Isaacson, 1992 Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia, Michael Leifer, Taylor and Francis, 2001, 0-415-23875-7 Europa World Year Book 2: Kazakhstan-Zimbabwe, Taylor and Francis Group, 2004, 1-85743-255-X Government and Society in Malaysia, Harold A. Crouch, Cornell University Press, 1996, 0-8014-3218-9 Handbook of Federal Countries, 2002: A Project of the Forum of Federations, Ann L. Griffiths, Karl Nerenberg, Forum of Federations, McGill-Queen's University Press — MQUP, 2003 0-7735-2511-4 Kerajaan mansuh kekebalan raja Melayu: semua parti politik sokong, Mokhtar Petah, ART Media, 1993, 983-9835-00-9 Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia: The Rule of Law and Legal Institutions, Kanishka Jayasuriya, Routledge, 1999, 0-415-19743-0 Legal Aspects of Doing Business in Asia and the Pacific, Christian Campbell, 2006, 1-4116-5012-3 Islam Embedded: The Historical Development of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS, 1951–2003, Ahmad-Noor A. Noor, Farish Ahmad Noor, Malaysian Sociological Research Institute, 2004, 983-99866-8-6 Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy, Shanti Nair, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Routledge, 1997, 0-415-10341-X Mahathir, the Secret of the Malaysian Success, by Hajrudin Somun, Lejla Somun-Krupalija, published by Pelanduk Publications, 2003, 967-978-879-2 Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir, Robert Stephen Milne, Diane K. Mauzy, Routledge, 1999, 0-415-17143-1 Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition, Roger Kershaw, Routledge, 2001, 0-415-18531-9 Nature and Nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia, Jeyamalar Kathirithamby-Wells, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, NUS Press, 2005, 9971-69-302-X Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir, In-wŏn Hwang, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003, 981-230-185-2 The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya, T. N. Harper, Cambridge University Press, 2001, 0-521-00465-9 Transitions in Malaysian society and politics: towards centralizing power, in (The Asia-Pacific: A Region in Transition, Jim Rolfe, Honolulu, Hawaii: Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2004), pp. 300–322 [Chapter 18], by Michael Leigh and Belinda Lip External links A BILL intituled: An Act to amend the Federal Constitution., Dewan Rakyat, January 1993 ms Pindaan-Pindaan YANG DICADANGKAN KEPADA RANG UNDANG-UNDANG PERLEMBAGAAN (PINDAAN) 1993, Dewan Rakyat, January 1993 Amendments to the Constitution Category:Amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia Category:Malaysian federal legislation Category:Sovereign immunity