1918 Spanish general election

none 1918 Spanish general election Spain 1785 parliamentary no 1916 Spanish general election 1916 1919 Spanish general election 1919 All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate205 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies 24 February 1918 (Congress)"17Feb" Candidates elected automatically under Article 29 of the Electoral Law were proclaimed on 17 February 1918.1 January 1919 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=296958ec-8cbe-419b-ad1a-ad92fd27f727&page=33 Febrero de 1918. Día 17. Elecciones generales. Diputados por el artículo 29 es National Library of Spain El Año Político 10 April 202310 March 1918 (Senate) 170x170px Eduardo Dato Conservative Party (Spain) 1913 Vitoria 90 D Congress of Deputies36 S Senate 104 D Congress of Deputies48 S Senate 10px 14 D Congress of Deputies10px 12 S Senate 170x170px Marquis of Alhucemas Liberal Democratic Party (Spain, 1913) 1913 Senator for life Did not contest 89 D Congress of Deputies41 S Senate 10px 89 D Congress of Deputies10px 41 S Senate 170x170px Count of Romanones Romanonist 1912 Guadalajara 228 D Congress of Deputies112 S SenateResults for PL–LD in the 1916 election. 40 D Congress of Deputies23 S Senate 10px 188 D Congress of Deputies10px 89 S Senate 170x170px Santiago Alba Liberal Left (Spain) 1917 Albuñol Did not contest 33 D Congress of Deputies17 S Senate 10px 33 D Congress of Deputies10px 17 S Senate 170x170px Melquíades Álvarez Alliance of the Left 1918 Madrid (lost) 34 D Congress of Deputies3 S SenateResults for PRef (14 deputies and 2 senators), CRS (13 deputies and 1 senator) and PRR–UFNR (7 deputies and 0 senators) in the 1916 election. 34 D Congress of Deputies2 S Senate 10px 0 D Congress of Deputies10px 1 S Senate 170x170px Antonio Maura Maurist Party 1913 Palma 17 D Congress of Deputies5 S Senate 27 D Congress of Deputies9 S Senate 10px 10 D Congress of Deputies10px 4 S Senate Prime Minister Prime Minister after election Marquis of Alhucemas Liberal Democratic Party (Spain, 1913) Antonio Maura Maurist Party A general election was held in Spain on 24 February 1918 (for the Congress of Deputies),"17Feb" and on 10 March 1918 (for the Senate), to elect the members of the 17th es Cortes no under the Spanish Constitution of 1876, during the Restoration period. All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate. The Liberal government of the Count of Romanones took power in the middle of World War I in Europe, having to navigate through Spain's neutrality in the war and its impact on the country's economy. Finance Minister Santiago Alba gained prominence by leading a liberal legislative programme of tax reforms, public investments, improvements in the Public Treasury administration and fighting tax fraud. These reforms were blocked by the obstructionist and filibustering opposition from the Regionalist League under Francesc Cambó which, coupled with a conflict between Anglophiles and Germanophiles, led to Romanones's resignation in April 1917. A brief 53-day government under the Marquis of Alhucemas fell after the Defence Juntas—constituted as military pressure groups against the higher pay and quicker promotion of "Africanists"—refused to disband, with King Alfonso XIII attempting to maintain the es turno by giving power back to the Conservatives under Eduardo Dato. During his second tenure, Dato had to tackle the unravelling Spanish crisis of 1917, seeing off the meetings of the Assembly of Parliamentarians in Barcelona (demanding constitutional reform and an increased role of regions in the power-sharing) and the revolutionary general strike in August, as the social response to the rising cost of living, unequal distribution of incomes and inspired by the Russian Revolution. After less than five months, a new interference by the Defence Juntas caused the downfall of Dato's cabinet. Seeking a solution to the mounting crises after the resignation of three prime ministers in less than a year, the King tasked Alhucemas with forming a government of national unity with Maurists, liberals, and Catalanists—nicknamed the "Horace's monster" (es Monstruo de Horacio) due to its heterogeneous composition—and call a snap election. Joining the warring Conservative factions—Datists, Maurists and Ciervists—the Liberals fragmented into the Alhucemas-led Liberal Democrats, a weakened Romanonist faction and a new splinter by Alba: the Liberal Left. With both dynastic parties in disarray, the resulting parliament was the most fragmented since the approval of the Spanish Constitution of 1876, with neither being able to muster a parliamentary majority. The Republican–Socialist Conjunction merged with Melquíades Álvarez's Reformist Party into the Alliance of the Left, but results were perceived as disappointing (particularly in Madrid, where Álvarez and Alejandro Lerroux both failed to secure their seats).25 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=216d9d38-6190-41a8-9038-3d2bce548794 Las elecciones generales de ayer. Triunfan las derechas en Madrid. Lerroux y Melquíades Álvarez, derrotados es National Library of Spain El Correo Español 21 August 2025 The election would see the formation of the "National Government" (es Gobierno Nacional) under Antonio Maura, including all Liberal and Conservative factions, as well as the Regionalist League. Background Overview Under the 1876 Constitution, the Spanish es Cortes no were conceived as "co-legislative bodies", forming a nearly perfect bicameral system.Constitution 1876 arts. 18–19 & 41. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate exercised legislative, oversight and budgetary functions, sharing almost equal powers, except in budget laws (taxation and public credit)—whose first reading corresponded to Congress—and in impeachment processes against government ministers, where Congress handled indictment and the Senate the trial.Constitution 1876 arts. 38, 42 & 45.https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/historiaconstitucional/index.html Conocer el Senado. Temas clave. El Senado en la historia constitucional española es Senate of Spain 11 October 2025 Date The term of each chamber of the es Cortes no—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.Constitution 1876 arts. 24 & 30. The previous elections were held on 9 April 1916 for the Congress and on 23 April 1916 for the Senate, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 9 and 23 April 1921, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.Constitution 1876 art. 32; Law of 8 February 1877 art. 11. There was no constitutional requirement for concurrent elections to the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution. The es Cortes no were officially dissolved on 10 January 1918, with the corresponding decree setting election day for 24 February (Congress) and 10 March 1918 (Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 18 March.Royal Decree of 10 January 1918 arts. 1–3. Electoral system Voting for the Congress of Deputies was based on universal manhood suffrage, comprising all Spanish national males over 25 years of age with full civil rights, provided they had two years of residence in a Spanish municipality and were not enlisted ranks in active duty. It was compulsory, excepting those over 70, the clergy and—within their territories—trial judges and public notaries.Law of 8 August 1907 arts. 1–3.Ortega Álvarez Santaolaya Machetti 1996 90García Muñoz 2002 107–108Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1077 Additional restrictions excluded those deprived of political rights or barred from public office by a final sentence, criminally imprisoned or convicted, legally incapacitated, bankrupt, public debtors, and homeless.Law of 8 August 1907 art. 3. The Congress of Deputies had one seat per 50,000 inhabitants. Of these, those corresponding to larger urban areas were elected in multi-member constituencies using partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing ten seats or more could choose up to four candidates less than the number of seats at stake; in those with between eight and ten seats, up to three less; in those with between four and eight seats, up to two less; and in those with between one and four seats, up to one less. The remaining seats were elected in single-member districts by plurality voting and distributed among the provinces of Spain according to population.Constitution 1876 arts. 27–28; Law of 8 August 1907 arts. 20–21.Ortega Álvarez Santaolaya Machetti 1996 89–92 Candidates in uncontested seats were automatically elected.Law of 8 August 1907 arts. 29.Ortega Álvarez Santaolaya Machetti 1996 90–91Uncontested districts were those where the number of candidates was equal to or fewer than the available seats. Whenever vacancies remained, a by-election was held to fill the remaining seats. As a result of the aforementioned allocation, 311 single-member districts were established, and each Congress multi-member constituency (a total of 28, electing 98 seats) was entitled the following seats:Law of 8 August 1907 add. arts. 2–3 (suppl. supplemented by Law of 1 January 1871 art. 1 & attached table, Law of 28 December 1878 arts. 2–3, and Law of 26 June 1890 trans. prov. 1; am. amended by Law of 23 June 1885, Law of 18 January 1887, Law of 10 July 1888, Law of 18 June 1895, Law of 2 August 1895, Law of 5 July 1898, Law of 7 August 1899, Law of 24 March 1902, Law of 11 July 1912, and Royal Decree of 20 March 1916). Seats Constituencies 8 Madrid 7 Barcelona 5 Palma, Seville 4 Cartagena 3 Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Córdoba, Gran Canaria, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santander, Tarragona, Tenerife, Valencia, Valladolid, Zaragoza Voting for the elective part of the Senate was based on censitary suffrage, comprising Spanish male householders of voting age, residing in a Spanish municipality, with full political and civil rights, who met either of the following:Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 1–3, 12–13, 23 & 25. Being qualified electors (such as archbishops, bishops and cathedral chapter members, in the archdioceses; full academics, in the royal academies; university authorities and professors, in the universities; or provincial deputies); Being elected as delegates (either by members with three years of seniority (in the economic societies of Friends of the Country; or by major taxpayers for direct taxes and local authorities, in the local councils). 180 Senate seats were elected using indirect, two-round majority voting. Delegates chosen by local councils—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of one delegate, with one additional delegate for every six councillors—voted for senators together with provincial deputies. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, and the rest three each, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 seats were allocated to special institutional districts (one each), including major archdioceses, royal academies, universities, and economic societies,The following were considered as the major districts in each category:Archdioceses: Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid, and Zaragoza. Royal academies: Spanish; History; Fine Arts of San Fernando; Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences; Moral and Political Sciences; and Medicine. Universities: Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid, and Zaragoza. Economic societies of Friends of the Country: Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville, and Valencia. each elected by their own qualified electors or delegates.Constitution 1876 arts. 20–21; Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 1–2, 21–22, 30–31 & 53; Royal Decree of 16 March 1899 arts. 1–2.Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1083 Another 180 seats consisted of senators in their own right (such as the monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age (16), grandees of Spain with an income of Pts 60,000, certain general officers—captain generals and admirals—the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops, and the heads of higher courts and state institutions"State" These comprised the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors and the Supreme Council of War and Navy. after two years of service), as well as senators for life directly appointed by the monarch.Constitution 1876 arts. 20–21, 66 & 71. The law provided for by-elections to fill vacant seats during the legislative term.Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 56–59; Law of 8 August 1907 arts. 55–58. Candidates Nomination rules For the Congress, secular Spanish males of voting age, with full civil rights, could run for election. Causes of ineligibility applied to those excluded from voting or meeting any of the incompatibility rules for deputies, as well as to:Constitution 1876 art. 29; Law of 8 August 1907 arts. 3–7. Public contractors, within their relevant territories; Holders of a number of territorial posts (such as government-appointed positions, not including government ministers and Central Administration employees; local and provincial employees; and provincial deputation members), within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to one year afterwards. Servants in the judiciary or the prosecution ministry. Additionally, candidates were required to either have previously served as deputies or be nominated by two current or former senators (or same-province deputies); three current or former provincial deputies (from the same province); or at least one twentieth of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from nominating more than one candidate (except in multi-member constituencies, which used the same partial block voting system for nominations as for elections).Law of 8 August 1907 art. 24. For the Senate, eligibility was limited to Spanish males over 35 years of age not under criminal prosecution, disfranchisement nor asset seizure, and who either qualified as senators in their own right or belonged (or had belonged) to certain categories:Constitution 1876 arts. 22 & 26; Law of 8 February 1877 art. 4. Provided an income of Pts 7,500: the presidents of the Senate and the Congress; deputies serving in three different congresses or eight terms; government ministers; bishops; grandees of Spain not eligible as senators in their own right; and various senior officials after two years of service (such as certain general officers—lieutenant generals and vice admirals—and members of higher courts and state institutions);"State" heads of diplomatic missions abroad (ambassadors after two years, and plenipotentiaries after four); heads and full academics in the royal academies; chief engineers; and full professors with four years of service; Provided an income of Pts 20,000 or being taxpayers with a minimum quota of Pts 4,000 in direct taxes (paid two years in advance): Spanish nobility; and former deputies, provincial deputies or mayors in provincial capitals or towns over 20,000; Having served as senators before the promulgation of the 1876 Constitution. Other ineligibility provisions for the Senate also applied to a number of territorial officials within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to three months afterwards; public contractors; tax collectors; and public debtors.Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 5–6. Incompatibility rules barred combining:Constitution 1876 arts. 25 & 31; Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 5–10; Law of 7 March 1880 arts. 1–4 (am. amended by Law of 31 July 1887 single art.). The role of senator with other legislative roles (deputy, senator and local councillor, except those in Madrid; and provincial deputies within their respective provinces); or with any public post not explicitly permitted under Senate eligibility requirements; The role of deputy with any other civil, military or judicial post, with exceptions—and as many as 40 deputies allowed to simultaneously benefit from these—including a number of specific posts based in Madrid, such as any of the aforementioned ones (provided a public salary of Pts 12,500); senior court officials; university authorities and professors; chief engineers; and general officers. Results Congress of Deputies + ← Summary of the 24 February 1918 Congress of Deputies election results → center|400px Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % A.29 Candidates elected automatically under Article 29 of the Electoral Law. Cont. Candidates elected in contested districts. Total Conservative Party (PC) 14 90 104 Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) 18 71 89 Romanonist Liberals (PL) 8 32 40 Alliance of the Left (AI) 4 30 34 Liberal Left (IL) 5 28 33 Maurist Party (PM) 4 23 27 Ciervist Conservatives (CC) 3 21 24 Regionalist League (LR) 0 22 22 Traditionalist Communion (Jaimist) (CT) 1 8 9 Agrarian Liberal Party (PLA) 0 7 7 Basque Nationalist Communion (CNV) 1 6 7 Integrist Party (PI) 1 0 1 Independents (INDEP) 3 9 12 Total 62 347 409 Votes cast / turnout Abstentions Registered voters Sources"17Feb"16 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=395cfa5b-158b-4e79-940c-1975ce8da622&page=2 Los candidatos que luchan es National Library of Spain El Siglo Futuro 24 April 202318 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=7dbce1f4-df6d-4192-b97b-e23dd7a0b74d Los candidatos que luchan (Conclusión) es National Library of Spain El Siglo Futuro 24 April 202325 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=9d084177-50c5-4226-9805-c50ea9cf2130&page=2 Las elecciones generales es National Library of Spain El Día 14 April 202325 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=97f2763c-89d0-409c-8137-ce39daa156dc&page=3 Datos oficiales es National Library of Spain El Heraldo de Madrid 14 April 202326 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=ceed5eb4-5004-4002-826e-84eca6e6e337&page=2 Después de las elecciones es National Library of Spain El Día 14 April 202326 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=427d16c4-c22d-4849-b9e8-49cb444c6bfb&page=2 Datos oficiales es National Library of Spain El Liberal 14 April 202326 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=d22c443f-b37e-4fad-9875-d07d6e019723&page=12 Los nuevos diputados es National Library of Spain La Mañana 14 April 202326 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=ba416bff-606d-4e0a-91a6-a11271f3ccc3&page=4 Los candidatos triunfantes es National Library of Spain La Correspondencia de España 14 April 202326 February 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=8f26efe5-61a7-41bf-8414-bc28e8011a91 Las elecciones es National Library of Spain El Siglo Futuro 14 April 20231 January 1919 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=296958ec-8cbe-419b-ad1a-ad92fd27f727&page=45 Febrero de 1918. Día 24. Elecciones de Diputados a Cortes es National Library of Spain El Año Político 10 April 2023 Seats #ddd 550px 500px PC Conservative Party (Spain) 25.43 PLD Liberal Democratic Party (Spain, 1913) 21.76 PL Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 9.78 AI Alliance of the Left 8.31 IL Liberal Left (Spain) 8.07 PM Maurist Party 6.60 CC Ciervists 5.87 LR Regionalist League 5.38 CT Traditionalist Communion 2.20 PLA Agrarian Liberal Party 1.71 CNV Basque Nationalist Communion 1.71 PI Integrist Party 0.24 INDEP Independent politician 2.93 Senate + ← Summary of the 10 March 1918 Senate of Spain election results → center|375px Parties and alliances Seats Conservative Party (PC) 48 Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) 41 Romanonist Liberals (PL) 23 Liberal Left (IL) 17 Maurist Party (PM) 9 Regionalist League (LR) 8 Ciervist Conservatives (CC) 6 Traditionalist Communion (Jaimist) (CT) 5 Agrarian Liberal Party (PLA) 3 Alliance of the Left (AI) 2 Basque Nationalist Communion (CNV) 2 Integrist Party (PI) 2 Independents (INDEP) 5 Archbishops (ARCH) 9 Total elective seats 180 Sources11 March 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=cb6663ce-cf34-4450-bdf3-1f7fbff53f38 Elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain El Liberal 1 May 202311 March 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=82c6d5e5-e38f-4e25-b9af-7e4d26dfec34 Las elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain El Correo Español 1 May 202311 March 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=20df5684-0f6c-43e3-907d-d5660f32276d&page=5 Las elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain La Nación 1 May 202311 March 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=b093b285-ad7e-4617-ab82-1b3310efaf70&page=6 Datos oficiales es National Library of Spain La Correspondencia de España 1 May 202311 March 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=a29fdc95-bf5c-4fd4-af30-459e6c091330&page=2 Las elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain La Época 1 May 202311 March 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=0f579e4a-d728-45bb-9a38-eb12e7b5d061&page=3 La elección de senadores es National Library of Spain El Siglo Futuro 1 May 202311 March 1918 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=c94dd19b-4842-4b3f-a38b-156e1fcdf921&page=3 Las elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain El Sol 1 May 20231 January 1919 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=296958ec-8cbe-419b-ad1a-ad92fd27f727&page=73 Marzo de 1918. Día 10. Elección de Senadores es National Library of Spain El Año Político 1 May 2023 Seats #ddd 550px 500px PC Conservative Party (Spain) 26.67 PLD Liberal Democratic Party (Spain, 1913) 22.78 PL Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 12.78 IL Liberal Left (Spain) 9.44 PM Maurist Party 5.00 LR Regionalist League 4.44 CC Ciervists 3.33 CT Traditionalist Communion 2.78 PLA Agrarian Liberal Party 1.67 AI Alliance of the Left 1.11 CNV Basque Nationalist Communion 1.11 PI Integrist Party 1.11 INDEP Independent politician 2.78 ARCH Nonpartisan 5.00 Distribution by group + Summary of political group distribution in the 17th Restoration Cortes (1918–1919) Group Parties and alliances C Congress of Deputies S Senate Total PC Conservative Party (PC) 104 48 152 PLD Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) 89 41 130 PL Romanonist Liberals (PL) 40 23 63 IL Liberal Left (IL) 32 17 50 Monarchist Coalition (MON) 1 0 AI Reformist Party (PRef) 9 0 36 Independent Republicans (R.IND) 6 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 6 0 Republican Federation (FR) 5 0 Catalan Republican Party (PRC) 4 0 Radical Republican Party (PRR) 2 1 Autonomist Republican Union Party (PURA) 1 0 Nationalist Republicans (R.NAC) 1 0 PM Maurist Party (PM) 24 9 36 Monarchist Coalition (MON) 3 0 CC Ciervist Conservatives (CC) 23 6 30 Monarchist Coalition (MON) 1 0 LR Regionalist League (LR) 22 8 30 CT Traditionalist Communion (Jaimist) (CT) 9 5 14 PLA Agrarian Liberal Party (PLA) 7 3 10 CNV Basque Nationalist Communion (CNV) 7 2 9 PI Integrist Party (PI) 1 2 3 INDEP Independents (INDEP) 5 2 17 Independent Liberals (L.IND) 3 1 Independent Catholics (CAT) 2 1 Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV) 1 1 Independent Regionalists (REG) 1 0 ARCH Archbishops (ARCH) 0 9 9 Total 409 180 589 Notes References Bibliography Legislation 30em y Ley mandando que los distritos para las elecciones de Diputados a Cortes sean los que se expresan en la división adjunta Law 1 January 1871 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1871/027/A00217-00232.pdf 21 August 2022 Law of 1 January 1871 y Constitución de la Monarquía Española Constitution 30 June 1876 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1876/184/A00009-00012.pdf 19 August 2022 Constitution 1876 y Ley electoral de Senadores Law 8 February 1877 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/041/A00373-00375.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 8 February 1877 y Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes Law 28 December 1878 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1878/364/A00885-00890.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 28 December 1878 y Ley enumerando los empleos con los cuales es compatible el cargo de Diputado a Cortes Law 7 March 1880 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1880/069/A00623-00623.pdf 15 August 2025 Law of 7 March 1880 y Ley dividiendo la provincia de Guipúzcoa en distritos para la elección de Diputados a Cortes Law 23 June 1885 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1885/175/A00877-00878.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 23 June 1885 y Ley dividiendo el distrito electoral de Tarrasa en dos, que se denominarán de Tarrasa y de Sabadell Law 18 January 1887 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1887/022/A00211-00211.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 18 January 1887 y Ley reformando el art. 4º. de la ley de Incompatibilidades Law 31 July 1887 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1887/216/A00347-00347.pdf 15 August 2025 Law of 31 July 1887 y Ley fijando la división de la provincia de Álava en distritos electorales para Diputados a Cortes Law 10 July 1888 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1888/193/A00117-00117.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 10 July 1888 y Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes Law 26 June 1890 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1890/180/A00901-00908.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 26 June 1890 y Ley disponiendo que las primeras y sucesivas elecciones que se verifiquen en la provincia de Zamora se dividirá en siete distritos en la forma que se expresa Law 18 June 1895 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/170/A01001-01001.pdf 14 August 2025 Law of 18 June 1895 y Leyes aprobando la división electoral de las provincias de León y Vizcaya Law 2 August 1895 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/216/A00457-00458.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 2 August 1895 y Leyes aprobando la división electoral en las provincias de Sevilla y de Barcelona Law 5 July 1898 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1898/190/A00140-00140.pdf 22 September 2022 Law of 5 July 1898 y Real decreto disponiendo el número de Senadores que han de elegir las provincias que se citan Royal Decree 16 March 1899 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1899/076/A01021-01021.pdf 11 October 2025 Royal Decree of 16 March 1899 y Ley mandando que en lo sucesivo sean cuatro los Diputados a Cortes que elegirá la circunscripción electoral de Cartagena Law 7 August 1899 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1899/222/A00517-00517.pdf 10 October 2022 Law of 7 August 1899 y Ley estableciendo una circunscripción para elegir tres Diputados a Cortes, que la constituirán los cuatro partidos judiciales de Ayamonte, Hueva, Moguer y la Palma, con todas las poblaciones que de ellos forman parte Law 24 March 1902 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1902/086/A01315-01315.pdf 30 October 2022 Law of 24 March 1902 y Ley reformando la Electoral vigente Law 8 August 1907 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1907/222/A00584-00592.pdf 28 November 2022 Law of 8 August 1907 y Ley disponiendo que el territorio de la Nación española que constituye el Archipiélago canario, cuya capitalidad reside en Santa Cruz de Tenerife, conserve su unidad, ateniéndose los servicios públicos en el modo y forma que se determina en esta ley Law 11 July 1912 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1912/195/A00105-00107.pdf 29 November 2022 Law of 11 July 1912 y Real decreto disponiendo que la isla de La Palma (Canarias) se divida, a los efectos de las elecciones para Diputados a Cortes, en dos distritos, que se denominarán de Santa Cruz de la Palma y de Los Llanos Royal Decree 20 March 1916 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1916/082/A00669-00669.pdf 29 November 2022 Royal Decree of 20 March 1916 y Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado; que las Cortes se reunirán en Madrid el 18 de Marzo próximo, y que las elecciones de Diputados se verificarán en todas las provincias de la Monarquía el día 24 de Febrero, y las de Senadores el 10 de Marzo siguiente Royal Decree 10 January 1918 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1918/011/A00102-00102.pdf 18 August 2025 Royal Decree of 10 January 1918 Other 30em Calero Antonio María 1987 La prerrogativa regia en la Restauración: teoría y práctica (1875-1902) https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/16390repne055275.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 55 273–315 0048-7694 Ortega Álvarez Luis Santaolaya Machetti Pablo 1996 Evolución histórica del sistema electoral español https://revista.cortesgenerales.es/rcg/article/view/784 es Cortes Generales Revista de las Cortes Generales 37 0213-0130 10.33426/rcg/1996/37/784 65–107 free Martorell Linares Miguel Ángel 1997 La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/17089repne096139.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 96 137–161 0048-7694 Martínez Ruiz Enrique Maqueda Abreu Consuelo De Diego Emilio 1999 Atlas histórico de España. El Reinado de Alfonso XIII (1902-1931) https://books.google.com/books?id=U_RL9S5uSF8C&pg=PA121 es 2 Bilbao Ediciones KAL 121–132 9788470903502 Armengol i Segú Josep Varela Ortega José 2001 El poder de la influencia: geografía del caciquismo en España (1875-1923) https://books.google.com/books?id=QY99T3Mg5ykC es Madrid Marcial Pons 655–776 9788425911521 García Muñoz Montserrat 2002 La documentación electoral y el fichero histórico de diputados https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RGID/article/view/RGID0202120093A es Revista General de Información y Documentación 12 1 93–137 1132-1873 13 September 2020 Carreras de Odriozola Albert Tafunell Sambola Xavier 2005 1989 Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf es 1 Bilbao Fundación BBVA 1072–1097 II 84-96515-00-1 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf 24 September 2015 dmy-all Martínez Relanzón Alejandro Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923 https://journals.umcs.pl/k/article/view/4152/5068 Madrid Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio K 24 1 2017 10.17951/k.2017.24.1.145 145–154 159328027 free Martorell Linares Miguel https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/1380-santiago-alba-y-bonifaz Personajes: Santiago Alba y Bonifaz 2022 es Royal Academy of History 19 August 2025 Álvarez Tardío Manuel https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/2133-melquiades-alvarez-y-gonzalez-posada Personajes: Melquíades Álvarez y González Posada 2022 es Royal Academy of History 19 August 2025 Cuenca Toribio José Manuel https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/8621-francesc-cambo-i-batlle Personajes: Francesc Cambó i Batlle 2022a es Royal Academy of History 19 August 2025 Seco Serrano Carlos https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/13142-eduardo-dato-iradier Personajes: Eduardo Dato Iradier 2022 es Royal Academy of History 19 August 2025 Moreno Luzón Javier https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/17733-alvaro-de-figueroa-y-torres Personajes: Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres 2022 es Royal Academy of History 19 August 2025 Sainz de Vicuña y García-Prieto Manuel https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/19453-manuel-garcia-prieto Personajes: Manuel García Prieto 2022 es Royal Academy of History 19 August 2025 Cuenca Toribio José Manuel https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/29034-antonio-maura-y-montaner Personajes: Antonio Maura y Montaner 2022b es Royal Academy of History 19 August 2025 Ruiz Franco Rosario Historia Contemporánea de España. Reinado de Alfonso XIII (1902-1923). Consecuencias de la I Guerra Mundial en España https://ocw.uc3m.es/pluginfile.php/6928/mod_page/content/22/T3_Consecuencias-I-Guerra-Mundial-en-Espa%C3%B1a.pdf 2024 es Charles III University of Madrid 19 August 2025 Category:1918 elections in Spain 1918 Category:February 1918 in Europe Category:March 1918 in Europe