1-Pentadecanol

15-carbon alcohol 1-Pentadecanol Pentadecan-1-ol Pentadecyl alcohol, n-pentadecanol Pentadecanol.svg skin-invert-image 300 Structural diagram of 1-pentadecanol 1-Pentadecanol-spacefilling.png bg-transparent Space-filling model of 1-pentadecanol 629-76-5 12397 11891 211-107-9 333QVA4G2Q 77468 26561 DTXSID0027270 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO 1S/C15H32O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16/h16H,2-15H2,1H3 REIUXOLGHVXAEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 15 32 1 White solid 0.842kg/L at 40 °C 41-44 269-271 112 closed cup 07 09 Warning 315 319 410 411 264 273 280 302+352 305+351+338 321 332+313 337+313 362 391 501 1-Pentadecanol is an organic chemical compound classified as an alcohol. At room temperature, it is a white, flaky solid. It is a saturated long-chain fatty alcohol consisting of a pentadecane chain with a hydroxy group as substituent on one end. It is an achiral molecule (meaning that it has no mirror-image isomers). Like other long-chain primary alcohols, it is used as an ingredient in industrial chemicals, lubricating oils, and consumer products such as lotions and creams. Additionally, it can be used as a feedstock for processes that use ethoxylation (adding ethylene oxide) and sulfation (adding a sulfo group) reactions to produce surfactants (primarily detergents). Properties 1-Pentadecanol is generally a stable compound. Like other long-chain primary alcohols, 1-pentadecanol exhibits low oral, skin and respiratory toxicity. However, it may be slightly to moderately irritating to the eyes and skin, and prolonged contact with undiluted alcohols can lead to defatting of the skin. Accordingly, Royal Dutch Shell recommends that eye protection, chemical-resistant gloves, and other protective clothing be worn when handling large amounts of 1-pentadecanol. It floats on water, and can catch fire under certain conditions; in the case of a fire, carbon dioxide, foam, sand, earth, or dry chemical type fire extinguishers are recommended. In their product literature, Shell claims that high-chain primary alcohols (in the C9–C17 range) are "readily biodegradable and unlikely to bioaccumulate". They are not corrosive to carbon steel storage containers or process equipment, and are compatible with a variety of polymers; Shell recommends tetrafluoroethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene and butyl rubber as gasketing materials. Ethylene propene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, however, cannot be used. Compared to other 1-alkanols (1-nonanol, 1-undecanol, and 1-tridecanol), 1-pentadecanol possesses lower solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. This is consistent with a general trend of decreased solubility in alcohols with longer chains. When cooling from a liquid state, 1-pentadecanol (at 316.3K, at standard pressure) assumes a crystalline structure known as the α-form, a "rotator phase" in which molecules can rotate about their long axes. While other long-chain alcohols, cooling further from the α-form, experience a solid-state transition into either a γ-form (with chains tilted to the basal plane normal) or a β-form (with vertical chains), 1-pentadecanol has been observed to exclusively assume the β-form when cooling, which it does at 311.5K. Differential thermal analysis measurements on 1-pentadecanol were performed at temperatures from 300 to 370K and pressures of up to 250MPa; on heating, it was observed to change from a crystalline phase (β-form) to a rotator phase (α-form) a few degrees below its melting point. The observation of this rotator state in pentadecanol was substantiated by dielectric measurements that confirmed its orientational disorder. No triple point exists for 1-pentadecanol. Synthesis The alcohol was discovered in 1893 by Angelo Simonini, a student of Adolf Lieben at the University of Vienna, who used a variation of what's known as Hunsdiecker reaction (often called Simonini reaction) to get pentadecyl palmitate from silver palmitate and iodine at 100°C:Simonini Angelo 1893 Über den Abbau der fetten Säuren zu kohlenstoffärmeren Alkoholen https://books.google.com/books?id=Oh_zAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA85 Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften de 14 1 81–92 10.1007/BF01517859 1434-4475 subscription 2 C15H31COOAg + I2 → C15H31COOC15H31 + CO2 + 2 AgI Industrial production The Shell corporation uses a proprietary process for the synthesis of 1-pentadecanol (referring to it by the trade name Neodol 5) via hydroformylation of olefins produced from ethylene. Natural occurrence Small amounts of 1-pentadecanol have been found (using thin-layer chromatography and GC/MS) to naturally occur in the leaves of Solena amplexicaulis (creeping cucumber). In 2008, a synthesis of pachastrissamine (a cytotoxic lipid compound found in sea sponges) was described starting from 1-pentadecanol. Fungal oxidization and assimilation of pentadecane has been observed by two citric acid-producing Candida strains (wild type KSH 21 and mutant 337), transforming it into both pentadecanol and pentadecanoic acid through oxidization at one of the terminal carbon atoms. The highest conversion to pentadecanol seen in the 1977 study was from a 3-day fermenter culture of the 337 strain, in which 85.5mg was developed per 10g of pentadecane. Some conversion to 2-pentadecanol and 2-pentadecanone was also observed. Applications In a 1981 paper, the activities of various primary alcohols were evaluated as substrates for alkyl DHAP synthase's catalysis of fatty alcohol with acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate in Erlich ascites tumor cells. The specificity of the cells' microsomal alkyl DHAP synthase with respect to different alcohols was investigated; pentadecanol had an activity of approximately 0.2mol/min/mg protein. A 1994 study evaluated 1-pentadecanol as a potential anti-acne agent. While primary alcohols were known to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria, it was previously found that free fatty acids and alcohols between C8 and C14 were skin irritants. Since the effect had ended at C15, several longer-chain alcohols were evaluated for their activity against Propionibacterium acnes; 1-pentadecanol was found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78μg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 1.56μg/mL. In a 1995 paper by the same research group, the 0.78μg/mL MIC against P.acnes was replicated, and remained the lowest MIC against P.acnes among all primary alcohols tested (from C6 to C20). 1-Pentadecanol was, additionally, found to have a MIC of 6.25μg/mL against Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, and a MIC greater than 800μg/mL (essentially, no effect) against the dermatomycotic yeast Pityrosporum ovale. It, along with 1-hexadecanol, was found to be selectively antimicrobial against P. acnes and not other Gram-positive bacteria (unlike other alcohols, like 1-dodecanol, that were more broadly antimicrobial to all Gram-positive bacteria). A 2018 computational chemistry study investigated possible uses of alcohol compounds as mycobactericidal disinfectants for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study computationally evaluated Gibbs free energy (∆G) for the molecular docking of alcohols C1 (methanol) to C15 (pentadecanol) as ligands of the InhA, MabA, and PanK receptors. The observed trend was that binding energy between ligand and receptor increased with chain length; pentadecanol, the longest alcohol tested, had a ∆G computationally estimated as −4.9kcal/mol with InhA, −4.9kcal/mol with MabA, and −5.5kcal/mol with PanK. This was compared with triclosan (whose ∆G for those bindings is −6.4kcal/mol, −6.7kcal/mol and −7.0kcal/mol respectively); pentadecanol was found to have "potency" as a mycobactericidal agent and suggested as a "reference" for further development of receptor-targeted mycobactericidal agents. The properties of fluorinated 1-pentadecanols have been investigated as potential amphiphilic species for aiding adsorption of the pulmonary surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). DPPC, while contributing to film rigidity on the surface of alveoli, has poor adsorption and respreading qualities; highly fluorinated amphiphiles can compatibilize it to other surfaces, but at the cost of bioaccumulation both in the human body and in the environment. Therefore, the interaction of several partially fluorinated 1-pentadecanols with DPPC in a Langmuir monolayer was analyzed in a 2018 paper. The molecules were C4F9(CH2)11OH, C6F13(CH2)9OH, and C8F17(CH2)7OH; as the fluorination degree increased, so did hydrophobicity. References ChemSpider 1-Pentadecanol http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.11891.html 2019-08-23 2019-08-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20190824011923/http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.11891.html live Sigma Aldrich MSDS - 412228 https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=412228&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F412228%3Flang%3Den 2019-08-23 2020-09-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20200901091934/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=US&language=en&productNumber=412228&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F412228%3Flang%3Den live Sigma Aldrich 1-Pentadecanol https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/412228?lang=en&region=US 2019-08-23 2019-08-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20190824002304/https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/412228%3Flang%3Den%26region%3DUS live Shell Global NEODOL Alcohols and Ethyxolates https://www.shell.com/business-customers/chemicals/our-products/higher-olefins-and-derivatives/neodol-alcohols-and-ethoxylates.html 2019-08-23 2019-08-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20190824022231/https://www.shell.com/business-customers/chemicals/our-products/higher-olefins-and-derivatives/neodol-alcohols-and-ethoxylates.html live https://www.shell.com/business-customers/chemicals/our-products/higher-olefins-and-derivatives/neodol-alcohols-and-ethoxylates/_jcr_content/par/tabbedcontent/tab_1518891852/textimage.stream/1612429629661/9570ca09165000c58fbbc40d8eb9a10c4b9e6e55/neodol-5-jan-2021-tds.pdf January 2021 Shell Global NEODOL 5 Technical Datasheet 8 March 2021 14 March 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210314163926/https://www.shell.com/business-customers/chemicals/our-products/higher-olefins-and-derivatives/neodol-alcohols-and-ethoxylates/_jcr_content/par/tabbedcontent/tab_1518891852/textimage.stream/1612429629661/9570ca09165000c58fbbc40d8eb9a10c4b9e6e55/neodol-5-jan-2021-tds.pdf live https://www.shell.com/business-customers/chemicals/our-products/higher-olefins-and-derivatives/neodol-alcohols-and-ethoxylates/_jcr_content/par/tabbedcontent/tab_1780231844/textimage.stream/1519786079811/269708072696a915e5a292946594c8bb1c45c03a/storage-and-handlingneodolalcohols.pdf June 2009 Shell Global Storage and handling of NEODOL alcohols 8 March 2021 24 August 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190824023741/https://www.shell.com/business-customers/chemicals/our-products/higher-olefins-and-derivatives/neodol-alcohols-and-ethoxylates/_jcr_content/par/tabbedcontent/tab_1780231844/textimage.stream/1519786079811/269708072696a915e5a292946594c8bb1c45c03a/storage-and-handlingneodolalcohols.pdf live Jaspine B induces non apoptotic cell death in gastric cancer cells independently of its inhibition of ceramide synthase Francesca Cingolani Fabio Simbari Jose Luis Abad Mireia Casasampere Gemma Fabrias Anthony H. 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V. 2008 A novel stereoselective synthesis of pachastrissamine (jaspine B) starting from 1-pentadecanol 19 2 Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.12.001 209–215 Artal Manuela Pauchon Veronique Embid José Muñoz Jose Jacques 1998 Solubilities of 1-Nonanol, 1-Undecanol, 1-Tridecanol, and 1-Pentadecanol in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide at T = 323.15 K Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 43 6 American Chemical Society 10.1021/je980117r 983–985 Barik Anandamay Azmi Syed Karmakar Amarnath Soumendranath Chatterje 2018 Antibacterial Activity of Long-Chain Primary Alcohols from 'Solena amplexicaulis' Leaves Proceedings of the Zoological Society 71 4 313–319 Springer India 10.1007/s12595-017-0208-0 14862566 Syahputra Gita Arwansyah Wien Kusharyoto Kusharyoto Wien 2018 Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study of Alcoholic Compounds as Mycobactericidal Agents Using InhA, MabA and PanK as Receptors Annales Bogorienses 22 2 101 10.14203/ann.bogor.2018.v22.n2.101-115 free Souw P. 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November 12, 1980 Assay and Properties of the Enzyme Catalyzing the Biosynthesis of 1-O-Alkyl Dihydroxyacetone 3-Phosphate Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 211 1 20–29 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90424-0 7030211 2027.42/24237 14 March 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210314163927/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/24237/0000499.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y live free Kubo Isao Muroi Hisae Kubo Aya January 1994 Naturally Occurring Antiacne Agents Journal of Natural Products 57 1 9–17 10.1021/np50103a002 8158169 Reuter Jörg Würflinger Albert October 1995 Differential Thermal Analysis of Long-Chain n-Alcohols under High Pressure Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 99 10 1247–1251 10.1002/bbpc.199500067 Kubo Isao Muroi Hisae Kubo Aya July 1995 Structural functions of antimicrobial long-chain alcohols and phenols Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 3 7 873–880 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00081-Q 7582963 https://www.hyomen.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/vol3_no4/shibata/shibata_54.pdf Nakahara Hiromichi Shibata Osamu 2018 Miscibility of Semifluorinated Pentadecanol with DPPC at the Air−Water Interface Accounts of Materials & Surface Research 3 4 199–208 8 March 2021 23 October 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201023075158/https://hyomen.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/vol3_no4/shibata/shibata_54.pdf live Category:Fatty alcohols Category:Alkanols Category:Primary alcohols