1931 Kashmir agitation

1931 Agitation in Kashmir December 2016 October 2022 1931 Kashmir agitation Sheikh Abdullah with other leaders of 1931 agitation.1931Photo.JPG Six men: four seated and two standing (Seated, right to left): Sardar Gohar Rehman, Mistri Yaqoob Ali, Sheikh Abdullah and Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas. (Standing): Molvi Abdur Rahim (right) and Ghulam Nabi Gilkar. 1931 07 13 yes Central Jail, Srinagar Agitation Alleged desecration of the Koran by a Dogra policemanChristopher Snedden Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128 2015 Hurst 978-1-84904-622-0 128 11 August 2020 15 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240915104008/https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128#v=onepage&q&f=false live 500 soldiers sent to support Hari Singh and restore law and order 25 (including 22 Muslims killed in police firing and 3 Hindus killed in riots) { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "Central Jail, Srinagar", "description": "Site of the 13 July 1931 firing outside the prison during Abdul Qadeer's trial", "marker-symbol": "prison", "marker-color": "#d9534f" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.8130, 34.0970] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "Jama Masjid, Srinagar", "description": "Gathering place and political hub of the 1931 movement", "marker-symbol": "place-of-worship", "marker-color": "#337ab7" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.8184, 34.0905] } } ] } { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "Central Jail, Srinagar", "description": "Primary flashpoint: Site of the 13 July 1931 firing during Abdul Qadeer's trial", "marker-symbol": "prison", "marker-color": "#c9302c", "marker-size": "large" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.8130, 34.0970] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "Jama Masjid, Nowhatta", "description": "Central gathering point and hub of public mobilization in Old Srinagar", "marker-symbol": "place-of-worship", "marker-color": "#286090", "marker-size": "medium" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.8184, 34.0905] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "Maharaj Ganj", "description": "Commercial marketplace where unrest and merchant protests spread after the jail firing", "marker-symbol": "commercial", "marker-color": "#ec971f", "marker-size": "medium" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.8105, 34.0880] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "Bohri Kadal", "description": "Bridge and residential quarter that saw major civilian demonstrations", "marker-symbol": "cross", "marker-color": "#ec971f", "marker-size": "small" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.8135, 34.0892] } } ] } A widespread agitation throughout the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in British Raj occurred in 1931 against the Maharaja's government. The Maharaja was forced to appoint the Glancy Commission to investigate the people's concerns. Various political reforms were adopted including the introduction of the Jammu and Kashmir Praja Sabha (legislative assembly). The movement also saw the rise of Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah as the leader of Kashmiris. The movement was funded by some well-to-do Muslim Zaildars and business houses.Beg Dr Mirza Ashraf 2014-03-14 Land to the tiller https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/land-to-the-tiller https://web.archive.org/web/20220126153708/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/land-to-the-tiller 26 January 2022 Greater Kashmir Events On 13 July 1931, thousands of Kashmiris flocked to the central jail in Srinagar to see the trial of Abdul Qadeer. As the time for obligatory Zuhr prayer approached, a Kashmiri stood up to deliver the adhan. The Dogra governor, Raizada Tartilok Chand, ordered his soldiers to open fire on them, killing 22 Kashmiris. The people carried the dead through the streets of Maharajganj, Srinagar, chanting slogans opposing Dogra brutality. The incident shook the state, and a week-long period of mourning was observed. Traffic between Srinagar, Rawalpindi and Jammu was halted from 13 to 26 July.http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Jul-2015/kashmir-martyrs-day-observed Kashmir Martyrs Day observed 14 July 2015 The Nation 13 April 2020 29 November 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144531/http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Jul-2015/kashmir-martyrs-day-observed live Some Hindu shopkeepers jeered the mourners which enraged violence and opportunists looted shops, protests intensified. Anti-Hindu riots began, leading to the death of three Hindus, the wounding of many more, and the looting of Hindu-owned shops.Clash of Identities Ethnic Conflict of Kashmir Dispute University of California Devaraju Nagarjun 2015 6Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism Routledge Rekha Chowdhary 2004 30 The Hindus retaliated, leading to more clashes between the two groups.Ghosts of Empire: Britain's Legacies in the Modern World Bloomsbury Publishing Kwasi Kwarteng 2011 260 The violence spread to Kashmir province and Jammu; three British companies, numbering about 500 soldiers, were sent to support Maharaja Hari Singh and restore law and order. The Government was not permitting any procession or funeral. The 22 Muslims were buried in Mazar-e-Shohada, Srinagar. After few days a bridge called Sangam Bridge was burned. A Committee of Enquiry was appointed with Sir Barjor Dalal, Chief Justice as chairman, two High Court Judges – one from both religions – and 4 Committee Members including two Hindu and two Muslims as nominated by respective communities. But for some reason, the Committee failed to submit any report. Hence, the Government decided to publish unilateral views on disturbance. The incident led to the rise of young Sheikh Abdullah, and his rivalry with the maharaja continued until 1947.Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris Oxford University Press Christopher Snedden 2015 131Hussain Syed Taffazull Sheikh Abdullah-A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905-1939 Wordclay 23 July 2009 978-1-6048-1603-7 74–80 en Meeting with the Maharaja Meeting with the MaharajahMuslim representatives, including Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah, Mirwaiz Hamadani, Syed Hussain Shah Jalali, Saad-ud-din Shawl, Sheikh Abdullah, Ghulam Ahmad Ashai, Yaqub Ali, Munshi Shahab-ud-Din, and Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas addressed the maharajah on 15 August. They made a number of accusations against Hindus in general and the state administration and prime minister in particular, alleging that evidence given to the Riots Enquiry Committee was fabricated or suppressed.https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC&q=1931+kashmir+22&pg=PA162 Political Awakening in Kashmir Kaur Ravinderjit APH Publishing 1996 9788170247098 154 7 November 2020 15 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240915103845/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC&q=1931+kashmir+22&pg=PA162#v=snippet&q=1931%20kashmir%2022&f=false live The maharaja refused to dismiss the prime minister, and rejected the Muslim leaders' allegations as "unfounded". Temporary truce The Muslim leaders were dissatisfied, but they met with the prime minister on 26 August and signed an agreement to end the agitation.https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC&q=1931+kashmir+22 Political Awakening in Kashmir Kaur Ravinderjit APH Publishing 1996 9788170247098 154 7 November 2020 15 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240915103844/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC&q=1931+kashmir+22#v=snippet&q=1931%20kashmir%2022&f=false live Aftermath Kashmir Day Kashmir Martyrs' Day The agitation temporarily subsided, primarily because of the Kashmir Darbar's conciliatory attitude toward its subjects (permitting Ahrar-i-Islam, Mazhar Ali Azhar and two companions to visit Kashmir privately). With the intervention of Muslim sympathisers outside Kashmir, 13 July was observed as Kashmir Day in Kashmir and several parts of India. Demonstrations and meetings were held in sympathy with Kashmiri Muslims. The meetings adopted resolutions calling for freedom of religion, the restoration of mosques and Muslim shrines, compensation for dependents of those killed or injured, and an investigation of the conduct of civil and military officers during the agitation.https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC&q=1931+kashmir+22&pg=PA162 Political Awakening in Kashmir Kaur Ravinderjit APH Publishing 1996 9788170247098 153 7 November 2020 15 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240915103845/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLCCbohBKzcC&q=1931+kashmir+22&pg=PA162#v=snippet&q=1931%20kashmir%2022&f=false live References Further reading Chawla Muhammad Iqbal Role of the Majlis-i-Ahrar Islam in the Kashmir Movement of 1931 Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies 3 2 2011 82–102 http://www.pakistaniaat.org/~doltala/index.php/pak/article/view/124 1 December 2016 14 November 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161114005732/http://www.pakistaniaat.org/~doltala/index.php/pak/article/view/124 dead Copland Ian Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931-34 Pacific Affairs 54 2 1981 228–259 10.2307/2757363 2757363 Jalal Ayesha Ayesha Jalal Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 2002 Routledge 978-1-134-59937-0 482– Jalal, Self and Sovereignty 2002 Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir Mridu Rai C. Hurst & Co 2004 1850656614 https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects 2004 Zutshi Chitralekha Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir 2004 https://books.google.com/books?id=dlBjzE-1ML8C&pg=PA318 C. Hurst & Co. Publishers 978-1-85065-700-2 Zutshi, Languages of Belonging 2004 Category:1931 protests Category:1931 in British India Category:July 1931 Category:Origins of the Kashmir conflict Category:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) Category:Protests in British India Category:History of Srinagar Category:1931 riots Category:Riots and civil disorder in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Kashmir Category:Looting in India Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Violence against protesters in Asia Category:1931 mass murders Category:20th-century mass murders in India Category:Political repression in British India Category:Mass murders in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Anti-Muslim violence in Kashmir Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir