15-Cis-phytoene desaturase

Class of enzymes 1.3.5.5 0016166 15-cis-phytoene desaturase Oryza-sativa-phytoene-desaturase-PDB-5mog.png Crystallographic structure of a phytoene desaturase monomer from rice.5mog; Brausemann A, Gemmecker S, Koschmieder J, Ghisla S, Beyer P, Einsle O Structure of Phytoene Desaturase Provides Insights into Herbicide Binding and Reaction Mechanisms Involved in Carotene Desaturation Structure 25 8 1222–1232.e3 August 2017 28669634 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.002 free 15-cis-phytoene desaturases (PDS, plant-type phytoene desaturases) (1.3.5.5, 15-cis-phytoene:plastoquinone oxidoreductase), are enzymes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. Fraser PD, Linden H, Sandmann G Purification and reactivation of recombinant Synechococcus phytoene desaturase from an overexpressing strain of Escherichia coli The Biochemical Journal 291 Pt 3 687–92 May 1993 8489496 1132422 10.1042/bj2910687 Phytoene desaturases are membrane-bound enzymes localized in plastids and introduce two double bonds into their colorless substrate phytoene by dehydrogenation and isomerize two additional double bonds. Schneider C, Böger P, Sandmann G Phytoene desaturase: heterologous expression in an active state, purification, and biochemical properties Protein Expression and Purification 10 2 175–9 July 1997 9226712 10.1006/prep.1997.0730 Breitenbach J, Sandmann G zeta-Carotene cis isomers as products and substrates in the plant poly-cis carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to lycopene Planta 220 5 785–93 March 2005 15503129 10.1007/s00425-004-1395-2 2005Plant.220..785B 23793453 This reaction starts a biochemical pathway involving three further enzymes (zeta-carotene isomerase, zeta-carotene desaturase and carotene cis-trans isomerase) called the poly-cis pathway and leads to the red colored lycopene. The homologous phytoene desaturase found in bacteria and fungi (CrtI) converts phytoene directly to lycopene by an all-trans pathway.Moise AR, Al-Babili S, Wurtzel ET Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis. Chemical Reviews 31 October 2013 114 1 164–193 10.1021/cr400106y 3898671 24175570 Biochemistry thumb|right| The conversion of phytoene to lycopene in plants and cyanobacteria (left) compared to bacteria and fungi(right). PDS converts 15-cis-phytoene into 9,15,9'-tri-cis-ζ-carotene through reduction of the enzymes non-covalently bound FAD cofactor. Gemmecker S, Schaub P, Koschmieder J, Brausemann A, Drepper F, Rodriguez-Franco M, Ghisla S, Warscheid B, Einsle O, Beyer P Phytoene Desaturase from Oryza sativa: Oligomeric Assembly, Membrane Association and Preliminary 3D-Analysis PLOS ONE 10 7 e0131717 July 2015 26147209 4492965 10.1371/journal.pone.0131717 2015PLoSO..1031717G free This conversion introduces two additional double bonds at positions 11 and 11' of the carbon chain and isomerizes two adjacent already existing double bonds at positions 9 and 9' from trans to cis. The electrons involved in the reaction are subsequently transferred onto plastoquinone Norris SR, Barrette TR, DellaPenna D Genetic dissection of carotenoid synthesis in arabidopsis defines plastoquinone as an essential component of phytoene desaturation The Plant Cell 7 12 2139–49 December 1995 8718624 161068 10.1105/tpc.7.12.2139 and to plastid terminal oxidase PTOX ultimately coupling the desaturation to oxygen reduction. Disruption of this biosynthesis step results in albinism and stunted plant growth. Qin G, Gu H, Ma L, Peng Y, Deng XW, Chen Z, Qu LJ Disruption of phytoene desaturase gene results in albino and dwarf phenotypes in Arabidopsis by impairing chlorophyll, carotenoid, and gibberellin biosynthesis Cell Research 17 5 471–82 May 2007 17486124 10.1038/cr.2007.40 free Applications Disruption of PDS function can be achieved by bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon Breitenbach J, Zhu C, Sandmann G Bleaching herbicide norflurazon inhibits phytoene desaturase by competition with the cofactors Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 11 5270–2 November 2001 11714315 10.1021/jf0106751 2001JAFC...49.5270B and fluridone.Sandmann Gerhard 2002 2: Bleaching Herbicides: Action Mechanism in Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Structural Requirements and Engineering of Resistance Böger Peter Wakabayashi Ko Hirai Kenji Herbicide Classes in Development: Mode of Action, Targets, Genetic Engineering, Chemistry 1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 43–57 978-3-642-63972-2 10.1007/978-3-642-59416-8_2 These inhibitors occupy the binding pocket of plastoquinone within the enzyme thus blocking it from its function. Due to the clear effect of PDS disruption in plants, the corresponding gene was targeted to showcase successful genome editing in fruit such as apples,Nishitani C, Hirai N, Komori S, Wada M, Okada K, Osakabe K, Yamamoto T, Osakabe Y August 2016 Efficient Genome Editing in Apple Using a CRISPR/Cas9 system Scientific Reports 6 31481 10.1038/srep31481 free 4987624 27530958 2016NatSR...631481N grapesNakajima I, Ban Y, Azuma A, Onoue N, Moriguchi T, Yamamoto T, Toki S, Endo M May 2017 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in grape PLOS ONE 12 5 e0177966 10.1371/journal.pone.0177966 5436839 28542349 2017PLoSO..1277966N free or bananasNaim Fatima Dugdale Benjamin Kleidon Jennifer Brinin Anthony Shand Kylie Waterhouse Peter Dale James 2018-07-09 Gene editing the phytoene desaturase alleles of Cavendish banana using CRISPR/Cas9 Transgenic Research 27 5 451–460 10.1007/s11248-018-0083-0 1573-9368 6156769 29987710 using CRISPR/Cas9 systems. In rice, the natural PDS was supplemented by its bacterial homolog to create Golden Rice and thus increase the β-carotene content of the rice endosperm. A new PDS disrupting herbicide - rimisoxafen - is moving towards commercial availabilityhttps://www.producer.com/crops/first-ever-dual-mode-herbicide-targets-resistant-weeds/ See also Phytoene desaturase (lycopene-forming) Phytoene desaturase (neurosporene-forming) Phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming) Phytoene desaturase (3,4-didehydrolycopene-forming) References 33em External links 15-cis-phytoene+desaturase Biology no Category:EC 1.3.5