149th Armored Regiment

Armored unit of the United States Army October 2020 149th Armored Regiment 149thArmorReg.png Shield: Or, chain mail Vert, in chief a prickly pear cactus of the last and a fleur-de-lis Gules and in base a carabao affronté Sable. Crest: That for the regiments and separate battalions of the California Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors Or and Vert, the setting sun behind a grizzly bear passant on a grassy field all Proper. Coat of arms 1959–2007 United States United States Armor Regiment Salinas, CA (1959–96)Presidio of Monterey, CA (1996–99)Seaside, CA (1999–2007) Men and Steelhttp://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Heraldry/ArmyDUISSICOA/ArmyHeraldryUnit.aspx?u=8079 149 Armor Regiment 28 October 2011 The Institute of Heraldry https://web.archive.org/web/20130620105946/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Heraldry/ArmyDUISSICOA/ArmyHeraldryUnit.aspx?u=8079 20 June 2013http://www.militarymuseum.org/149ARinsig.html 149th Armored Regiment 27 November 2018 California State Military Museum California State Military Department M1917 (1924–1937)M2A2 (1937–1941)M3 (1941–1942)M48 (~1962)M60A3 (~1987–1997)M1IP (1997–2007) Vehicles Mexican Border War World War I Meuse-Argonne Offensive World War II Philippines campaign (1941–1942) Kosovo Presidential Unit Citation (3) Philippine Presidential Unit Citationhttp://www.militarymuseum.org/LH149AR.html 149th Armor Regiment California State Military Museum California State Military Department 8 February 2012Armor-Cavalry Regiments: Army National Guard Lineage Jeffrey Lynn Pope Leonid E. Kondratiuk 1995 DIANE Publishing 9780788182068 44–45 https://books.google.com/books?id=SeqLBwskpZIC&q=149th&pg=PA44 LTC Mark MalankaLee LTC Shane E. November–December 2005 Army National Guard Armor/Cavalry Home Station Locations CONUS FY06 https://www.dvidshub.net/publication/issues/33660 Armor CXIV 6 46–49 0004-2420 PB 17-05-6https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Features/ngbgomo/bio/2/2745.html Brigadier General Mark G. Malanka 10 September 2018 United States National Guard Bureau Last 1st Battalion commanding officer CSM Scott Waterhouse Last 1st Battalion senior enlisted advisor 80px|alt=A Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1/8 in cm in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Or, chain mail Vert, in chief a prickly pear cactus of the last and a fleur-de-lis Gules and in base a carabao affronté Sable. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Black scroll turned Gold inscribed "MEN AND STEEL" in Gold letters. Distinctive unit insignia The 149th Armored Regiment was an armored regiment that was part of the California Army National Guard. Its lineage dates back to a cavalry unit organized in 1895 in Salinas. As Troop C, the unit's first major action occurred when it deployed to help in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake. In 1916, still as Troop C, the unit served along the MexicoUnited States border near Nogales, Arizona to deter further border incursions, due to events surrounding the Pancho Villa Expedition. The following year, Troop C was activated then reorganized and redesignated as Company B, 145th Machine Gun Battalion upon the United States' entry into World War I; as part of the 40th Division, the battalion deployed to France in 1918, and returned to the United States in 1919. In 1924, the unit converted from cavalry into armor, receiving its first tanks, and becoming the 40th Tank Company. In 1934, the company deployed again to San Francisco due to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike. In February 1941, as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion, the unit was activated for training at Fort Lewis, Washington; later that year in September, the battalion was deployed to the Philippines. When the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, from December 1941 until April 1942, the battalion fought against Japanese forces. The company conducted a fighting withdrawal in Southern Luzon; then it fought on Bataan until they were ordered to surrender. As prisoners of war (POW), soldiers of the unit suffered through the Bataan Death March, and were later sent individually to various POW camps throughout the territories controlled by Japan; following the surrender of Japan, surviving soldiers returned to the United States in mid-September 1945. In 1946, the unit was inactivated, before being redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion. It was redesignated as the 149th Tank Battalion in 1949, becoming the 149th Armor Regiment a decade later. In 1965, the regiment was sent to Los Angeles in response to the Watts Riots. The unit returned to Los Angeles later in the 20th century, in response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Following the September 11th attacks, the unit was activated for Operation Noble Eagle in 2003. Then in 2005, it deployed to Europe for peacekeeping in the Kosovo Force. In 2007, the regiment ceased to be an armored unit via consolidation with the 340th Brigade Support Battalion, retaining the latter unit’s name. History Cavalry and World War I thumb|A camp in Golden Gate Park under military control in 1906|alt=Rows of circular tents on an open grass field in Golden Gate Park, 1906 Troop C of cavalry, the first unit on the Central Coast region of the National Guard of California, a state militia,Works Progress Administration California National Guard California State Library 1940 6 January 2015 History of the Troop C, 1st Squadron of Cavalry, National Guard of California 1911–1917 http://www.militarymuseum.org/1st%20Cav%20Sqdn%2C%20Trp%20C%2C%201911-1917.pdf History Office, Camp San Luis Obispo California State Military Museum 1–2 1895 National Guard of California http://www.militarymuseum.org/CNG1895.pdf California State Military Museum 3 April 2019 http://www.militarymuseum.org/CreationNGC.html The Creation of the National Guard of California Marshall Norman S. Denger Mark J. 10 August 2017 California State Military Museum California Military Department was organized on 5 August 1895.http://www.mchsmuseum.com/news/0410.pdf A History of the Salinas National Guard Company 1895–1995 News Monterey County Historical Society October 2004 Anderson Burton1 The troop's first activation was when it was called up to provide law and order in San Francisco following the earthquake in 1906, using Golden Gate Park as its base of operations.1 In 1911, the troop was incorporated into the 1st Squadron of Cavalry. In the early 1910s tensions between Mexico and the United States were high, due to the impact the Mexican Revolution had on the border; this resulted in several events which led to loss of life of citizens of both nations.Yockelson Mitchell Fall 1997 The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/fall/mexican-punitive-expedition-1.html Prologue United States National Archives These tensions came to a head in March 1916, with the attack on Columbus, New Mexico by Mexicans under Pancho Villa. As a result, a punitive expedition by the United States Army was sent into Mexico, and National Guard units were activated in neighboring border states for federal service. With the regular United States Army busy pursuing Pancho Villa, being unable to defend the rest of the border with Mexico, the National Defense Act of 1916 was passed in June, allowing for the activation of additional National Guard units throughout the United States for federal service.https://history.army.mil/News/2016/160500a_natDefAct1916/ National Defense Act of 1916 Williams Glen May 2016 CMH News and Features United States Army In June, the unit was activated for federal service on the Mexican border near Nogales, Arizona.132 As the threat of cross border hostility abated, the troop was deactivated later that year.http://www.militarymuseum.org/MexBdr1916.html On the Mexican Border, 1914 and 1916 California State Military Museum California State Military Department 17 September 2012 Landis Brett A. Before, and while the troop was serving on the Mexican border, World War I was being fought.Gary S. Breschini Mona Gudgel Trudy Haversat Early Salinas https://books.google.com/books?id=0htf0iet8poC&pg=PA100 2005 Arcadia Publishing 9780738529936 100Sacramento District US Army Corps of Engineers 2002 8 February 2016 Final Inventory and Evaluation of National Register of Historic Places Eligibility of California Army National Guard Armories http://www.militarymuseum.org/SalinasHowardStArmory.html California State Military Museum After the United States entered into World War I, the troop was activated into federal service in August 1917 at Camp Kearny in San Diego.3 There it was redesignated as Company B of the 145th Machine Gun Battalion, as an element of the 40th Division.3Enoch Barton Garey Olin Oglesby Ellis Ralph Van Deman Magoffin American Guide Book to France and Its Battlefields https://books.google.com/books?id=Ub1CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253 1920 Macmillan 253 During this period the battalion was part of the 80th Infantry Brigade of the 40th Division. The brigade departed for France in August 1918, where it spent the majority of the time training replacements. In late October 1918, the machine gun battalion was sent to Saint-Dizier, then to Baudonvilliers in November.History of the Fortieth (Sunshine) Division: Containing a Brief History of All Units Under the Command of Major General Frederick S. Strong, 1917–1919 https://archive.org/details/historyfortieth00unkngoog 1920 C.S. Hutson 61–67 During November 1918, the battalion supported First Army, when it was moved to Marne for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.Work Projects Administration History Office, Camp San Luis Obispo 23 January 2015 1940 Activities of the California National Guard During The World War 1917–1919 http://www.militarymuseum.org/CNG%20%26%20CNM%20in%20WWI%2C%201917-1919.pdf California State library 3359 Project No. 665008-3-128 California State Military Museum Beginning in mid-December, the 40th Division began the process of returning to the United States, ultimately embarking through Bordeaux.George B. Clark The American Expeditionary Force in World War I: A Statistical History, 1917–1919 https://books.google.com/books?id=ilmmi-MmkXIC&pg=PA281 23 February 2013 McFarland 9781476612201 281 In May 1919 it was demobilized at the Presidio of San Francisco.Stubbs Mary Lee Connor Stanley Russell Armor-cavalry: Army National Guard https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv4KU_F4Hp8C 1972 Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Army 205–206 40th Tank Company The unit was reorganized as the 40th Tank Company for the 40th Division in 1924 and it was equipped with eight French Renault light tanks (M1917);Anderson Burton 1996 Company C, 194th Tank Battalion in the Philippines, 1941–42 Armor CV 3 32–36 United States Army Armor School https://www.dvidshub.net/publication/issues/33782 https://web.archive.org/web/20120225223552/http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/armormagazine/content/Issues/1996/ArmorMayJune1996web.pdf 25 February 2012Donald L. Caldwell Thunder on Bataan: The First American Tank Battles of World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=aSuFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 1 April 2019 Stackpole Books 9780811767415 22, 129 Salinas was awarded California's company, and the 40th Tank Company was authorized in June 1924. It received eight six-ton M1917 tanks and outgrew the town's old armory and two that succeeded it. it was California's first tank unit.Cabrera Marcos 8 August 2018 Family of Bataan Death March survivors honored https://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/2018/08/08/family-bataan-death-march-survivors-honored/919735002/ The Californian Salinas, California It conducted its first annual training at Camp Del Monte in 1925.Works Progress Administration 1940 24 January 2015 History of the 40th Tank Company, California National Guard 1924-1939 http://www.militarymuseum.org/40th%20Tank%20Co.pdf California State Library California State Military Museum 3 On Thanksgiving Day 1927, two of the units tanks were tasked to respond to a riot at the Folsom State Prison.5http://www.militarymuseum.org/FolsomPrisonRiot1927.html Folsom Prison Riot, 1927 December 2017 California State Military Museum California Military Department The company was first activated in response to the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike of longshoremen during which it was sent to San Francisco for eight days. M2A2 light tanks replaced the Renaults in 1937.Donald L. Caldwell Thunder on Bataan: The First American Tank Battles of World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=aSuFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 1 April 2019 Stackpole Books 9780811767415 23 During the 1930s, training with the unit's tanks did not involve ammunition, and utilized Ford Model T automobiles to simulate enemy tanks.Mentor LTC John M. Evans 1LT Michael R. November–December 1998 Remember the Road to Bataan: Training for War in a Resource-Short Environment (Reserve Component) https://www.dvidshub.net/publication/issues/33756 Armor CVII 6 34–49 0004-2420 PB 17-98-6 Training was often conducted in association with the 159th Infantry Regiment.6 April 1937, the company participated in activities on Crissy Field at the Presidio of San Francisco.8 In August 1937, along with other units of the Fourth Army, the tank company was assigned to the brown force (national guard units) that simulated combat against the blue force (regular army units) in the area between Morro Bay and San Luis Obispo.8–9R.H. Williams September–October 1937 Fourth Army Maneuvers https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a499814.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20190601203143/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a499814.pdf live 1 June 2019 The Coast Artillery Journal 80 5 412–416 Coast Artillery Training Center Fort Monroe, Virginia 194th Tank Battalion In 1940, the company was designated as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion; other tank companies in Brainerd, Minnesota (Company A, formerly the 34th Tank Company), and Saint Joseph, Missouri (Company B, former 35th Tank Company), formed the rest of the battalion.Van den Berg William J. 2004 Employing an Armor Quick Reaction Force in the Area Defense: The 194th Tank Battalion in Action During the Luzon Defensive Campaign 1941–42 Armor CXVIII 2 United States Army Armor School https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/armormagazine/content/IssuesCAC/2004/ArmorMarchApril2004web.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070928/https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/armormagazine/content/IssuesCAC/2004/ArmorMarchApril2004web.pdf 4 March 2016 deadhttps://minnesotanationalguard.ng.mil/1194cab/ 1st Combined Arms Battalion, 194th Armor Regiment 2018 Minnesota National Guard A large number of men in Company C were Salinas High School graduates from the classes of 1938 and 1939.http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090521/NEWS01/90522040/WAR-TESTS-TOWN-personal-stake-WWII-Salinas-emerged-full-fledged-city- War Tests a Town: With personal stake in WWII, Salinas emerged as full-fledged city. The Salinas Californian 22 May 2009 The unit's ranks were filled largely from the Salinas High School classes of 1938 and '39. https://web.archive.org/web/20141223163933/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090521/NEWS01/90522040/WAR-TESTS-TOWN-personal-stake-WWII-Salinas-emerged-full-fledged-city- 23 December 2014 The battalion was mustered into federal service on 10 February 1941, and began training at Fort Lewis, Washington; City Says, 'Farewell'- TANK UNIT LEAVES -Off for Year's Training https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29729978/c_company_leaves_salinas/ Salinas Index-Journal 17 February 1941 20 March 2019 there, on 22 February, the battalion finally assembled as an entire unit. Rated among the best tank battalions in the Army, the battalion was equipped with 54 new M3 Stuart light tanks. Deployment Company B was detached from the battalion and sent to Alaska;Donald L. Caldwell Thunder on Bataan: The First American Tank Battles of World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=aSuFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 1 April 2019 Stackpole Books 9780811767415 32–34 the rest of the battalion boarded the USAT President Coolidge in San Francisco on 8 September, bound for Manila.6Also aboard the Coolidge was the 200th Coast Artillery Regiment from New Mexico, and the Air Corps' 27th Bombardment Group.Operation PLUM: The Ill-fated 27th Bombardment Group and the Fight for the Western Pacific Martin Adrian R. Stephenson Larry W. 2008 Texas A&M University Press 9781603440196 36 https://books.google.com/books?id=jWyHjYFCcv4C&q=Coolidge+194th+tank&pg=PA36 During the voyage, the Coolidge was escorted by the USS Astoria CA-34.Mentor LTC John M. Evans 1LT Michael R. November–December 1998 Remember the Road to Bataan: Training for War in a Resource-Short Environment (Reserve Component) https://www.dvidshub.net/publication/issues/33756 Armor CVII 6 34–49 0004-2420 PB 17-98-6 It was the first U.S. armored unit to deploy overseas, during World War II.6–7 On 26 September 1941 the 194th, along with the 17th Ordnance Company, arrived in Manila, and was then assigned to Fort Stotsenburg, in Sapangbato, Angeles City.World War II Journal Volume 5 of World War II Journal Series Dooley Colonel Thomas The First U.S. Tank Action in World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=utbD8wwF91kC&q=194th&pg=PA14 Ray Merriam 1999 Merriam Press 9781576381649 14–19 https://books.google.com/books?id=utbD8wwF91kC&q=World+War+II+Journal+Philippines 14 There the unit found supplies to be unavailable, especially gasoline and spare parts; worse, ammunition for the tank's 37 mm on us main gun was never shipped to the Philippines causing the tankers to improvise ammunition in the following campaign. The ammunition would only be armor-piercing, with high-explosive being unavailable. The 192nd Tank Battalion arrived in the Philippines on 20 November; joining with the 194th and the 17th, they formed the 1st Provisional Tank Group, under the command of Brigadier General James Weaver;The United States Army: A Chronology, 1775 to the Present Fredriksen John C. 2010 ABC-CLIO 9781598843446 260 https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesarmy0000fred registration http://kynghistory.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/B74F1531-DF3A-4954-8BC0-A152DD82ADCD/0/BookletBataanMemorialDedicationHarrodsburg15Jun1961.pdf The Provisional Tank Group: United States Army Forces in the Far East The Office of the Adjutant General, Kentucky National Guard 15 June 1961 https://web.archive.org/web/20150409071316/http://kynghistory.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/B74F1531-DF3A-4954-8BC0-A152DD82ADCD/0/BookletBataanMemorialDedicationHarrodsburg15Jun1961.pdf 9 April 2015https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf_urggm_nUC&q=James+R.+N.+Weaver&pg=PA12 South to Bataan, North to Mukden: The Prison Diary of Brigadier General W. E. Brougher University of Georgia Press 27 September 2012 James, D. Clayton 2012 12 9780820337951 this unit would go on to become the first organization of the United States to engage enemy tanks in combat.Yet their sacrifice had not been in vain. From December 1941 to May 1942, the 194th and 192nd Tank Battalions, comprising the 149th Tank Group (Provisional) defended central Luzon and then the Bataan Peninsula from units of the invading Japanese 14th Army. These National Guardsmen were part of the first U.S. tank unit to go overseas in WWII, the first U.S. tank unit to engage the enemy in WWII, and the first U.S. tank unit to engage enemy tanks in the history of the U.S. Armored Force. "Remember the Road to Bataan: Training for War in a Resource-Short Environment (Reserve Component)" World War II Philippines campaign (1941–1942) Clark Field and withdrawal When the United States was drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Company C was in defensive positions around Clark Field, where on 8 December the first Japanese attacks occurred leading to the destruction of half of the Far East Air Force;A United States Army aviation organization composed of units of the United States Army Air Forces, and the Philippine Army Air Corps.William H. Bartsch December 8, 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor https://books.google.com/books?id=LoD-Z-8wZ70C 13 August 2012 Texas A&M University Press 9781603447416 of the nine Japanese fighters shot down that day, Private Earl G. Smith of Company C was credited with downing one of them.8 Due to this action, the unit became the first California National Guard unit to see combat.http://www.militarymuseum.org/CNGWWII.html California and the Second World War:A Short History of the California National Guard in World War II California Military Museum California State Military Department 1 October 2012 Initially, General Douglas MacArthur was confident that the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) would be able to defend the entire archipelago under war plan Rainbow Five.155–157 Detached from the rest of the battalion on 12 December, Company C was attached to the South Luzon Force. On 13 December, Company C moved to Tagaytay Ridge, attempting to apprehend fifth columnists who had been launching flares near ammunition dumps at night; this would continue until Christmas Eve.8http://www.benning.army.mil/library/content/Virtual/Armorpapers/Committee%209,%20ArmoronLuzon.pdf Armor on Luzon (Comparison of Employment of Armored Units in the 1941—1942 and 1945 Luzon Campaigns) United States Army 25 September 2012 McHenny William S. William D. Beard Alfred Seunlau David O. Fleming Leo Nawn Jr. William A. Burke Robert S. Ferrari Francis J. Kelly John H. Cleveland Research Report 1950 https://web.archive.org/web/20120921052729/http://www.benning.army.mil/library/content/Virtual/Armorpapers/Committee%209,%20ArmoronLuzon.pdf 21 September 2012 dead On 23 December, with the advances of Japanese forces after landing at Lingayen Gulf dashing his confidence, General MacArthur ordered a reversion to War Plan Orange, ordering all forces to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula.Morton Louis Kent Roberts Greenfield Command Decisions http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm 19 September 2012 2000 1960 United States Army Center of Military History 151–172 The Decision To Withdraw to Bataan http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_06.htm 30 December 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm dead 162–164 thumb|right|upright=1.4|Withdrawal in Southern Luzon, the Philippines in December 1941|alt=Map of Southern Luzon depicting United States Army Forces in the Far East movements in December 1941 Company C was assigned to the area east of Mount Banahao and attached to the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division.Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XI. Withdrawal in the South http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_11.htm 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead 191 The commanding general of the South Luzon Force, Brigadier General Albert M. Jones,MacArthur and the American Century: A Reader Leary William M. William M. Leary 2003 U of Nebraska Press 9780803280205 97 https://books.google.com/books?id=xWv_2PwBXgMC&q=South+Luzon+Force&pg=PA97 heard from a motorcycle messenger from Company C on Christmas Day that the 1st Infantry Regiment had prematurely moved westward away from their position at Sampaloc.193 He then instructed Company C to engage the Japanese who had landed at Mauban.193 He decided to conduct a reconnaissance himself using a half-track from Company C, and they were engaged by a Japanese patrol north of the town of Piis.193–194 During the engagement the half-track became immobilized in a ditch, however the crew was able to disperse the patrol allowing Jones and the crew to carry the half-track's machine guns back to friendly lines.194 For their action, Jones recommended the crew members receive the Distinguished Service Cross; by the April 1946, when the recommendation was finally processed, the awards were downgraded to Silver Stars and only one of the five crew, Sergeant Leon Elliot, was still alive. thumb|left|Painting depicting Staff Sergeant Morello's M3 Stuart, smashing into a roadblock and an Imperial Japanese Army anti-tank gun that was behind it.|alt=A painting that depicts an American tank smashing into a Japanese roadblock in December 1941 The next day the second platoon of the company was ordered by a Major Rumbold, senior American instructor of the Philippine Army 1st Infantry Regiment, to attack the Japanese, who were in Piis, down a narrow mountain trail. The platoon leader, Second Lieutenant Robert F. Needham, suggested that a reconnaissance be done before the attack but was told it was unnecessary.194 Due to the firefight the night before, a roadblock had been prepared by the Japanese, consisting of anti-tank guns, artillery, and several machine guns.194 The Americans advanced as a column and the lead tank, commanded by Needham, was hit first. The second tank, commanded by Staff Sergeant Emil S. Morello, drove around Needham's disabled tank and ran over a roadblock and an antitank gun behind it, firing upon other Japanese positions before his tank was disabled; in the end five tanks, an entire platoon, were immobilized and lost and five tankers were killed.http://www.ng.mil/resources/photo_gallery/heritage/bataan.html At a Roadblock on the Road to Bataan Heritage Series National Guard Bureau 19 September 2012 Millsap Don https://web.archive.org/web/20110814073903/http://www.ng.mil/resources/photo_gallery/heritage/bataan.html 14 August 2011 The Japanese settled in around the tanks that night, believing all the Americans to be dead; as the front moved past them, with the Japanese advancing away from them, which allowed Morello to gather the wounded. Having collected them, he escaped with the help of Filipino guides to Manila, where he left one wounded tanker in a Catholic hospital; with the remainder of the wounded he was able to reach Corregidor by the end of the month. In 1983, Morello was awarded the Silver Star for his actions;http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/citation.php?citation=107843 Staff Sergeant Emil C. Morello Army Military Times Hall of Valor Gannett Government Media 24 September 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225738/http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/citation.php?citation=107843 23 May 2014 deadhttps://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/GO8407.pdf General Orders No. 7 Robert M. Joyce Robert M. Joyce 13 March 1984 Headquarters, Department of the Army United States Army https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230224/http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/GO8407.pdf 23 May 2014 live he later rejoined the company in Bataan. This action also led the War Department to change from rivets to welding in new tank production. thumb|Picture was taken of an open city sign in front of Manila's city hall on 26 December 1941.|alt=A Manila street with a large sign hanging over it which reads "open city" Another platoon of Company C was attached to the Philippine Army's 51st Infantry Division, and became part of a covering force for the division's withdrawal.196 The platoon prepared defensive lines near Sariaya, then Tiaong where it rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force, minus the Philippine Army's 1st Infantry Division which rejoined the rest of the South Luzon Force at Santiago.197 From there the force bypassed Manila, which had been declared an open city,Captured: The Japanese Internment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1941–1945 Cogan Frances B. 2000 University of Georgia Press 9780820321172 41 https://books.google.com/books?id=OFKtPQHvFHsC&q=Manila+Open+City&pg=PA41 withdrawing northward to join the rest of the American-Filipino forces heading to Bataan.200 However, due to unfamiliarity with the geography, Company C passed through the city, with one of the tanks becoming immobile after hitting the Rizal Monument in the darkness; the crew of the immobilized tank eventually departed the city on Bren Gun Carriers driven by Filipino soldiers. thumb|left|upright=1.4|Positions north of Bataan, 31 December 1941 – 1 January 1942.|alt=A map of the area around San Fernando, Pampanga, in January 1942 At Calumpit there were important bridges over the Pampanga River, which connected Bataan to the forces that were now north of Manila.Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XII. Holding the Road to Bataan http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_12.htm 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead 203 To defend these bridges the 194th took up positions at Apalit, covering the west bank of the river, thus ensuring the path of withdrawal to Bataan for the units defending the bridges.201 To the south Company C covered the southern front at Bocaue.201 While there, they observed empty trucks departing Manila for Bataan. The battalion organized the shipment of 12000 USgal L of aviation gasoline and six truckloads of canned food from Manila.General MacArthur and President Truman: The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy Rovere Richard Halworth Schlesinger Arthur Meier 1992 1951 Transaction Publishers New Brunswick 9781560006091 55 https://books.google.com/books?id=vhN7MmdcGCsC&q=Calumpit+bridge+194th+tank&pg=PA55 Even with those additional supplies sent to Bataan, a significant amount of supplies were either destroyed or left behind, which led to immediate rationing, which reduced the fighting ability of those on Bataan later on.http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/WWII/bataan_lesson.htm https://archive.today/20121212013856/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/WWII/bataan_lesson.htm dead 12 December 2012 The Lesson of Bataan: The Story of the Philippine and Bataan Quartermaster Depots Captain Harold A. Armold November–December 1946 Quartermaster Museum United States Armyhttp://reta.nmsu.edu/bataan/curriculum/resources/historical%20resources/g_4_report.html G-4 of Luzon Force Report Colonel Roy C. Hilton 29 January 1946 Battle for Bataan! New Mexico State University https://web.archive.org/web/20131205205955/http://reta.nmsu.edu/bataan/curriculum/resources/historical%20resources/g_4_report.html 5 December 2013 dead With the bridges having been successfully defended by other units (including the 192nd),17 Company C became the last unit to cross the bridges before they were demolished to slow down the Japanese advance. Moving northward on the first days of 1942, the 194th took up position east of San Fernando and south of town on the banks of the Pampanga River. The rest of the Provisional Tank Group covered the withdrawal of the remaining American-Filipino forces into Bataan. While in defensive positions, the first tank-on-tank combat occurred for the 194th, when five Japanese Type 89A tanks approached; the Japanese unit, having not conducted reconnaissance prior to their movement, was destroyed by the 194th in an open field.Vandenberg Major William J. 2009 Executing the Double Retrograde Delay The Foxhole XVI 2 4–9 196th Regimental Combat Team Association http://www.196rct.org/Apr%2009%20Foxhole.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20141104064246/http://www.196rct.org/Apr%2009%20Foxhole.pdf 4 November 2014VandenBergh Major William J. November–December 2002 Executing the Double Retrograde Delay: The 194th Tank Battalion in action during the Luzon Defensive Campaign 1941–42 https://www.dvidshub.net/publication/issues/33709 Armor CXI 6 26–31 0004-2420VandenBergh 30 With the rest of the forces passing through the town, the tankers destroyed the bridge over the San Fernando River and withdrew to Guagua.Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XII. Holding the Road to Bataan http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_12.htm 214–215 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead thumb|right|upright=1.4|Defense of the Layac Junction approach to Bataan 2–6 January 1942.|alt=A map of the area around Dinalupihan in January 1942 Ten days after the American-Filipino forces began withdrawing, the 1st Provisional Tank Group conducted their final delaying actions, while the rest of the force prepared the defenses in Bataan, giving those troops three additional days. The first unit to conduct a delaying action was Company C, as it serving as an advance force of the mainline, north of Guagua.221 There they held for three and a half hours.Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XII. Into Bataan https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_13.htm 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead 221 Guagua was not held for long, less than two days, and Company C covered the retreat of the remainder of the battalion.222 While Company C was covering the flank of the forces retreating south from Guagua, a large enemy force of 500 to 800 Japanese soldiers approached behind three Philippine Constabulary officers waving a white flag; the covering force, consisting of two tanks and two half-tracks, opened fire upon the constabulary officers and the enemy behind them, killing them in the open.VandenBergh 30223 Following some additional combat which led to significant Japanese losses in the Tanaka Detachment, Company C and the rest of the 1st Provisional Tank Group joined the 26th Cavalry, and the Philippines' 11th and 21st Divisions, to form a defense along the Gumain River.17223Gene Eric Salecker Rolling Thunder Against the Rising Sun: The Combat History of U.S. Army Tank Battalions in the Pacific in World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=VItFKmOx8f0C&pg=PP63 2008 Stackpole Books 9780811703147 63–64 Without contact with Japanese forces, the defense line along the Gumain River was abandoned, and new defenses which involved the entirety of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were formed at Layac Junction.227 That was the final defensive line before Bataan; which was worked on and completed on the morning of 6 January 1942.227 Following combat on 6 January, which included the action which resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to Sergeant Jose Calugas, the 1st Provisional Tank Group began to withdraw into Bataan ahead of the rest of the units assigned to the defenses at Layac Junction.229 They were the last U.S. unit to enter the Bataan Peninsula. Upon withdrawing behind the defensive lines to an area south of Pilar, the soldiers of the 1st Provisional Tank Group were finally able to rest, eating from their own kitchens for the first time since the beginning of combat operations, albeit at half rations.1017 Bataan Battle of Bataan thumb|left|upright=1.4|The Mauban Line at Bataan, Philippines, showing the U.S. positions 18–25 January 1942|alt=A map of northwestern Bataan in late January 1942 On 10 January 1942, the 194th was called on to support the 57th Infantry Regiment near Abacay.27 On 23 January, Company C was called upon by Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright (later promoted to general), commander of I Philippine Corps (the renamed North Luzon Force),Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XV. Setting the Stage https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_15.htm 248 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead Whitman John W. 1 June 1984 US Army Doctrinal Effectiveness on Bataan, 1942: The First Battle Master's thesis U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 15 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a147751.pdf Hough Frank Olney Ludwig Verle E. Shaw Henry I. 1958 History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in WWII, Volume I: Pearl Harbor To Guadalcanal https://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20I%20-%20Pearl%20Harbor%20to%20Guadacanal%20%20PCN%2019000262400_1.pdf Chapter 2: Bataan Prelude United States Marine Corps 172 https://web.archive.org/web/20170125124452/http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20I%20-%20Pearl%20Harbor%20to%20Guadacanal%20%20PCN%2019000262400_1.pdf 25 January 2017 3 June 2019 dead Alt URL to fight a battalion of Japanese infantry to the west, near Mount Silanganan. Two tanks were damaged by anti-tank mines during the initial attack.28 Yet after that setback, with the support of elements of the 26th Cavalry, and a battalion of the Philippines' 72nd Infantry Regiment, the forces were able to reverse the gains of the Japanese.28Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XVI. The First Battle of Bataan https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_16.htm 216 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead 283 In late January, it was decided that the defensive line would be withdrawn down to Bogac and through to Orion.291 The 194th covered some of the last units to withdraw, which included the 31st and 45th Infantry Regiments;28 By 26 January, the 194th was the last to withdraw, breaking from contact while being attacked by artillery and mortar fire.28–29294 While withdrawing, additional pressure was placed on the 194th, as air attacks harassed the unit along the way.28–29294 Major combat on Bataan came to a halt as Japanese force withdrew northward in February, maintaining a line of control at Balanga, and the Japanese 14th Army awaited reinforcements.Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XIX. The Japanese Withdrawal https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_19.htm 347–352 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead By March 1942, rations were reduced from the meager half rations to quarter rations; this was accompanied by soldiers getting sick from dengue fever, malaria and other diseases.30 Company C was assigned to defending the coast along the eastern half of Bataan.11 thumb|right|upright=1.4|Japanese penetration of the U.S. Army lines at Mount Samat, Bataan, Philippines, 3–6 April 1942|alt=A map of eastern Bataan in early April 1942 During the final Japanese attack on the defending American and Filipino forces on Bataan, Company A of the 194th was assigned to coastal defense, firing upon Japanese barges and keeping them from coming ashore.30 On 4 April, Company C of the 194th, along with the 45th Infantry Regiment, were assigned to attack northward along Trail 29; commencing the attack on 7 April, they advanced northward, surprising a Japanese defensive position.31–32Morton Louis The Fall of the Philippines Kert Roberts Greenfield http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 United States Army in World War II 1953 2006 Center of Military History Washington, D.C. XXIV. The Final Japanese Offensive https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_24.htm 18 September 2012 8 January 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm#part2 dead 432–437 In advancing, they had lost contact with friendly forces to their east and west; receiving new orders, and being informed of rapid Japanese advances, they were ordered southeast towards the junction of Trails 6 & 8 in hopes of establishing a new defensive position.32 Reversing their advance towards their new objective, with Company C leading the movement, the fire of Japanese anti-tank guns revealed that they had been flanked to the south by Japanese forces of the 65th Brigade.32 To the rear of their new movement and to the north, on Trail 29, Company C came into contact with elements of the Japanese 7th Tank Regiment which were attempting to advance southward along the trail, the ensuing combat lead to the destruction of two Japanese Type 89A tanks.33 By 8 April, Company C was ordered to regroup to the south with the rest of the Provisional Tank Group, who were involved in attempting to provide defense against the Japanese attack along Trail 10.33 That evening all of the tank battalions were pulled off the line, and on the morning of 9 April, with the Company C tanks finally joining the rest of the group, received orders to destroy their equipment.3318 By the time of surrender, Company C had lost 10 of its tanks, and had six soldiers killed in action.11 Surrender and occupation Japanese occupation of the Philippines Prisoner of war#Empire of Japan Allied POWs held by the Empire of Japan Following the surrender of the forces on Bataan by Major General Edward P. King, officers of the tank units were questioned by the Japanese; during the questioning, the officers learned that the tanks had kept away an invasion across Manila Bay, and that the American tanks were feared by the Japanese.18 When the Japanese finally arrived on 10 April, they began to loot the soldiers of anything of value.12 Following the looting, the Japanese began to force march them northward towards San Fernando, in what became known as the Bataan Death March.12–13Gene Eric Salecker Rolling Thunder Against the Rising Sun: The Combat History of U.S. Army Tank Battalions in the Pacific in World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=VItFKmOx8f0C&pg=PP111 2008 Stackpole Books 9780811703147 111 Some of the soldiers chose not to comply with orders and surrender, instead becoming guerrillas, resisting the Japanese occupation;http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090521/NEWS01/90522033/COLUMN-Albanese-194th-lives-our-hearts The 194th lives on in our hearts The Salinas Californian 22 May 2009 Albanese Jim Some of the Allied troops escaped to Corregidor and a few fled into the jungle to wage an effective three-year guerrilla campaign. https://web.archive.org/web/20150722080941/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090521/NEWS01/90522033/COLUMN-Albanese-194th-lives-our-hearts 22 July 2015 one was Technician Fifth Grade Eugene Zingheim of Company C, a radio operator, who would later be executed after being caught by the Japanese due to malaria in 1943.From Bataan to Safety: The Rescue of 104 American soldiers in the Philippines Decker Malcolm 2008 McFarland 9780786433964 79 https://books.google.com/books?id=SeOhZW9OpJwC&q=194th+tank+battalion+guerilla+salinas+philippines&pg=PA79https://bataanproject.com/provisional-tank-group/t-5-eugene-p-zingheim/ Tec 5 Eugene P. Zingheim Bataan Commemorative Research Project Proviso East High School, Proviso Township High Schools District 209 25 September 2012http://www.west-point.org/family/japanese-pow/Guerrillas/Guerrillas-List.htm Guerrillas in the Philippines West-point.org The West Point Connection 8 June 2019Bill Fassoth Fassoth Camp http://collections.pvao.mil.ph/BataanDiary/InformationDownload/BD-0000642 1094 30 Guerrillas 258 Philippine Archive Collection http://collections.pvao.mil.ph/ Brigadier-General Francisco Licuanan Jr. Collection United States National Archives College Park, Maryland Over time, the soldiers of Company C were spread across the areas occupied by Japan at various POW camps.15 Six were awarded the Silver Star, some posthumously, and each soldier of the company was awarded a Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart.16http://mchsmuseum.com/salinas/index/bataan-memorial/ Bataan Memorial Eugene Ferris 8 April 2006 Monterey County Historical Society Six soldiers in Company C were awarded Silver Stars. The whole Company received two United States Presidential Unit Citations and the Philippines Presidential Unit Citation. In addition, the members all received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart. In mid-September 1945, after the Surrender of Japan, the surviving members of the 194th Tank Battalion embarked for the United States at Yokohama. Post World War II thumb|1947 newspaper recruiting advertisement for the 199th Tank Battalion After World War II, the 194th Tank Battalion was inactivated in April 1946, then redesignated as the 199th Tank Battalion in June of that same year; it was federally recognized in 1947, with a leadership team made up of survivors of the 1941–1942 Philippines campaign.16 Two years later in 1949, the unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 149th Heavy Tank Battalion, as an element of the 49th Infantry Division. Then upon being consolidated with the 170th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, the unit was elevated to a parent regiment within the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) in 1959.Initially in CARS the regiment consisted of a medium tank battalion, and a reconnaissance squadron. The tank battalion was based at Salinas, while the reconnaissance squadron was based at Sacramento.Jones Earle M. Earle Jones 1960 Biennial Report of the Adjutant General https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4143077 State of California, Military Department 94 HathiTrust Digital Library In 1960, annual training for the regiment was held at Camp Irwin.Hill Roderic L. Roderic L. Hill 1963 Biennial report of the Adjutant General https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106010299276 State of California, Military Department 112 HathiTrust Digital Library By 1962, M48 Patton tanks were being used during annual training at Camp Roberts. 21 June 1962 Guard Unit in Training at Roberts https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34187006/guard_unit_in_training_at_roberts_1st/ The Californian Salinas, California Newspapers.com Regiment's 1st Medium Tank Battalion, had Company A at Monterey, Company B at Watsonville, Company C at Hollister, and Company D at Santa Cruz. In 1963, the regiment was reorganized again and expanded to consist of 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions, with 2nd squadron becoming the 170th Cavalry Regiment.1st Battalion was assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Battalion to the 1st Brigade, and 4th to the 49th Infantry Brigade, all under the 49th Infantry Division.1970 Quadrennial Report of The Commanding General California Military Forces Report of the Adjutant General https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009094604 State of California, Military Department 74–75 HathiTrust Digital Library During a weekend drill in 1965, the unit was called up to man roadblocks created in response to the Watts Riots; while there the tankers were fired upon.Local veteran reflects on his 30-year service with Santa Cruz National Guard unit Blumenfeld Zoe http://www.scsextra.com/story.php?sid=43400 Santa Cruz Sentinel 12 November 2006 https://archive.today/20130202083259/http://www.scsextra.com/story.php?sid=43400 2 February 2013 live The regiment's 1st, 3rd, and 4th battalions were called up during the Watts Riots, with the regimental headquarters operating out of the 118th Street School. 9 September 1996 August 1965 Military Support of Law Enforcement During Civil Disturbances http://www.militarymuseum.org/watts.pdf California Office of State Printing 84156-660 12-66 2M 60 California State Military Museum In 1968, the regiment was reorganized to consist only of its 1st Battalion; the regiment was detached from the 49th, and was no longer associated with a division. During the 1960s Defense Secretary Robert McNamara proposed and carried out a number of reorganizations of the Army Reserve and National Guard.Buchatler Alice R. Seth Elan October 2007 Historical Attempts to Reorganize the Reserve Components https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/CNGR_Reorganization-Reserve-Components.pdf Library of Congress 5–14 By the end of the decade, due to one of those reorganizations, 49th Infantry Division was reorganized and downsized to become the 49th Infantry Brigade.Wilson John B. 1998 Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades https://history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-14-1/cmhPub_60-14-1.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20140301211444/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-14-1/cmhPub_60-14-1.pdf dead 1 March 2014 Washington, D.C. Center of Military History, United States Army 328 CMH Pub 60-14 Later, in 1974, the regiment became an element of the 40th Infantry Division. During the 1970s and 1980s the regiment continued to conduct its regular cycle of monthly weekend drills and annual training; one of these sent the regiment's lone battalion to Camp Ripley, Minnesota, for winter training in 1982.https://www.brainerddispatch.com/community/history/4206780-was-brainerd-jan-27 This was Brainerd-Jan.27 26 February 2012 Brainerd Dispatch Guardsmen in Training https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/62720138/ Sentinel Santa Cruz, California 26 January 1982One of the locations which was available to the regiment for weekend drills was a park in Santa Cruz.17 November 1978 NGB Pamphlet 210-21 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078439927&view=1up&seq=443 4–113 During the 1980s, the regiment was authorized a strength of 501 Soldiers.1985 Military Construction Appropriations for 1986 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4292928&view=1up&seq=1391 United States Government Printing Office 1383 Committee on Appropriations HathiTrust Digital Library In 1989, the regiment was withdrawn from CARS and reorganized in the United States Army Regimental System;The regiment continued to consist of only its 1st Battalion. by that same year the regiment was equipped with M60A3 Patton.Bruce George Bruce George Jane's NATO Handbook, 1990–91 https://books.google.com/books?id=ewZqAAAACAAJ December 1990 Jane's Information Group 9780710605986 Intl Institute for Strategic Studies Military Balance 1989-90 London, United Kingdom Brassey's (UK) Ltd 9780080403526 International Institute for Strategic Studies In response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Operation Garden Plot was initiated, leading to the regiment returning to riot control duties in Los Angeles.http://www.ng.mil/ngbgomo/library/bio/2484.htm Brigadier General Matthew P. Beevers August 2012 General Officer Management National Guard Bureau https://web.archive.org/web/20121221113153/http://www.ng.mil/ngbGomo/library/bio/2484.htm 21 December 2012http://www.calguard.ca.gov/otag/Pages/Beevers.aspx Assistant Adjutant General 2011 California National Guard State of California https://web.archive.org/web/20130617192101/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/otag/Pages/Beevers.aspx 17 June 2013 During the 1990s, the regiment was part of the 3rd Brigade of the 40th Infantry Division.http://www.militarymuseum.org/40thORBAT94.html 40th Infantry Division (Mechanized) Order of Battle, 1994 California Military Museum California State Military Department 8 February 2012 In 1996, the regiment's headquarters moved to the Presidio of Monterey.http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/spt/0340sptbn.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20120225223624/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/spt/0340sptbn.htm dead 25 February 2012 Lineage and Honors 340th Support Battalion 20 December 2011 United States Army Center of Military History United States Armyhttp://www.militarymuseum.org/RegimentalSys.html Regimental Systems of the California National Guard California State Military Museum California State Military Department 22 February 2013 Johnson Danny M. Due to the force reduction in other units, as part of a post-Cold War peace dividend which included Base Realignment and Closure, in 1997 the regiment saw an increase in its size;http://www.dod.mil/pubs/inac97.html FY 1997 Reserve Component Reduction Plan 14 January 1997 Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs Department of Defense https://web.archive.org/web/20120915211442/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/inac97.html 15 September 2012By 1997, the regiment consisted of 1st Battalion, with companies in Monterey, Camp Roberts, Santa Cruz, and Madera. this increase in size coincided with the regiment transitioning from the M60A3 to the M1IP Abrams. In May 1998, a training center was established at Watsonville, and named after Chief Warrant Officer Ero "Ben" Saccone, who was the First Sergeant of Company C, 194th Tank Battalion in 1941; within the training center was the 40th Tank Company's guidon, which dated back to June 1924 (and survived combat overseas, and being hidden by unit members while they were POW). A year later, the regiment's headquarters was moved once again to Seaside.thumb|Soldiers of the 149th training at the former Fort Ord in 2004 before deployment to the Balkans|alt=Group of soldiers enter into an abandoned residential building.The battalion was activated for Operation Noble Eagle I & II, providing security at potential targets and airports in the United States, in 2003.http://www.defense.gov/news/Sep2003/d20030910ngr.pdf National Guard and Reserve Units Called to Active Duty (September 10, 2003) 10 September 2003 Department of Defense https://web.archive.org/web/20150714151852/http://www.defense.gov/news/Sep2003/d20030910ngr.pdf 14 July 2015http://www.militarymuseum.org/GWOTNobleEagleIII.html Operation NOBLE EAGLE III CPT Alana Schwermer SFC Steve Payer Summer 2003 The Grizzly California National Guard The 132nd Engineer Battalion, the 1st Battalion, 149th Armor Regiment; the 1st Battalion, 185th Armor Regiment, the 870th Military Police Company, and several other California National Guard units, have been an integral part of NOBLE EAGLE I and II. Then in 2005, it was activated to conduct NATO peacekeeping duties as part of the Kosovo Force.http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522032/Veterans-fight-unit Veterans fight for unit 21 February 2005 Stahl Zachary The Salinas Californian https://web.archive.org/web/20141223162428/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522032/Veterans-fight-unit 23 December 2014Stahl Zachary 21 February 2005 Veterans/ Fight for unit https://www.newspapers.com/clip/16202880/c_co20052/ The Californian Salinas, California https://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/525414/9074621/BG%20Mark%20Malanka%20-%20Bio%2001%20AUG%202017.pdf Brigadier General Mark G. Malanka August 2017 Ministry of the Armed Forces (France) 29 June 2019 While serving as the Commander of the 1-149th Armor Battalion, his Battalion took part in Operation NOBLE EAGLE III and then deployed with elements of the 1-149th Armor Battalion to Bosnia as part of 40th Infantry Division's mobilization for KFOR 6A. Following redesignation of the regiment from armor to armored in 2005, it was consolidated with another unit, which retained the name 340th Brigade Support Battalion in 2007, a part of the 65th Fires Brigade.Weaponry moved out of DeLaveaga armory, troops reassigned Blumenfeld Zoe Santa Cruz Sentinel 7 November 2006 http://67.15.208.115/printstory.php?sid=43242&storySection=Local https://archive.today/20121128221954/http://67.15.208.115/printstory.php?sid=43242&storySection=Local dead 28 November 2012 http://calsmrnavhis.homestead.com/CCMH_Projects_Overview.pdf California Center for Military History 2006 Military History Unit State of California https://web.archive.org/web/20131213035036/http://calsmrnavhis.homestead.com/CCMH_Projects_Overview.pdf 13 December 2013 Prior to the regiment being consolidated into another unit, almost 90% of the soldiers of the regiment had already seen combat in the war on terror, as strained resources led to more national guardsmen serving in overseas conflicts. Awards The regiment, and its subordinate units are authorized the following awards and streamers: 160px|alt=Presidential Unit Citation streamer Presidential Unit Citations DEFENSE OF THE PHILIPPINES LUZON 1941–1942 BATAAN PENINSULA 160px|alt=Presidential Unit Citation streamer Philippine Presidential Unit Citation 7 December 1941 to 10 May 1942 Campaign streamers: 160px|alt=World War I Victory Medal (United States) World War I streamer without inscription 160px|alt=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal Philippine Islands 160px|alt=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal Aleutian Islands (Company C, 1st Battalion) Lineage The lineage of the unit is as follows: Organized 5 August 1895 in the California National Guard at Salinas as Troop C, Cavalry. Redesignated 1 May 1911 as Troop C, 1st Squadron of Cavalry. Mustered into Federal service 26 June 1916 at Sacramento; mustered out of Federal service 17 November 1916 at Los Angeles. Drafted into Federal service 5 November 1917. Reorganized and redesignated 3 October 1917 as Company B, 145th Machine Gun Battalion, an element of the 40th Division. Demobilized 20 May 1919 at the Presidio of San Francisco, California. Reorganized and Federally recognized 18 June 1924 in the California National Guard at Salinas as the 40th Tank Company and assigned to the 40th Division. Reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1940 as Company C, 194th Tank Battalion, and relieved from assignment to the 40th Division. Inducted into Federal service 10 February 1941 at Salinas. Surrendered 9 April 1942 to the Japanese 14th Army in the Philippine Islands. Inactivated 2 April 1946 in the Philippine Islands. Expanded and redesignated 21 June 1946 as the 199th Tank Battalion. Reorganized and Federally recognized 27 May 1947 with headquarters at Salinas. Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1949 as the 149th Heavy Tank Battalion and assigned to the 49th Infantry Division. Reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1950 as the 149th Tank Battalion. Consolidated 1 May 1959 with the 170th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion and consolidated unit reorganized and redesignated as the 149th Armor, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Medium Tank Battalion and the 2d Reconnaissance Squadron, elements of the 49th Infantry Division. Reorganized 1 March 1963 to consist of the 1st and 3d Battalions, elements of the 49th Infantry Division, and the 4th Medium Tank Battalion. Reorganized 1 April 1964 to consist of the 1st and 3d Battalions, elements of the 49th Infantry Division, and the 4th Battalion. Reorganized 29 January 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion. Reorganized 13 January 1974 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 40th Infantry Division. Withdrawn 19 January 1988 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System. 1st Battalion ordered into active Federal service 1 May 1992 at home stations; released from active Federal service 9 May 1992 and reverted to state control. Location of headquarters changed 1 June 1996 to the Presidio of Monterey; on 1 October 1999 to Seaside, California. Ordered into active Federal service 14 August 2002 at home stations; released from active Federal service 2 September 2003 and reverted to state control. Redesignated 1 October 2005 as the 149th Armored Regiment. Consolidated 1 September 2007 with the 340th Support Battalion and consolidated unit designated as the 340th Support Battalion. Legacy During the Bataan Death March, Salinas had the unfortunate distinction of having the highest number of soldiers per capita in the march, of any city in the United States.http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522029/Memorial-honors-WWII-soldiers Memorial honors WWII soldiers The Salinas Californian 22 May 2009 Bell Katharine https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232123/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522029/Memorial-honors-WWII-soldiers 25 May 2014 Of the 105 soldiers who left Salinas, who made up a large part of the 114 men who were part of Company C, 46 or 47 survived the war.Roy Diaz of Salinas, Bataan Death March survivor, celebrates 95th birthday Dave Nordstrand http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/99999999/NEWS11/110220309/Roy-Diaz-Salinas-Bataan-Death-March-survivor-celebrates-95th-birthday The Salinas Californian 21 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232126/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/99999999/NEWS11/110220309/Roy-Diaz-Salinas-Bataan-Death-March-survivor-celebrates-95th-birthday 25 May 2014Bataan ordeal remembered Jim Albanese http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522027/Bataan-ordeal-remembered The Salinas Californian 22 May 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232120/http://www.thecalifornian.com/article/20090522/NEWS01/90522027/Bataan-ordeal-remembered 25 May 2014 In October 2011, Sergeant Roy Diaz was reported to be the last surviving Salinas member of Company C; he was the subject of an Emmy Award winning story produced by KTEH,http://www.emmysf.tv/offcamera/0711.pdf Emmy 2011: This Show Was Golden! Keith Sanders July 2011 Off Camera The National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences: San Francisco/Northern California Chapter https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214202/http://www.emmysf.tv/offcamera/0711.pdf 25 May 2014 2010 Roy Diaz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G-aj6zNsf8 https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/6G-aj6zNsf8 2021-11-14 live KTEHTVhttp://blogs.kqed.org/pressroom/2011/06/13/kqed-wins-seven-northern-california-emmy%C2%AE-awards/ KQED wins seven Northern California Emmy Awards Meredith Gandy 13 June 2011 Pressroom KQED (TV) https://archive.today/20130415063037/http://blogs.kqed.org/pressroom/2011/06/13/kqed-wins-seven-northern-california-emmy%C2%AE-awards/ 15 April 2013 dead and in February 2012, it was proposed that an access road off Airport Boulevard in Salinas, leading to Salinas Municipal Airport, be named for Diaz.https://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/leadership/pdf/Reports/02282012PH1.pdf Report to the City Council Gary Peterson 28 February 2012 Street Naming Committee In fact, Diaz was not the lone survivor, but was one of three. By June 2013 all had died, with the last survivor of Company C being Manny Nevarez; he had been a private, and spent time on Mindanao and in Japan as a POW.https://www.dvidshub.net/news/113938/last-calif-guard-bataan-death-march-survivors-die Last Calif. Guard Bataan Death March survivors die Sweeney Jason 1 August 2013 California National Guard Defense Visual Information Distribution Service Descendant units 115th Regional Support Grouphttp://www.militarymuseum.org/115thASG.html 115th Area Support Group California Military Museum California State Military Department 26 March 2013 Sebby Daniel M. 340th Support Battalion 670th Military Police Company, 185th Military Police Battalion, 49th Military Police Brigadehttp://www.militarymuseum.org/LH670MP.html 670th Military Police Company 18 May 2008 California Military Museum California Military Department Memorials In 2006, a memorial was erected at the Boronda History Center to commemorate the soldiers of Company C 194th Tank Battalion.http://mchsmuseum.com/salinas/index/bataan-memorial/ Bataan Memorial Salinas Monterey County Historical Society 24 September 2012Greg Dickinson Carole Blair Brian L. Ott Places of Public Memory: The Rhetoric of Museums and Memorials https://books.google.com/books?id=BN5IV8RZ2jQC&pg=PA154 2 August 2010 University of Alabama Press 9780817356132 154–155 This follows a memorial located at Camp San Luis Obispo depicting the actions of Morello's tank on 26 December 1941.http://www.militarymuseum.org/BataanMem.html Camp San Luis Obispo, Bataan Memorial California Military Museum California State Military Department 24 September 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20140312051236/http://www.militarymuseum.org/BataanMem.html 12 March 2014 In Salinas, a triangular park was named Bataan Memorial Park.Douglas E. Kyle Hero Eugene Rensch Ethel Grace Rensch William Mildred Brooke Hoover Historic Spots in California: Fifth Edition https://books.google.com/books?id=0YMnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT641 6 September 2002 Stanford University Press 9780804778176 641Rubbin Sara 19 March 2015 Salinas approves plan to revitalize downtown. http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/blogs/news_blog/salinas-approves-plan-to-revitalize-downtown/article_7fda3138-cdc4-11e4-b34e-53eb1f69cbe5.html Monterey County Weekly Seaside, California 24 May 2019 https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=63635 Bataan Park Bill Pfingsten Barry Swackhamer 16 June 2016 The Historical Marker Database Popular media In July 1918, some of the soldiers that were part of Troop C, were already in France and participated in the Second Battle of the Marne; one of these soldiers (Martin Hopps) died during the battle, becoming the first soldier from Salinas to die during World War I; he is mentioned in John Steinbeck's book East of Eden.Albanese Jim 9 November 2014 The Wayback Machine: Salinas' World War I heroes https://www.thecalifornian.com/story/news/local/2014/11/09/wayback-machine/18777401/ Salinas Californian Salinas Gannett Susan Shillinglaw A Journey into Steinbeck's California https://books.google.com/books?id=rFWIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 15 September 2011 Roaring Forties Press Berkeley, California 9780984625482 25Nordstrand Dave 16 January 2015 Steinbeck volunteers visit the master's grave https://www.thecalifornian.com/story/life/2015/01/16/steinbeck-volunteers-visit-masters-grave/21891837/ Salinas Californian Salinas Gannett Tanks of the 40th Tank Company were used during the filming of The Big House.Valjean Nelson November 1942 Home of the brave- https://wws.elks.org/magazinescans/1942-11A.pdf The Elks Magazine Dayton, Ohio The Benevolent and Protective Order of the Elks of the United States of America 27 July 2019 27 July 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190727215849/https://wws.elks.org/magazinescans/1942-11A.pdf dead In the film Bataan, Desi Arnaz depicts a California National Guardsman in a multi-racial unit fighting a delaying action.Michael S. Shull Hollywood War Films, 1937–1945: An Exhaustive Filmography of American Feature-Length Motion Pictures Relating to World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q6BCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 27 July 2006 McFarland 9780786428540 194Guy Westwell War Cinema: Hollywood on the Front Line https://books.google.com/books?id=96Myji48hMQC&pg=PA35 2006 Wallflower Press 9781904764540 35Mary Beltrán Latina/o Stars in U.S. Eyes: The Making and Meanings of Film and TV Stardom https://books.google.com/books?id=lfaqc1ByPg4C&pg=PA49 2009 University of Illinois Press 9780252076510 49–50Haskell Bob September 2007 Reel War http://nationalguardmagazine.com/publication/?i=435054&article_id=2872558&view=articleBrowser&ver=html5#{%22issue_id%22:435054,%22view%22:%22articleBrowser%22,%22article_id%22:%222872558%22} National Guard Washington, D.C. National Guard Association of the United States1943 Let's Get Organized http://www.tcm.com/mediaroom/video/433583/Bataan-Movie-Clip-Let-s-Get-Organized.html Turner Classic Movies Stolkin Richard Fall 2001 Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=div2facpubs American Literary History 13 3 469–498 10.1093/alh/13.3.469 143996198 subscription In the movie Arnaz depicts a character Private Felix Ramirez of the California National Guard, and says so in the film. He also says he is with the 192nd Tank Battalion; however the 192nd was made up of units from Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky.Lawrence Swaim How Finkelstein Broke the Trauma Bond, and Beat the Holocaust: Traumatic Memory And The Struggle Against Systemic Evil https://books.google.com/books?id=U8alCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT537 30 October 2015 John Hunt Publishing 9781785350214 537Gene Eric Salecker Rolling Thunder Against the Rising Sun: The Combat History of U.S. Army Tank Battalions in the Pacific in World War II https://books.google.com/books?id=VlfMQk-wekkC&pg=PT16 16 April 2008 Stackpole Books 9780811743624 16 In late 1941, and early 1942, there were only three California National Guard units that were deployed outside of the continental United States; these were the 250th Coastal Artillery Regiment who were deployed to Alaska, the 251st Coastal Artillery Regiment who were deployed to Hawaii, and Company C of the 194th Tank Battalion who were deployed to the Philippines. See also 194th Armor Regiment Notes 33em References 340th Support Battalion http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/spt/0340sptbn.htm 33em External links 149th Armor Regiment Association http://www.calguard.ca.gov/1-149bsb/Pages/default.aspx 340th Brigade Support Battalion California Military Department https://web.archive.org/web/20130617182743/http://www.calguard.ca.gov/1-149bsb/Pages/default.aspx 17 June 2013 http://www.militarymuseum.org/ImageLibrary.html Joint Image Library Major General Walter P. Story Library and Research Center Colonel James Pritzker February 2009 California State Military Museum California Military Department https://www.dropbox.com/sh/q9sb6ax08vrrknh/AABJOeQAZEnNcN3HPHPKXYpBa?dl=0 194th Tank Battalion Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/sh/gvx9hvedr2z6mrq/AAA2erXtxggDvOdH12GgUVQJa?dl=0 199th Tank Battalion Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/sh/aki1sffjuz1badm/AACMPM1Isy7YDYy_R8EOvvPLa?dl=0 149th Tank Battalion Dropbox https://www.dropbox.com/sh/os8bf4wwgysp7a2/AADc-D6igAKCIzq7hRm-vfHBa?dl=0 149th Armor/Armored Regiment Dropbox http://www.proviso.k12.il.us/bataan%20web/194th_C_Co.htm Roster of California members of the 194th Tank Battalion during World War II proviso.k12.il.us https://web.archive.org/web/20140524025425/http://www.proviso.k12.il.us/Bataan%20Web/194th_C_Co.htm 24 May 2014 https://bataanproject.com/provisional-tank-group/c-company-2/ C Co., 194th Tank Battalion Bataan Project 7 March 2021 Jim Opolony Category:Military units and formations in California Armor 149 Category:Armored regiments of the United States Army Category:Military units and formations established in 1959 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2007