1884 in Italy

none 1884 Events from the year 1884 in Italy Kingdom of Italy Monarch – Umberto I (1878–1900) Prime Minister – Agostino Depretis (1881–1887) The total population of Italy in 1884 (within the current borders) was 30.221 million.L'Italia in 150 anni. Sommario di statistiche storiche 1861–2010 https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/03/cap_2.pdf Istat 17 May 2021 Life expectancy in 1884 was 36.6 years.https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810 Life expectancy Our World in Data 28 August 2018 Events thumb|The spread of cholera in the Mediterranean in 1884 The 1881–1896 cholera pandemic reaches Italy. According to official estimates, cholera killed 50,000 Italians between 1884 and 1887.Snowden, Naples in the time of cholera, 1884-1911, p. 85 Cholera reached the Mediterranean in 1884 with an outbreak in France's main naval base at Toulon in June.Snowden, Naples in the time of cholera, 1884-1911, p. 62The Cholera At Toulon, The New York Times, June 27, 1884 The most likely source was a transport ship with goods returning from France's colonial war in Indo-China. At that time a cholera epidemic raged in South-East Asia, and the passage of French ships and troops and between Toulon and Saigon, moving through the Suez Canal, facilitated the entry of the disease to the Mediterranean Sea. The pandemic reached Italy by way of Italian migrant workers who left France. January 6 January — Giuseppe Colombo founds the Italian Société Générale d'Électricité Edison system in Milan. March 10 March — Foundation of the Terni steelworks in Umbria with state guarantees and capital from several large banks, such as the Banca Generale, Credito Mobiliare and Banca Nazionale in the Kingdom of Italy. Construction, an important step in the industrialization of Italy, of the plant began shortly afterwards with the support of workers from the French Schneider steelworks. Completion was reached after two years and showed a complex of international significance. The key initiator of the project was the Minister of the Navy Benedetto Brin, while the self-made industrialist, Ernesto Breda, was its technical designer. The main purpose was to free the Italian Royal Navy and the Italian railways from depending on foreign steel. The national output of steel, which had been under 4,000 tons in 1881, reached 158,000 tons in 1889.Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, p. 81 30 March — Reshuffle in the Depretis government. Depretis moves closer to the Historical Right to broaden his parliamentary base. The financial policy of the Historical Left, which was much less rigorous than that of the Right, led to a resurgence of the deficit in the State budget. April 26 April — The start of the 1884 Italian General Exhibition in Turin. The exhibition closed on 20 November 1884. May 16 May — Italian inventor Angelo Moriondo patents the first espresso machine, or according to the patent "new steam machinery for the economic and instantaneous confection of coffee beverage". It was presented at the Turin exhibition. June thumb|200px|Senator Stefano Jacini June — Publication of the final report L'inchiesta agraria (The agrarian enquiry) by the parliamentary commission to inquire into the agricultural conditions of Italy, headed by senator Stefano Jacini, which had been commissioned by Parliament in 1877.De Rosa, Tempo religioso e tempo storico, p. 18See: Atti dell'inchiesta agraria (copy on the University of Florence website)According to the report, Italy was economically lagging behind the rest of Europe. It was a predominantly rural society, with over 60% of the population working on the land. The report painted a picture of agriculture that has made only marginal progress since the Middle Ages, characterised by enormous inequalities between regions (in soil fertility, land ownership structure, the existence or non-existence of agrarian capitalism, techniques, and the level of wages, rents and sharecropping). Poverty, stagnation, low levels of investment on the part of large landowners, the tiny size of farms and the absence of a modern transport network characterised Italian agriculture in the 1870s and 1880s. In the towns, populated by craftsmen and shopkeepers, the situation was better. For the most part, industry had not progressed beyond the factory stage, with peasants working at home during the winter months (textiles) or day labourers from the agricultural sector working in the mines or on building sites in the off-season.Clark, Modern Italy, 1871 to the Present, pp. 15-25 26 June — The first Italian officially to fall ill of cholera on Italian soil is a migrant worker who arrived at Ventimiglia from Toulon.Snowden, Naples in the time of cholera, 1884-1911, p. 88 August thumb|200px|Cholera in a neighbourhood of the poor in Naples August — An outbreak of cholera in the summer and autumn of 1884 hit Naples.Snowden, Naples in the time of cholera, 1884-1911, p. 104 At the end of the outbreak in mid-November 1884, 7,143 cholera deaths had officially been documented at the municipal cemetery, while the municipal administration had recorded a total of 14,233 infected people. However, the official statistics were unreliable and substantially underestimated the confirmed mortality from cholera due to underreporting, according to knowledgeable observers. The actual number of deaths even before the end of September, when the outbreak ravaged the city, exceeded 9,000, the American consul reported to the U.S. State Department. While municipal sources listed 10,000 cases since the inception of the epidemic The Times asserted that a more honest estimate would be 18,000 to 20,000. Many deaths officially recorded as due to ‘other causes’ were probably disguised cholera cases.Statistics showed that the death rate due to extremely poor sanitary conditions was eight to ten times as heavy in the slums in the lower town as in the upperclass districts uphill. The Historical Far Left deputy Felice Cavallotti brought a squad of voluntary relief workers down from the north, the King and Prime minister Depretis and the Archbishop of Naples toured the stricken city, while newspapers filled their pages with descriptions of the living conditions of the poor.Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, p. 90 Births 22 March — Lyda Borelli, actress of cinema and theatre (d. 1959) 6 May — Edmondo Rossoni, revolutionary syndicalist leader and fascist politician (d. 1965) 23 May — Corrado Gini, statistician, demographer and sociologist who developed the Gini coefficient, a measure of the income inequality in a society (d. 1965) 26 June — Francesco Misiano, communist politician and film producer (d. 1936) 12 July — Amedeo Modigliani, painter and sculptor of the École de Paris who worked mainly in France (d. 1920) 14 July — Emilio Cecchi, literary critic, art critic and screenwriter (d. 1966) 16 October — Rembrandt Bugatti, sculptor, known primarily for his bronze sculptures of wildlife subjects (d. 1916) 14 November — Cesare Maria De Vecchi, soldier, colonial administrator and fascist politician (d. 1959) 18 November — Emma Strada, civil engineer, who was the first woman to obtain a civil engineering degree from the Polytechnic of Turin (d. 1970) Deaths 18 January — Raffaele Scalese, operatic bass who specialized in the opera buffa (b. 1800) 14 March — Quintino Sella, mathematician, politician, economist and mountaineer (b. 1827) 23 March — Angiolo Tricca, caricaturist and painter of historical themes (b. 1817) 21 August — Giuseppe De Nittis, painter whose work merges the styles of Salon art and Impressionism (b. 1846) 7 October — Gustavo Bianchi, explorer in Ethiopia and Italian Eritrea (b. 1845) 25 October — Carlo Alberto Castigliano, mathematician and physicist known for Castigliano's method (b. 1847) References Sources Clark Martin Modern Italy, 1871 to the Present 2008 Harlow/New York Pearson Longman https://archive.org/details/modernitaly1871t0000clar/ 978-1-4058-2352-4 Della Coletta Cristina World's Fairs Italian-Style The Great Expositions in Turin and Their Narratives, 1860-1915 2006 University of Toronto Toronto 9781442658097 46 https://books.google.com/books?id=dgGNBgAAQBAJ&dq=tommaso+villa+1915&pg=PA46 30 September 2023 De Rosa Gabriele Tempo religioso e tempo storico : saggi e note di storia sociale e religiosa dal medioevo all'età contemporanea 1994 Rome Ed. di Storia e Letteratura https://books.google.com/books?id=RoQrQXKfMPQC 9788884980243 Seton-Watson Christopher Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870–1925 1967 London Methuen & Co Ltd https://archive.org/details/italyfromliberal0000seto 0-416-18940-7 Snowden Frank M. Naples in the time of cholera, 1884-1911 1995 Cambridge Cambridge University Press https://archive.org/details/naplesintimeofch0000snow/page/4/mode/1up 978-0-585-13106-1 Paolo Tripodi An Historical Perspective on Italian Colonialism 9–48 The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. Rome and Mogadishu: From Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope Macmillan and St. Martin's Press 1999 1884 Category:1880s in Italy Category:Years of the 19th century in Italy Italy Italy