1766 Marmara earthquake

Earthquake with epicenter in the western part of the Sea of Marmara 1766 Marmara earthquake yes 1766 8 5 yes Sea of Marmara 7.4–7.6 w y 10 40.6 27 inline,title >5,000 fatalities North Anatolian Fault None Ottoman Empire The 1766 Marmara earthquake occurred on 5 August; the second major earthquake to strike the Sea of Marmara region of present-day Turkey that same year. Estimates of the earthquake's moment magnitude (w) range between 7.4 and 7.6. The earthquake was caused by strike-slip movement along a segment of the North Anatolian Fault. There was further damage and casualties in the Sea of Marmara area which had been affected by another major earthquake in May 1766. The worst affected areas were Tekirdağ and Gelibolu. Tectonic setting Transtension The Sea of Marmara represents a pull-apart basin in a zone of complex strike-slip tectonic interactions associated with the North Anatolian Fault. The North Anatolian Fault is a predominantly right-lateral strike-slip fault that extends from Karliova to the Gulf of İzmit. West of the gulf, the fault splits into three branches; the northernmost strand plunges into the gulf and into the Sea of Marmara. The 230 km by 70 km basin itself hosts smaller pull-apart basins; the Tekirdağ, Central, Çınarcık, Karamürsel, and İzmit basins. These basins are bounded by short strike-slip and normal faults suggesting significant extensional tectonics in the area. Further west of the Sea of Marmara is the strike-slip Saros (Ganos) Fault which continues west into the North Aegean Sea.Ambraseys N. The Seismic Activity of the Marmara Sea Region over the Last 2000 Years Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2002 92 1 1–18 10.1785/0120000843 2002BuSSA..92....1A The Ganos Fault is an east-northeast–west-southwest trending structure that represents the westernmost segment of the North Anatolian Fault. Its central part runs onshore between Gaziköy and Saros. Geologic studies indicate a total offset of 100–600 m was accumulated along this segment. Continuing west, the fault runs underwater in the North Aegean Sea through the Gulf of Saros for at least 40 km. Its eastern length lies under the Sea of Marmara, trending east–west, into the central basin where it terminates at a restraining bend. The most recent earthquakes on the Ganos Fault occurred on 9 August 1912 (w 7.4) and 13 September 1912 (w 6.8). Both earthquakes ruptured the Ganos Fault for an estimated length of 150 ± 30 km.Aksoy Murat Ersen Meghraoui Mustapha Vallée Martin Çakir Ziyadin Rupture characteristics of the AD 1912 Murefte (Ganos) earthquake segment of the North Anatolian Fault (western Turkey) Geology 2010 38 11 991–994 10.1130/G31447.1 2010Geo....38..991A Earthquake Estimates of the moment magnitude (w) range between 7.4 and 7.6 and the epicenter location was suggested to be at 40.6 27. The same region was affected by a surface-wave magnitude (s) 7.3 earthquake on 9 August 1912. Both earthquakes ruptured the Ganos Fault along Gallipoli. The 1912 event released seismic strain which had been accumulating in the 146 years since the 1766 event. Meanwhile, the 22 May 1766 earthquake was associated with rupture on the Prince's Islands Segment. Geologic trenching along the North Anatolian Fault where it plunges into the Gulf of Saros indicate evidence of rupture associated with this event.Parsons T. Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 2004 109 B5 10.1029/2003JB002667 2004JGRB..109.5304P free In the northwestern Sea of Marmara, fresh surface ruptures in the basin floor revealing offsets of 5 m were associated with the 1912 event but older scarps could be associated with the 1766 event.Armijo Rolando Pondard Nicolas Meyer Bertrand Uçarkus Gulsen Lépinay Bernard Mercier de Malavieille Jacques Dominguez Stéphane Gustcher Marc-André Schmidt Sabine Beck Christian Çagatay Namik Çakir Ziyadin Imren Caner Eris Kadir Natalin Boris Özalaybey Serdar Tolun Leyla Lefèvre Irène Seeber Leonardo Gasperini Luca Rangin Claude Emre Omer Sarikavak Kerim Submarine fault scarps in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): Implications for seismic hazard in Istanbul Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2005 6 6 10.1029/2004GC000896 2005GGG.....6.6009A free Estimates of the August 1766 earthquake rupture length range from 50 km to 140 km.Pondard Nicolas Armijo Rolando King Geoffrey C. P. Meyer Bertrand Flerit Frédéric Fault interactions in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): earthquake clustering and propagating earthquake sequences Geophysical Journal International 2007 171 3 1185–1197 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03580.x 2007GeoJI.171.1185P free The 1754, May 1766 and August 1766 earthquakes were part of a westward-propagating series of earthquakes along the Sea of Marmara section of the fault.Drab Laureen Hubert-Ferrari Aurélia Schmidt Sabine Martinez Philippe Carlut Julie Ouahabi Meriam El Submarine Earthquake History of the Çınarcık Segment of the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara Sea, Turkey Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2015 105 2A 622–645 10.1785/0120130083 Impact There were more than 5,000 deaths associated with the mainshock. This earthquake "completed the destruction" caused by another earthquake on 22 May 1766. It broadened the earthquake-damage area further west of Rodosto. Destruction occurred in the area between Silivri and Tenedos with fatalities. Ganohora District in Tekirdağ was completely razed and there was heavy damage in Gelibolu. Many castles located within an area extending from the Dardanelles Strait to Evreşe were affected. Damage was reported in Bursa, Thrace, Edirne and Biga.Ambraseys N. Finkel C.F. Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara Sea region Terra Nova 1991 3 5 527–539 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00188.x 1991TeNov...3..527A At Istanbul, damage was slight. The observed maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) was X (Extreme) at Hoşköy (Hora). MMI IX (Violent) was observed at Gülcük, Gelibolu, Gaziköy, Mürefte, Sarkoy, Tekirdag and Evrese. The towns of Bozcaada, Çanakkale, Kilidbahir, Malkara, Seddulbahir, Mudanya and Seddulbahir was assigned MMI VIII (Severe). Ninety percent of all homes in Ganos and half of the settlements in Gelibolu were decimated. Ground fractures and liquefactions occurred at Gelibolu. All villages that lie along the onshore segment of the Ganos Fault were ruined.Meghraoui Mustapha Aksoy M. Ersen Akyüz H. Serdar Ferry Matthieu Dikbaş Aynur Altunel Erhan Paleoseismology of the North Anatolian Fault at Güzelköy (Ganos segment, Turkey): Size and recurrence time of earthquake ruptures west of the Sea of Marmara Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2012 13 4 10.1029/2011GC003960 2012GGG....13.4005M 8409966 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00748218/file/Geochem%20Geophys%20Geosyst%20-%202012%20-%20Meghraoui%20-%20Paleoseismology%20of%20the%20North%20Anatolian%20Fault%20at%20G%20zelk%20y%20Ganos%20segment%20.pdf The earthquake's felt area extended as far as Athos, Thessaloniki, Aydın and İzmir. It was also felt across the Balkan Peninsula and in the Carpathian Mountains. A damaging aftershock sequence continued for a year. On 29 May 1776, another earthquake struck the Sea of Marmara region; many buildings damaged by the 1766 earthquakes were damaged again. Damage from this shock was widespread but minor. See also List of historical earthquakes List of earthquakes in Turkey References Category:1766 in Ottoman Empire Category:Earthquakes in Turkey Category:18th century in Istanbul Category:Sea of Marmara Category:1760s earthquakes Category:1766 disasters Category:1766 in Europe Category:1766 in Asia Category:History of Tekirdağ Province Category:Gelibolu Category:History of the Dardanelles Category:History of the Gallipoli Peninsula