1,1-Difluoroethane

May 2025 changed 477202246 1,1-Difluoroethane at Sigma-Aldrich 1,1-Difluoroethane correct ?? Difluoroethane.svg 70px Difluoroethane skin-invert correct ?? Difluoroethane.png 80px Difluoroethane skin-invert File:Difluoroethane3Dmodel.png 150px Difluoroethane bg-transparent 1,1-Difluoroethane Difluoroethane Freon 152a Ethylidene difluoride Ethylidene fluoride HFC-152a R-152a DFE Tinned Wind KI1410000 correct chemspider 6128 1/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3 NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYAM 6368 correct EBI 325493 correct chemspider 1S/C2H4F2/c1-2(3)4/h2H,1H3 correct chemspider NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 75-37-6 correct CAS correct FDA 0B1U8K2ME0 FC(F)C 2 4 2 900g/L @ 25°C -117 -24.7 113.45 °C 536kPa (4020mmHg) @ 21.1°C 510kPa (5.1bar) @ 20°C 0.54% @ 0°C 8.87μPa·s (0.00887cP) @ 25°C Extremely flammable 02 DANGER 4 1 0 SDS for 1,1-difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane, or DFE, is a hydrofluorocarbon with the chemical formula C2H4F2 1 or CH3CHF2. This colorless gas is primarily used as a propellant and foam blowing agent as well as a component in a refrigerant, where it is often listed as R-152a (refrigerant-152a) or HFC-152a (hydrofluorocarbon-152a). It is predominantly used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in gas duster products. As an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons, it has a global warming potential of 120-140, lower than other hydrofluorocarbons, and a shorter atmospheric lifetime (1.4 years).http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf 212 Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing Cambridge University Press 2007 11 May 2017 18 February 2019http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/gwps.html Global Warming Potentials of ODS Substitutes 2010 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 20 September 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20101016052146/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/geninfo/gwps.html 16 October 2010 Production 1,1-Difluoroethane is a synthetic substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene:Siegemund Günter Schwertfeger Werner Feiring Andrew Smart Bruce Behr Fred Vogel Herward McKusick Blaine 2010 Fluorine Compounds, Organic Matthias Bohnet Giuseppe Bellussi James Bus Boy Cornils 3 Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry John Wiley & Sons 10.1002/14356007.a11_349 978-3527306732 HCCH + 2 HF → CH3CHF2 The intermediate in this process is vinyl fluoride (C2H3F), the monomeric precursor to polyvinyl fluoride. 35,355 metric tons were produced in the United States in 2024.US EPA OAR 2024-08-22 Expanded HFC Data https://www.epa.gov/hfcs/hfc-data-hub/expanded-hfc-data 2026-07-03 www.epa.gov en Uses With a relatively low global warming potential (GWP) index of 124 and favorable thermophysical properties, 1,1-difluoroethane has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to R134a. Despite its flammability, R152a also presents operating pressures and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) similar to R134a, so it can be used in large chillers 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.06.010 Condensation of the low GWP refrigerant HFC152a inside a Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 68 509–515 2015 Longo Giovanni A. Zilio Claudio Righetti Giulia 2015ETFS...68..509L or in more particular applications like heat pipe finned heat exchangers.10.1080/01457632.2017.1358483 Heat Pipe Finned Heat Exchanger for Heat Recovery: Experimental Results and Modeling Heat Transfer Engineering 39 12 1011–1023 2018 Righetti Giulia Zilio Claudio Mancin Simone Longo Giovanni A. 2018HTrEn..39.1011R 126263840 In addition, 1,1-difluoroethane is also commonly used in gas dusters and numerous other retail aerosol products, particularly those subject to stringent volatile organic compound (VOC) requirements. The molecular weight of difluoroethane is 66, making it a useful and convenient tool for detecting vacuum leaks in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems. The cheap and freely available gas has a molecular weight and fragmentation pattern (base peak at m/z = 51 in typical EI-MS,Ethane, 1,1-difluoro- C75376 2023 major peak at m/z = 65) distinct from anything in air. If mass peaks corresponding to 1,1-difluoroethane are observed immediately after spraying a suspect leak point, leaks may be identified. As of 2005, 80% of HFC-152a produced is used as a propellant, 25% as a foam blowing agent, and remainder for other applications including refrigerant formulations.SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 22 https://hpvchemicals.oecd.org/ui/handler.axd?id=6415a8cf-4a7b-4c8e-b943-f61ed5304b0d UNEP It began to be used as a propellant in the United States and Europe in the late 1970s.https://books.google.com/books?id=ES0vmtN3pq8C Aerosols, Sterilants, Miscellaneous Uses, and Carbon Tetrachloride: Sourcebook of Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer 1996 United Nations Environment Programme 978-92-807-1585-9 en Safety Difluoroethane is an extremely flammable gas, which decomposes rapidly on heating or burning, producing toxic and irritating fumes, including hydrogen fluoride and carbon monoxide.1,1-Difluoroethane https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=429&catId=61 https://web.archive.org/web/20221115204449/https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=429&catId=61 dead 15 November 2022 WebWISER U.S. National Library of Medicine 2 April 2022 In a DuPont study, rats were exposed to up to 25,000 ppm (67,485 mg/m3) for six hours daily, five days a week for two years. This has become the no-observed-adverse-effect level for this substance. Prolonged exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane has been linked in humans to the development of coronary disease and angina.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html 1,1-Difluoroethane 1994 National Library of Medicine HSDB Database 8 June 2010 Repeated or sufficiently high levels of exposure, particularly purposeful inhalation, can precipitate fatal cardiac arrhythmia.Avella J, Wilson JC, Lehrer M Fatal cardiac arrhythmia after repeated exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane (DFE) The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 27 1 58–60 March 2006 16501351 10.1097/01.paf.0000202715.71009.0e 22312214 Abuse Difluoroethane is an intoxicant with abuse potential.Broussard LA, Brustowicz T, Pittman T, Atkins KD, Presley L Two traffic fatalities related to the use of difluoroethane Journal of Forensic Sciences 42 6 1186–7 November 1997 10.1520/JFS14284J 9397568 17132266 2006 Hahn T A motor vehicle accident fatality involving the inhalation of 1,1-difluoroethane Journal of Analytical Toxicology 30 8 638–42 Avella J Lehrer M 10.1093/jat/30.8.638 free http://www.thetimesnews.com/news/died-53343-cleaner-computer.html Autopsy: man in crash died from inhaling computer cleaner 10 March 2012 The Times News dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120312110323/http://www.thetimesnews.com/news/died-53343-cleaner-computer.html 12 March 2012 At low doses, it can cause drowsiness, lightheadedness, and impaired speech. However, in high doses it can cause hallucinations, distorted vision, ego dissolution, and dissociative effects. It appears to act primarily through GABAA and glutamate receptors.Novotny Clara B Irvin Sarah Espiridion Eduardo D Acute Psychosis Following 1,1-Difluoroethane Inhalation Cureus 2019 11 9 e5565 10.7759/cureus.5565 free 2168-8184 6820689 31695984 Custer Adam Corse Andrew Vazirani Sondra June 2020 Difluoroethane Inhalant Abuse, Skeletal Fluorosis, and Withdrawal Federal Practitioner 37 6 288–289 1078-4497 7357883 32669782 Environmental abundance thumb|left|upright=1.3|Growth of HFC-152a in Earth's atmosphere since year 2000.https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/gases/HFC152a.html HFC-152a NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories/Global Monitoring Division 12 February 2021 thumb|left|HFC-152a measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion. Most production, use, and emissions of HFC-152a have occurred within Earth's more industrialized and populated northern hemisphere following the substance's introduction in the 1990s. Its concentration in the northern troposphere reached an annual average of about 10 parts per trillion by year 2011. The concentration of HFC-152a in the southern troposphere is about 50% lower due to its removal rate (i.e. lifetime) of about 1.5 years being similar in magnitude to the global atmospheric mixing time of one to two years.Greally B.R. etal Observations of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) at AGAGE and SOGE monitoring stations in 1994–2004 and derived global and regional emission estimates Journal of Geophysical Research 2007 112 D06308 2006JD007527 10.1029/2006JD007527 2007JGRD..112.6308G free See also List of refrigerants Canned air IPCC list of greenhouse gases References Category:Fluoroalkanes Category:Greenhouse gases Category:Hydrofluorocarbons Category:Haloethanes Category:Refrigerants