1899 Spanish general election

none 1899 Spanish general election Spain 1785 parliamentary no 1898 Spanish general election 1898 1901 Spanish general election 1901 All 402 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate202 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies 16 April 1899 (Congress)30 April 1899 (Senate) 170x170px Francisco Silvela Conservative (Silvelist) 1892 Piedrahita 79 D Congress of Deputies36 S Senate 240 D Congress of Deputies103 S Senate 10px 161 D Congress of Deputies10px 67 S Senate 170x170px Práxedes Mateo Sagasta Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 1880 Logroño 324 D Congress of Deputies121 S Senate 92 D Congress of Deputies47 S Senate 10px 232 D Congress of Deputies10px 74 S Senate 170x170px Germán Gamazo Gamacists 1899 Medina del Campo Did not contest 32 D Congress of Deputies7 S Senate 10px 32 D Congress of Deputies10px 7 S Senate 170x170px Carlos O'Donnell Tetuanists 1898 Senator (for life) 7 D Congress of Deputies4 S Senate 11 D Congress of Deputies7 S Senate 10px 4 D Congress of Deputies10px 3 S Senate 170x170px Nicolás Salmerón Republican Fusion 1898 Barcelona (lost) 11 D Congress of Deputies2 S Senate 11 D Congress of Deputies1 S Senate 10px 0 D Congress of Deputies10px 1 S Senate 170x170px Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa Carlist 112978 1891 — 6 D Congress of Deputies1 S SenateResults for CT (6 deputies and 0 senators) and PI (0 deputies and 1 senator) in the 1898 election. 3 D Congress of Deputies4 S Senate 10px 3 D Congress of Deputies10px 3 S Senate 1899 Spanish general election (Congress of Deputies).svg x275px Election results by constituency (Congress) Prime Minister Prime Minister after election Francisco Silvela Conservative Francisco Silvela Conservative A general election was held in Spain on 16 April 1899 (for the Congress of Deputies), and on 30 April 1899 (for the Senate), to elect the members of the 9th es Cortes no under the Spanish Constitution of 1876, during the Restoration period. All 401 seats in the Congress of Deputies—plus one special district—were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate. Since the Pact of El Pardo, an informal system known as es turno or es turnismo was operated by the monarchy and the country's two main parties—the Conservatives and the Liberals—to determine in advance the outcome of elections by means of electoral fraud, often achieved through the territorial clientelistic networks of local bosses (the es caciques), ensuring that both parties would have rotating periods in power. As a result, elections were often neither truly free nor fair, though they could be more competitive in the country's urban centres where caciquism was weaker. It was the first election to be held after the Spanish–American War, which had seen the loss of the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific with the Treaty of Paris signed on 10 December 1898. Together with Spain's defeat in the war, internal rivalries within the Liberal Party led to a major split—led by Germán Gamazo and his "gamacist" faction—and the downfall of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta's government, with Francisco Silvela being appointed as new prime minister in March 1899. In the ensuing general election, Silvela's Conservative party secured an overall majority in both chambers. Background Upon assuming office in October 1897, Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta recalled Valeriano Weyler as governor of Cuba and appointed pro-autonomy Segismundo Moret as minister of Overseas, in an attempt to tackle the deteriorating situation in the Cuban War of Independence, with two autonomy charters—for Cuba and Puerto Rico—being approved shortly afterwards.AEBOE 2023 11–12 The involvement of the United States, particularly following the sinking of the USS Maine and the breakout of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, led to a 10-week campaign in which the Sagasta government sued for peace after the loss of two Spanish naval squadrons in the battles of Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay.AEBOE 2023 12–14 The war resulted in Spain losing its American and Asia-Pacific colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, with the remaining Spanish possessions in the Pacific being sold to the German Empire.https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/5594/praxedes-mateo-sagasta-escolar Práxedes Mateo-Sagasta Escolar es Royal Academy of History 6 September 2022 Sagasta resigned in March 1899 over his government's perceived responsibility in these losses, with Queen Regent Maria Christina handing power to Francisco Silvela. Germán Gamazo, several times-minister under Liberal cabinets, had split from the party in October 1898 following the Ribot scandal—a controversy involving Cádiz governor and Gamazo's ally Pascual Ribot—which he attributed to an internal conspiration within the Liberal Party to get rid of him as Development minister.Hidalgo Marín 1995 109https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/10144/german-gamazo-calvo Germán Gamazo Calvo es Royal Academy of History 3 May 2023Cañas Carrillo Jesús Antonio 24 February 2017 https://www.diariodecadiz.es/con-la-venia/origen-leyenda-Pais_0_1112289411.html El origen de la leyenda en El País es Diario de Cádiz Cádiz 3 May 20231 January 1899 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=e2a62fd4-d5fb-4283-a504-7a19e717a7d8&page=450 Mes de octubre. Día 31. La carta de los gamacistas es National Library of Spain El Año Político 3 May 2023 Overview Under the 1876 Constitution, the Spanish es Cortes no were conceived as "co-legislative bodies", forming a nearly perfect bicameral system.Constitution 1876 arts. 18–19 & 41. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate exercised legislative, oversight and budgetary functions, sharing almost equal powers, except in budget laws (taxation and public credit)—whose first reading corresponded to Congress—and in impeachment processes against government ministers, where Congress handled indictment and the Senate the trial.Constitution 1876 arts. 38, 42 & 45.https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/historiaconstitucional/index.html Conocer el Senado. Temas clave. El Senado en la historia constitucional española es Senate of Spain 11 October 2025 Date The term of each chamber of the es Cortes no—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.Constitution 1876 arts. 24 & 30. The previous elections were held on 27 March 1898 for the Congress and on 10 April 1898 for the Senate, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 27 March and 10 April 1903, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.Constitution 1876 art. 32; Law of 8 February 1877 art. 11. There was no constitutional requirement for concurrent elections to the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution. The es Cortes no were officially dissolved on 16 March 1899, with the corresponding decree setting election day for 16 April (Congress) and 30 April 1899 (Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 2 June.Royal Decree of 16 March (I) 1899 arts. 1–3. Electoral system Voting for the Congress of Deputies was based on universal manhood suffrage, comprising all Spanish national males over 25 years of age with full civil rights, provided they had two years of residence in a Spanish municipality and were not enlisted ranks in active duty.Law of 26 June 1890 art. 1.Ortega Álvarez Santaolaya Machetti 1996 88García Muñoz 2002 106–107Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1077 Additional restrictions excluded those deprived of political rights or barred from public office by a final sentence, criminally imprisoned or convicted, legally incapacitated, bankrupt, public debtors, and homeless.Law of 26 June 1890 art. 2. The Congress of Deputies had one seat per 50,000 inhabitants. Of these, those corresponding to larger urban areas were elected in multi-member constituencies using partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing eight seats or more could choose up to three candidates less than the number of seats at stake; in those with between four and eight seats, up to two less; and in those with between one and four seats, up to one less. The remaining seats were elected in single-member districts by plurality voting and distributed among the provinces of Spain according to population.Constitution 1876 arts. 27–28; Law of 26 June 1890 arts. 21–22Ortega Álvarez Santaolaya Machetti 1996 89 Additionally, universities, economic societies of Friends of the Country and officially organized chambers of commerce, industry and agriculture, had one seat per 5,000 registered voters.Law of 26 June 1890 art. 24. The 46 seats allocated to the Spanish West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) were not redistributed following their 1898 loss in the Spanish–American War. As a result of the aforementioned allocation, 311 single-member districts (including one special district) were established, and each Congress multi-member constituency (a total of 26, electing 91 seats) was entitled the following seats:Law of 26 June 1890 trans. prov. 1 (suppl. supplemented by Law of 1 January 1871 art. 1 & attached table, and Law of 28 December 1878 arts. 2–3; am. amended by Law of 23 June 1885, Law of 18 January 1887, Law of 10 July 1888, Law of 18 June 1895, Law of 2 August 1895, and Law of 5 July 1898). Seats Constituencies 8 Madrid 7 Barcelonagreen (+2) 5 Palma, Sevillegreen (+1) 3 Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid, Zaragoza Voting for the elective part of the Senate was based on censitary suffrage, comprising Spanish male householders of voting age, residing in a Spanish municipality, with full political and civil rights, who met either of the following:Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 1–3, 12–13, 23 & 25. Being qualified electors (such as archbishops, bishops and cathedral chapter members, in the archdioceses; full academics, in the royal academies; university authorities and professors, in the universities; or provincial deputies); Being elected as delegates (either by members with three years of seniority (in the economic societies of Friends of the Country; or by major taxpayers for direct taxes and local authorities, in the local councils). 180 Senate seats were elected using indirect, two-round majority voting. Delegates chosen by local councils—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of one delegate, with one additional delegate for every six councillors—voted for senators together with provincial deputies. After a redistribution of the 19 seats allocated to the former Spanish West Indies, the provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, and the rest three each, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 seats were allocated to special institutional districts (one each), including major archdioceses, royal academies, universities, and economic societies,The following were considered as the major districts in each category:Archdioceses: Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid, and Zaragoza. Royal academies: Spanish; History; Fine Arts of San Fernando; Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences; Moral and Political Sciences; and Medicine. Universities: Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid, and Zaragoza. Economic societies of Friends of the Country: Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville, and Valencia. each elected by their own qualified electors or delegates.Constitution 1876 arts. 20–21; Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 1–2, 21–22, 30–31 & 53; Royal Decree of 16 March (II) 1899 arts. 1–2.Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1083 Another 180 seats consisted of senators in their own right (such as the monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age (16), grandees of Spain with an income of Pts 60,000, certain general officers—captain generals and admirals—the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops, and the heads of higher courts and state institutions"State" These comprised the Council of State, the Supreme Court, the Court of Auditors and the Supreme Council of War and Navy. after two years of service), as well as senators for life directly appointed by the monarch.Constitution 1876 arts. 20–21, 66 & 71. The law provided for by-elections to fill vacant seats during the legislative term. At least two vacancies were required to trigger a by-election in Congress multi-member constituencies.Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 56–59; Law of 26 June 1890 arts. 73–76. Candidates Nomination rules For the Congress, secular Spanish males of voting age, with full civil rights, could run for election. Causes of ineligibility applied to those excluded from voting or meeting any of the incompatibility rules for deputies, as well as to:Constitution 1876 art. 29; Law of 26 June 1890 arts. 2–5. Public contractors, within their relevant territories; Holders of a number of territorial posts (such as government-appointed positions, not including government ministers and Central Administration employees; local and provincial employees; and provincial deputation members), within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to one year afterwards. For the Senate, eligibility was limited to Spanish males over 35 years of age not under criminal prosecution, disfranchisement nor asset seizure, and who either qualified as senators in their own right or belonged (or had belonged) to certain categories:Constitution 1876 arts. 22 & 26; Law of 8 February 1877 art. 4. Provided an income of Pts 7,500: the presidents of the Senate and the Congress; deputies serving in three different congresses or eight terms; government ministers; bishops; grandees of Spain not eligible as senators in their own right; and various senior officials after two years of service (such as certain general officers—lieutenant generals and vice admirals—and members of higher courts and state institutions);"State" heads of diplomatic missions abroad (ambassadors after two years, and plenipotentiaries after four); heads and full academics in the royal academies; chief engineers; and full professors with four years of service; Provided an income of Pts 20,000 or being taxpayers with a minimum quota of Pts 4,000 in direct taxes (paid two years in advance): Spanish nobility; and former deputies, provincial deputies or mayors in provincial capitals or towns over 20,000; Having served as senators before the promulgation of the 1876 Constitution. Other ineligibility provisions for the Senate also applied to a number of territorial officials within their areas of jurisdiction, during their term of office and up to three months afterwards; public contractors; tax collectors; and public debtors.Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 5–6. Incompatibility rules barred representing multiple constituencies simultaneously, as well as combining:Constitution 1876 arts. 25 & 31; Law of 8 February 1877 arts. 5–10; Law of 7 March 1880 arts. 1–4 (am. amended by Law of 31 July 1887 single art.); Law of 26 June 1890 art. 81. The role of senator with other legislative roles (deputy, senator and local councillor, except those in Madrid; and provincial deputies within their respective provinces); or with any public post not explicitly permitted under Senate eligibility requirements; The role of deputy with any other civil, military or judicial post, with exceptions—and as many as 40 deputies allowed to simultaneously benefit from these—including a number of specific posts based in Madrid, such as any of the aforementioned ones (provided a public salary of Pts 12,500); senior court officials; university authorities and professors; chief engineers; and general officers. Results Congress of Deputies + ← Summary of the 16 April 1899 Congress of Deputies election results → center|400px Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % Conservative Union–Liberal Conservative Party (UC–PLC) 240 Liberal Party (PL) 92 Gamacist Liberals (G) 32 Republican Fusion (FR) 11 Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 11 Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 3 Carlist Coalition (CC) 3 Federal Republican Party (PRF) 2 Blasquist Republicans (RB) 1 Independents (INDEP) 7 Total 402 Votes cast / turnout Abstentions Registered voters SourcesArmengol i Segú Varela Ortega 2001 655–77616 April 1899 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=a1e197da-6f1b-4bfe-9d5d-d56b091eb9e0&page=2 Las elecciones de hoy es National Library of Spain La Correspondencia de España 13 September 202217 April 1899 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=fea6512e-7ce2-4a17-ae50-fc4e8fcc310c La jornada electoral es National Library of Spain El Heraldo de Madrid 12 September 202217 April 1899 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=adaa022a-0469-41ad-93f2-6d1f64d58fcb&page=3 Las elecciones es National Library of Spain La Reforma 12 September 202218 April 1899 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001869395&page=2 Las elecciones es National Library of Spain El País 17 April 202219 April 1899 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0029752253&page=2 Notas políticas es National Library of Spain La Izquierda Dinástica 17 April 20221 January 1900 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=ac7fb845-6108-4697-ada8-ed1574092aa0&page=134 Mes de abril. Día 16. Elecciones de diputados a Cortes es National Library of Spain El Año Político 12 September 2022 Seats #ddd 550px 500px UC–PLC Conservative Union (Spain) 59.70 PL Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 22.89 G Gamacists 7.96 FR Republican Fusion 2.74 T Tetuanists 2.74 CC Traditionalist Communion 0.75 PLR Liberal Reformist Party (Spain) 0.75 PRF Federal Democratic Republican Party 0.50 RB Autonomist Republican Union Party 0.25 INDEP Independent politician 1.74 Senate + ← Summary of the 30 April 1899 Senate of Spain election results → center|375px Parties and alliances Seats Conservative Union–Liberal Conservative Party (UC–PLC) 103 Liberal Party (PL) 47 Gamacist Liberals (G) 7 Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 7 Carlist Coalition (CC) 4 Republican Fusion (FR) 1 Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 1 Independents (INDEP) 1 Archbishops (ARCH) 9 Total elective seats 180 Sources30 April 1899 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=c9dadcf7-44bb-4929-b278-72c2fb53a3be&page=3 Datos oficiales es National Library of Spain La Época 24 September 20221 May 1899 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0000804754 Datos oficiales es National Library of Spain El Imparcial 17 April 20221 May 1899 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001826676&page=2 Resumen general es National Library of Spain La Correspondencia Militar 17 April 20221 May 1899 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001311812&page=2 Las elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain El Liberal 17 April 20221 May 1899 http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001311812&page=3 Estadística es National Library of Spain El Liberal 17 April 20221 May 1899 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=12b4d36a-008c-42cc-bc5c-ebc7ddb0cc2a&page=3 Elecciones de senadores es National Library of Spain La Reforma 24 September 20221 January 1900 https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=ac7fb845-6108-4697-ada8-ed1574092aa0&page=147 Mes de abril. Día 30. Elección de senadores es National Library of Spain El Año Político 24 September 2022 Seats #ddd 550px 500px UC–PLC Conservative Union (Spain) 57.22 PL Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) 26.11 G Gamacists 3.89 T Tetuanists 3.89 CC Traditionalist Communion 2.22 FR Republican Fusion 0.56 PLR Liberal Reformist Party (Spain) 0.56 INDEP Independent politician 0.56 ARCH Nonpartisan 5.00 Maps Distribution by group + Summary of political group distribution in the 9th Restoration Cortes (1899–1901) Group Parties and alliances C Congress of Deputies S Senate Total UC–PLC Conservative Union–Liberal Conservative Party (UC–PLC) 238 100 343 Basque Dynastics (Urquijist) (DV) 1 3 Independents (INDEP) 1 0 PL Liberal Party (PL) 92 47 139 G Gamacist Liberals (G) 32 7 39 T Tetuanist Conservatives (T) 11 7 18 FR National Republican Party (PRN) 10 1 12 Centralist Republican Party (PRC) 1 0 CC Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) (CT) 3 3 7 Integrist Party (PI) 0 1 PLR Liberal Reformist Party (PLR) 3 1 4 PRF Federal Republican Party (PRF) 2 0 2 RB Blasquist Republicans (RB) 1 0 1 INDEP Independents (INDEP) 4 1 8 Independent Catholics (CAT) 2 0 Independent Possibilists (P.IND) 1 0 ARCH Archbishops (ARCH) 0 9 9 Total 402 180 582 Notes References Bibliography Legislation 30em y Ley mandando que los distritos para las elecciones de Diputados a Cortes sean los que se expresan en la división adjunta Law 1 January 1871 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1871/027/A00217-00232.pdf 21 August 2022 Law of 1 January 1871 y Constitución de la Monarquía Española Constitution 30 June 1876 Madrid Gazette es https://boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1876/184/A00009-00012.pdf 19 August 2022 Constitution 1876 y Ley electoral de Senadores Law 8 February 1877 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/041/A00373-00375.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 8 February 1877 y Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes Law 28 December 1878 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1878/364/A00885-00890.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 28 December 1878 y Ley enumerando los empleos con los cuales es compatible el cargo de Diputado a Cortes Law 7 March 1880 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1880/069/A00623-00623.pdf 15 August 2025 Law of 7 March 1880 y Ley dividiendo la provincia de Guipúzcoa en distritos para la elección de Diputados a Cortes Law 23 June 1885 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1885/175/A00877-00878.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 23 June 1885 y Ley dividiendo el distrito electoral de Tarrasa en dos, que se denominarán de Tarrasa y de Sabadell Law 18 January 1887 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1887/022/A00211-00211.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 18 January 1887 y Ley reformando el art. 4º. de la ley de Incompatibilidades Law 31 July 1887 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1887/216/A00347-00347.pdf 15 August 2025 Law of 31 July 1887 y Ley fijando la división de la provincia de Álava en distritos electorales para Diputados a Cortes Law 10 July 1888 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1888/193/A00117-00117.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 10 July 1888 y Ley electoral para Diputados a Cortes Law 26 June 1890 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1890/180/A00901-00908.pdf 19 August 2022 Law of 26 June 1890 y Ley disponiendo que las primeras y sucesivas elecciones que se verifiquen en la provincia de Zamora se dividirá en siete distritos en la forma que se expresa Law 18 June 1895 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/170/A01001-01001.pdf 14 August 2025 Law of 18 June 1895 y Leyes aprobando la división electoral de las provincias de León y Vizcaya Law 2 August 1895 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1895/216/A00457-00458.pdf 6 May 2023 Law of 2 August 1895 y Leyes aprobando la división electoral en las provincias de Sevilla y de Barcelona Law 5 July 1898 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1898/190/A00140-00140.pdf 22 September 2022 Law of 5 July 1898 y Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado, y convocando á nuevas elecciones en las fechas que se expresan Royal Decree 16 March 1899 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1899/076/A01021-01021.pdf 18 August 2025 Royal Decree of 16 March (I) 1899 y Real decreto disponiendo el número de Senadores que han de elegir las provincias que se citan Royal Decree 16 March 1899 Madrid Gazette es https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1899/076/A01021-01021.pdf 11 October 2025 Royal Decree of 16 March (II) 1899 Other 30em Fernández Almagro Melchor 1943 Las Cortes del siglo XIX y la práctica electoral https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2022-01/6973rep009-010430.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 9–10 383–419 0048-7694 16 December 2020 Calero Antonio María 1987 La prerrogativa regia en la Restauración: teoría y práctica (1875-1902) https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/16390repne055275.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 55 273–315 0048-7694 Hidalgo Marín Inés Sofía 1995 La familia Gamazo: elite castellana en la restauración (1874-1923) https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=66395 es Investigaciones históricas: Época moderna y contemporánea University of Valladolid 15 107–118 0210-9425 3 May 2023 Ortega Álvarez Luis Santaolaya Machetti Pablo 1996 Evolución histórica del sistema electoral español https://revista.cortesgenerales.es/rcg/article/view/784 es Cortes Generales Revista de las Cortes Generales 37 0213-0130 10.33426/rcg/1996/37/784 65–107 free Martorell Linares Miguel Ángel 1997 La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/17089repne096139.pdf Madrid Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies es Revista de Estudios Políticos 96 137–161 0048-7694 Martínez Ruiz Enrique Maqueda Abreu Consuelo De Diego Emilio 1999 Atlas histórico de España. La Regencia de María Cristina (1885-1902) https://books.google.com/books?id=U_RL9S5uSF8C&pg=PA109 es 2 Bilbao Ediciones KAL 109–120 9788470903502 Armengol i Segú Josep Varela Ortega José 2001 El poder de la influencia: geografía del caciquismo en España (1875-1923) https://books.google.com/books?id=QY99T3Mg5ykC es Madrid Marcial Pons 655–776 9788425911521 García Muñoz Montserrat 2002 La documentación electoral y el fichero histórico de diputados https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/RGID/article/view/RGID0202120093A es Revista General de Información y Documentación 12 1 93–137 1132-1873 13 September 2020 Carreras de Odriozola Albert Tafunell Sambola Xavier 2005 1989 Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf es 1 Bilbao Fundación BBVA 1072–1097 II 84-96515-00-1 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf 24 September 2015 dmy-all Martínez Relanzón Alejandro Political Modernization in Spain Between 1876 and 1923 https://journals.umcs.pl/k/article/view/4152/5068 Madrid Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio K 24 1 2017 10.17951/k.2017.24.1.145 145–154 159328027 free AEBOE 2023 El desastre de 1898 visto por las figuras políticas de la Restauración: 125 años de la guerra de Cuba (1898-2023) https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/abrir_pdf.php?id=PUB-DH-2023-280 es Madrid Official State Gazette State Agency for the Official State Gazette 9788434029002 3 May 2023 Category:1899 elections in Spain 1899 Category:April 1899 in Europe