1993 Venezuelan general election

none Venezuela (1954) 5 December 1993 yes Presidential election presidential 1988 Venezuelan general election 1988 1998 Venezuelan presidential election 1998 9,688,795 60.16% ( 21.69pp) Rafael Caldera en 1993.jpg Rafael Caldera National Convergence 1,710,722 30.46% Claudio Fermín.png Claudio Fermín Democratic Action 1,326,287 23.60% Oswaldo Alvares Paz Gobernador Zulia (cropped) 2.JPG Oswaldo Álvarez Paz Copei 1,276,506 22.73% Andrés Velásquez.png Andrés Velásquez Radical Cause 1,232,653 21.95% Mapa de las elecciones presidenciales de Venezuela de 1993.svg Results by state President Ramón José Velásquez Democratic Action Rafael Caldera National Convergence General elections were held in Venezuela on 5 December 1993.Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p555 978-0-19-928358-3 The presidential elections were won by former president Rafael Caldera of National Convergence, who received 30% of the vote.Nohlen, p582Landman Todd 1995 ‘El Chiripero’ wins: the Venezuelan elections of 1993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(95)95776-7 Electoral Studies 14 1 100–104 10.1016/0261-3794(95)95776-7 0261-3794 subscription Democratic Action remained the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, which were elected on separate ballots for the first time.Nohlen, p575 Voter turnout was 60%, the lowest since World War II.Nohlen, p556 The elections were a departure from the traditional two-party system in Venezuela. Background The election campaign was dominated by the corruption charges brought against sitting President Carlos Andrés Pérez, which led to his impeachment on 20 May 1993. He was replaced by Octavio Lepage as Acting President until Ramón José Velásquez was elected by Congress as interim President on 5 June. An atmosphere of economic and political crisis prevailed, with general economic problems compounded by a banking crisis, and a declining legitimacy of the traditional main parties, Democratic Action and Copei. The previous year had seen two coup attempts in February and November, reflecting widespread popular discontent with the political establishment. Rafael Caldera, founder of Copei, rejected his old party and led a "National Convergence" of 17 smaller parties — including the Movement for Socialism, the Democratic Republican Union, the People's Electoral Movement and the Communist Party of Venezuela. His campaign promises included pardoning the 1992 coup plotters, including Hugo Chávez. The presidential election was held under first-past-the-post voting, while the Congressional elections were the first held under a mixed member proportional representation system, modelled on the German system, with some variations.Crisp and Rey(2003:189) The traditionally dominant Democratic Action and Copei "supported it because it looked the most like the system under which they had prospered".Crisp, BF % Rey, JC (2003) "The Sources of Electoral Reform in Venezuela", in Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Martin P. Wattenberg, Mixed-Member Electoral Systems - The Best of Both Worlds?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. pp. 173-194(22) The MMP system continued to use the old formula of assigning seats to states based on multiplying the total population by 0.55%, with a minimum of three deputies from each state (thus over-representing sparsely populated states). Half each state's seats were then elected in single seat districts, and the remainder by closed party list. Parties could receive up to five additional seats based on their national vote total, to provide greater proportionality.Crisp and Rey (2003:188) Results President Rafael Caldera National Convergence 1710722 Claudio Fermín Democratic Action 1325287 Oswaldo Álvarez Paz Copei 1276506 Andrés Velásquez Radical Cause 1232653 Modesto Rivero Authentic Renewal Organization 20814 Nelso Ojeda Valenzuela Independent Popular Force 18690 Luis Alberto Machado Intelligence Revolution 6851 Fernando Bianco Community on the Move 5590 José Antonio Cova New Democratic Generation es Nueva Generación Democrática 4937 Gabriel Puerta Aponte Movement for Popular Democracy 3746 Rhona Ottolina Formula 1 3633 Romuló Abreu Duarte Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force 1554 Jesús Tang National Party 1251 Blas García Núñez Venezuelan Ecological Party 1198 Juán Chacín Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure 981 Carmen de González Nationalist Civic Crusade 866 Felix Díaz Ortega New Order 780 Temistocles Fernández Total Independent 640 212517 9688795 Nohlen, PDBA Senate File:Senado de Venezuela elecciones 1993.svg Democratic Action 1165322 16 –6 Copei 1103896 14 –6 Radical Cause 1005816 9 +9 National Convergence 650352 6 New Movement for Socialism 526197 5 – Authentic Renewal Organization 41157 0 0 People's Electoral Movement 26545 0 0 Democratic Republican Union 25732 0 0 National Integration Movement es Movimiento de Integridad Nacional-Unidad 23459 0 New Communist Party of Venezuela 18862 0 0 New Democratic Generation es Nueva Generación Democrática 14159 0 –1 National Opinion es Opinión Nacional 13794 0 0 Independent Popular Force 12908 0 – Formula 1 12524 0 0 Emerging People es Gente Emergente (Venezuela) 10709 0 – PCI 10092 0 – GP 9901 0 – Community Development 9656 0 – Nationalist United Front 8791 0 – National Renewal Movement 8322 0 – Advanced Popular 8256 0 – Movement for Popular Democracy 8117 0 – OCIM 6352 0 – GIRASOL 5647 0 – Active Democratic Nationalist Organisation 5089 0 – Venezuelan Ecological Party 4613 0 – UVI 4494 0 – Renewal 4208 0 – Popular Democratic Force es Fuerza Democrática Popular 4002 0 – MERY 3883 0 – Community on the Move 3830 0 – Patriotic Union 3018 0 – Socialist League 2858 0 – New Order 2772 0 – CARICUAO DECIDE 2597 0 – U 2574 0 – FT 2440 0 – The People to Power 2297 0 – MACARIO 2283 0 – CUMANAGOTOS 2060 0 – Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure 2045 0 – Social Project 1979 0 – Democratic Factor 1972 0 – Independent Nationalist Organisation 1938 0 – OI 1897 0 – Integral Democratic Movement 1844 0 – Out of Love for Venezuela 1733 0 – Common Sense 1678 0 – National Party 1478 0 – ASI 1387 0 – UO 1313 0 – Electoral Renewal Integration 1310 0 – Independents with Change 1266 0 – National Integration Front 1215 0 – FACTOR E 1140 0 – Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force 1132 0 – AGAIN 1107 0 – DCARA 1098 0 – DECISION COJEDENA 1062 0 – Republican Movement 1060 0 – FIE 1018 0 – CHACAO 92 944 0 – Union for Progress (Venezuela) 924 0 – CPPP 889 0 – IDEAL 864 0 – Nationalist Civic Crusade 862 0 – New Republic 849 0 – NI 830 0 – MAR 798 0 – VO 794 0 – PND 785 0 – Independent Action Force 781 0 – MIPO 766 0 – CD 725 0 – UCII 678 0 – FOVE 654 0 – Socialist Workers' Party 649 0 – CIPREA 644 0 – Agricultural Action 630 0 – VCI 583 0 – M93 575 0 – DDP 546 0 – PEM 539 0 – MAP 505 0 – MIAP 482 0 – PUNI 482 0 – FURIA 426 0 – MIO 415 0 – JL 396 0 – MRI 384 0 – UPC 364 0 – MDIPG 357 0 – MONCHO 350 0 – LVP 350 0 – EREDE 344 0 – PENSAMIENTO NACIONAL 340 0 – VIA 319 0 – New Time 318 0 – MIL 308 0 – DAR 304 0 – Majoritarian Independent Committee 303 0 – GRITO VECINAL 289 0 – BP 286 0 – FIG 277 0 – VEA 275 0 – Independent Committee 258 0 – EPI 251 0 – PODER 7 232 0 – PINDD 230 0 – REPO 225 0 – MIP 209 0 – GEVE 198 0 – MIRE 198 0 – Independent Solidarity 197 0 – National Authentic Party 195 0 – FIC 188 0 – ARDE 181 0 – MIIDEA 174 0 – CRA 173 0 – CDA 172 0 – ACONA 172 0 – RA 147 0 – MDV 133 0 – CIN 124 0 – FUPSSB 121 0 – MINERO 118 0 – SOL 118 0 – AVI 116 0 – MIDV 114 0 – ISA 113 0 – FE 111 0 – MICA 94 0 – GEIJM 93 0 – LVY 89 0 – MNVI 84 0 – CADEM 80 0 – CP 75 0 – PEIP 75 0 – GDP 72 0 – MPN 66 0 – TNSD 57 0 – MAICITO 54 0 – ORI 50 0 – EEF 94 39 0 – Apureño Independent Movement 36 0 – FEG 36 0 – GAP 25 0 – YIP 25 0 – MIPAYCA 24 0 – MAICITO 21 0 – CIV 11 0 – MIDEAS 11 0 – OIPLR 10 0 – Republican Democratic Party 5 0 – MEIAMA 4 0 – AUV 3 0 – PE 1 0 – 989169 +4 9688795 Nohlen, Cavuta Chamber of Deputies File:Cámara de Diputados de Venezuela elecciones 1993.svg Democratic Action 1099728 55 –42 Copei 1065512 53 –14 Radical Cause 974190 40 +37 National Convergence 651918 26 New Movement for Socialism 509068 24 – Authentic Renewal Organization 41085 1 –1 National Integration Movement es Movimiento de Integridad Nacional-Unidad 29433 1 New People's Electoral Movement 27635 1 –1 Democratic Republican Union 26299 1 –1 Communist Party of Venezuela 21180 0 –1 New Democratic Generation es Nueva Generación Democrática 16680 1 –5 National Opinion es Opinión Nacional 13725 0 –1 Formula 1 13091 0 –2 Independent Popular Force 12730 0 Emerging People es Gente Emergente (Venezuela) 12525 0 – Community Development 10541 0 – Movement for Popular Democracy 9680 0 – Nationalist United Front 9333 0 – PCI 8293 0 – National Renewal Movement 8223 0 – Advanced Popular 7754 0 – GIRASOL 6815 0 – OCIM 6685 0 – Renewal 5538 0 – GP 5459 0 – Venezuelan Ecological Party 5363 0 – UVI 4853 0 – Active Democratic Nationalist Organisation 4842 0 – Socialist League 4063 0 – MELI 3995 0 – Community on the Move 3558 0 – Popular Democratic Force es Fuerza Democrática Popular 3409 0 – Patriotic Union 3341 0 – CARICUAO DECIDE 2957 0 – Common Sense 2915 0 – New Order 2759 0 – The People to Power 2546 0 – FT 2516 0 – Democratic Factor 2423 0 – U 2281 0 – OI 2232 0 – National Party 2059 0 – Out of Love for Venezuela 1999 0 – Social Project 1986 0 – Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure 1975 0 – MACARIO 1962 0 – Integral Democratic Movement 1910 0 – UO 1654 0 – CUMANAGATOS 1611 0 – Electoral Renewal Integration 1555 0 – National Integration Front 1495 0 – FACTOR E 1436 0 – Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force 1412 0 – MRM 1377 0 – ASI 1367 0 – Republican Movement 1229 0 – Independent Nationalist Organisation 1119 0 – AGAIN 1092 0 – DE CHACAO 93 991 0 – FIE 988 0 – Union for Progress 978 0 – #8B0000 MAR 975 0 – Nationalist Civic Crusade 970 0 – IDEAL 944 0 – MONCHO 931 0 – PND 929 0 – Independent Action Force 914 0 – NI 909 0 – UCII 883 0 – MIPO 855 0 – CD 816 0 – VO 814 0 – Agricultural Action 800 0 – M93 793 0 – DCARA 766 0 – GIO 755 0 – Independents with Change 719 0 – DECISION COJEDENA 719 0 – TMSD 702 0 – LIDER 669 0 – Socialist Workers' Party 629 0 – LSN 621 0 – FURIA 613 0 – UPC 548 0 – DDP 536 0 – Organised Independent Movement 518 0 – VCI 506 0 – MIAP 496 0 – National Authentic Party 487 0 – CPPP 443 0 – PUNI 440 0 – EREDE 409 0 – ACONA 401 0 – MDIPG 372 0 – MOREPO 34 352 0 – MRI 351 0 – DAR 344 0 – EEF 94 331 0 – Majoritarian Independent Committee 319 0 – MS 316 0 – VIA 313 0 – ISA 310 0 – VIENE 308 0 – Independent Solidarity 301 0 – LVP 299 0 – MIDV 296 0 – GRITO VECINAL 278 0 – New Republic 271 0 – FIC 258 0 – Independent Committee 251 0 – MIL 247 0 – AMIGOS DE ANZOATEC 240 0 – PODER 7 237 0 – PENSAMIENTO NACION 233 0 – CRA 226 0 – CRA 219 0 – EPI 218 0 – MIIDEA 207 0 – REPO 203 0 – CIPREA 202 0 – MIRE 199 0 – GEVE 198 0 – GEIJM 196 0 – MNVI 192 0 – PINDD 191 0 – MAP 188 0 – RA 179 0 – GAP 171 0 – FIG 139 0 – CIN 136 0 – ORI 129 0 – MDV 129 0 – FUPSSB 122 0 – PPIM 110 0 – MINERO 102 0 – ARDE 101 0 – SOL 99 0 – MPN 97 0 – DCA 95 0 – LVY 85 0 – New Time 82 0 – VEA 81 0 – PEM 81 0 – BP 80 0 – MICA 74 0 – EEE 74 0 – MAI 69 0 – PEIPP 58 0 – MOPAIS 57 0 – MALU 55 0 – FEG 52 0 – CADEM 43 0 – CEMI 29 0 – MEIAMA 24 0 – MIPAYCA 23 0 – FOVE 22 0 – YIP 16 0 – Apureño Independent Movement 11 0 – OIPNR 10 0 – MAICITO 10 0 – OAP 9 0 – CIV 8 0 – MIIDEA 4 0 – JL 4 0 – AUV 3 0 – Republican Democratic Party 1 0 – 1117998 +2 9688795 Nohlen, Cavuta Aftermath Andrés Velásquez of Radical Cause gained 22%, and "filed complaints of irregularities, saying that officials from his party were prevented from witnessing vote counting."Venezuela Apparently Returns Former President to Power Los Angeles Times, 6 December 1993 References General Venezuela Category:Parliamentary elections in Venezuela Category:Presidential elections in Venezuela Venezuela