1909 in science

none 1909 science 1909 The year 1909 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy August 20 – Dwarf planet Pluto is photographed for the first time, at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, U.S., 21 years before being identified.Buchwald Greg Dimario Michael Wild Walter 2000 Pluto is Discovered Back in Time Amateur–Professional Partnerships in Astronomy San Francisco 220 335 978-1-58381-052-1 2000ASPC..220..355B Comet Halley first becomes visible on a photographic plate. Biology Danish plant physiologist Wilhelm Johannsen introduces the term "Gene".Johannsen W. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/94247 Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre G. Fischer 1909 Jena German Elements of the exact theory of heredity 10.5962/bhl.title.94247 Karl Landsteiner, Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper first isolate the poliovirus.Landsteiner Karl Popper Erwin 1909 Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung 2 377–390Paul J. R. A History of Poliomyelitis Yale University Press New Haven 1971 978-0-300-01324-5 Yale studies in the history of science and medicine Thomas Hunt Morgan produces heritable mutant Drosophila melanogaster. Chemistry February 5 – Leo Baekeland announces the creation of the early plastic Bakelite, a hard thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, to the American Chemical Society.New Chemical Substance The New York Times 1909-02-06 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/02/06/101025892.pdf Summer – Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch first demonstrate the Haber process, the catalytic formation of ammonia from hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen under conditions of high temperature and pressure.http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=DE&NR=235421&KC=&FT=E Original Patent for Synthesis of Ammonia European Patent Office 12 April 2011 5 February 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090205030856/http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=DE&NR=235421&KC=&FT=E deadChris Bowlby Fritz Haber: Jewish chemist whose work led to Zyklon B https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13015210 BBC News 2011-04-12 2011-04-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20110412034923/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13015210 12 April 2011 live The concept of p[H] as a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution is introduced by Danish chemist Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen at the Carlsberg Laboratory.Sorensen S. P. L. Enzymstudien. II, Über die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen Biochemische Zeitschrift 1909 21 131–304 A team under German chemist Fritz Hofmann first synthesizes synthetic rubber (Methylkautschuk). Geology January 16 – Ernest Shackleton's expedition locates the South Magnetic Pole.http://deeptow.whoi.edu/southpole.html The Magnetic South Pole Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Magnetics Group, Ocean Bottom Magnetology Laboratory 2011-02-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20160421112934/http://deeptow.whoi.edu/southpole.html 2016-04-21 dead April 6 – Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, and four Eskimo explorers come within a few miles of the North Pole. October 8 – An earthquake in the Zagreb area leads Andrija Mohorovičić to identify the Mohorovičić discontinuity. Mathematics L. E. J. Brouwer makes a proof of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem.Tony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 97 Paleontology August 30 – Discovery of the Burgess Shale Cambrian fossil site in the Canadian Rockies by paleontologist Charles Walcott of the Smithsonian Institution. Excavation of the dinosaur bone beds at what will become Dinosaur National Monument in the Uinta Mountains of the United States by paleontologist Earl Douglass working for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.G. E. Douglass Speak to the Earth and It Will Teach You: The Life and Times of Earl Douglass, 1862–1931 2009 Charleston, South Carolina BookSurge Physics Paul Ehrenfest presents the Ehrenfest paradox.Ehrenfest Paul 1909 Gleichförmige Rotation starrer Körper und Relativitätstheorie Uniform Rotation of Rigid Bodies and the Theory of Relativity Physikalische Zeitschrift 10 918 s:de:Gleichförmige Rotation starrer Körper und Relativitätstheorie Albert Einstein together with Marcel Grossmann starts to develop a theory which would bind metric tensor gik, which defines a space geometry, with a source of gravity, that is with mass. Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden discover large angle deflections of alpha particles by thin metal foils. Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds demonstrate that alpha particles are doubly ionized helium atoms. Physiology and medicine July – Ivy Evelyn Woodward is admitted as the first woman Member of the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom.A history of the Royal College of Physicians of London 3 Cooke A. M. Clarendon Press for the Royal College of Physicians 1972 976Professions and Patriarchy Witz Anne 2016 London Routledge 9781138135796 938993033 September – Sigmund Freud delivers his only lectures in the United States, on psychoanalysis, at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, giving public recognition to the subject in the anglophone world. Austro-Hungarian neurologist and psychiatrist Rezső Bálint first describes Bálint's syndrome.10.1159/000210464 Seelenlähmung des 'Schauens', optische Ataxie, räumliche Störung der Aufmerksamkeit Soul imbalance of 'seeing', optical ataxia, spatial disturbance of attention German European Neurology 25 51–66 1909 Bálint Rudolph https://zenodo.org/record/1448605 2025-02-09 2019-08-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20190824130814/https://zenodo.org/record/1448605 live German neurologist Korbinian Brodmann defines the cytoarchitecture of the Brodmann area of the cerebral cortex.K. Brodmann Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. 1909 Brazilian physician and infectologist Carlos Chagas first describes Chagas disease.Chagas C. Neue Trypanosomen Vorläufige Mitteilung Archiv für Schiffs-und Tropenhygiene 1909 13 120–2Redhead, S. A. Cushion, M. T. Frenkel, J. K. Stringer, J. R. Pneumocystis and Trypanosoma cruzi: nomenclature and typifications Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2006 2–11 53 1 16441572 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00072.xChagas C. Nova tripanozomiase humana: Estudos sobre a morfolojia e o ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n. gen., n. sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homem [New human trypanosomiasis: Studies about the morphology and life-cycle of Schizotripanum cruzi, etiological agent of a new morbid entity of man] Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1909 1 2 159–218 0074-0276 10.1590/S0074-02761909000200008 freeHistória, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos July 2009 16 Suppl 1 13–34 The discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas disease (1908–1909): tropical medicine in Brazil Kropf S. P. Sá Magali Romero 20027916 10.1590/s0104-59702009000500002 free French otolaryngologist Étienne Lombard discovers the Lombard effect.Lombard É. Le signe de l'élévation de la voix Annales des Maladies de l'Oreille et du Larynx XXXVII 2 101–9 1911Lane, H. Tranel, B. The Lombard sign and the role of hearing in speech Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 14 4 677–709 1971 10.1044/jshr.1404.677 In psychology, Edward B. Titchener makes the first published coinage of the term Empathy as a translation of the German de Einfühlungsvermögen.Lectures on the Experimental Psychology of the Thought-Processes. New York: Macmillan, 1909. empathy, n. Oxford English Dictionary online version Oxford University Press https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61284 subscription 2012-02-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20220304034318/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61284 2022-03-04 live December 2011 Technology March 18 – Einar Dessau uses a shortwave radio transmitter in Denmark.First Broadcast by Ham Radio Operator https://infostory.com/2013/03/18/first-broadcast-by-ham-radio-operator-2/ The Story of Information 2013-03-18 2019-10-17 July 7 – General Electric applies to patent an electric toaster invented by Frank E. Shailor in the United StatesF. E. Shailor (1910-02-22) "Electric heater" 950058. and produces the GE model D-12, the first commercially successful model.http://www.toaster.org/museum.html The Cyber Toaster Museum Norcross Eric 1900–1920 2006 The Toaster Museum Foundation 2022-11-20 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080815211550/http://www.toaster.org/museum.html 2008-08-15 Wayback Machine July 23 – White Star Liner RMS Republic (15,400 tons), sinking following a collision off Nantucket, becomes the first ship in history to issue a CQD distress signal, using Marconi wireless telegraphy.https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rescue/filmmore/transcript/transcript1.html The American Experience Rescue at Sea PBS 2012-03-22 2012-11-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20121109192118/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rescue/filmmore/transcript/transcript1.html deadWilliam H. Flayhart Disaster at Sea W. W. Norton & Company 2005 206–210 July 25 – Louis Bleriot is the first man to fly across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft. Kinemacolor, the first commercial "natural color" system for movies is invented. Johann Stumpf popularises the uniflow steam engine.H. W. Dickinson A Short History of the Steam Engine Cambridge University Press 1938 Events June 26 – The Science Museum, London is established as an institution in its own right.https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/about-us About us Science Museum 2020-05-06 Commencement of fieldwork for the multidisciplinary Clare Island Survey (Ireland), under the direction of Robert Lloyd Praeger. Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun Chemistry – Wilhelm Ostwald Medicine – Emil Theodor Kocher Births January 5 – Stephen Cole Kleene (died 1994), American mathematician. February 9 – Giulio Racah (died 1965), Italian–Israeli mathematician and physicist. February 18 – Warren Elliot Henry (died 2001), American physicist. March 22 – Nathan Rosen (died 1995), Jewish American physicist. April 13 – Stanislaw Ulam (died 1984), Polish American mathematician. April 22 – Rita Levi-Montalcini (died 2012), Italian Jewish neurologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. May 7 – Edwin H. Land (died 1991), American inventor and founder of Polaroid. September 14 – Peter Scott (died 1989), English conservationist. August 1 – Sibyl M. Rock (died 1981), American mathematician. November 24 – Gerhard Gentzen (died 1945), German-born mathematician. December 11 – Toshiko Yuasa (died 1980), Japanese nuclear physicist. December 14 – Edward Lawrie Tatum (died 1975), American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Deaths January 12 – Hermann Minkowski (born 1864), German mathematician. February 26 – Hermann Ebbinghaus (born 1850), German psychologist. July 11 – Simon Newcomb (born 1835), Canadian American astronomer. August 14 – William Stanley (born 1829), English inventor. August 27 – Emil Christian Hansen (born 1842), Danish fermentation physiologist. October 19 – Cesare Lombroso (born 1835), Italian forensic psychiatrist. References Category:20th century in science Category:1900s in science