1940 Whipple

Carbonaceous main-belt asteroid October 2019 yes 1940 Whipple #D6D6D6 001940-asteroid shape model (1940) Whipple.png Modelled shape of Whipple from its lightcurve Harvard College Obs. Agassiz Stn. 2 February 1975 (1940) Whipple 1975 CA1932 AD1950 LH1962 SH1970 EC 11971 KD 11971 KNA916 AD Fred L. Whipple(American astronomer) main-belt(outer) 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) 0 54.50 yr (19,907 days) 3.2556 AU 2.8656 AU 3.0606 AU 0.0637 5.35 yr (1,956 days) 18.583° 0.1841 ms / day 6.5587° 263.80° 179.82° 32.57 0.43 km33.83 km (derived)33.87 1.3 km36.34 0.66 km37.481 0.250 km40.431 0.471 km 5.78 0.03 h6.953 0.003 h 0.0430 0.00970.054 0.0020.0560 (derived)0.060 0.0090.0613 0.005 C 11.011.111.16 0.27 1940 Whipple (prov. designation: 1975 CA) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 km mi off 2 us in diameter. It was discovered on 2 February 1975, by the Harvard College Observatory at its George R. Agassiz Station near Harvard, Massachusetts, in the United States, and named after astronomer Fred Whipple. Classification and orbit Whipple orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,956 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The first used observation was made at Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 13 years prior to its discovery observation. Naming This minor planet was named after American astronomer Fred Lawrence Whipple (1906–2004), author of the icy conglomerate model, also known as the dirty snowball hypothesis. Whipple worked at the Harvard College Observatory for over 70 years and was the director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory where he developed new methods imaging meteors. He was also president of several commissions at the International Astronomical Union and on NASA's panel for missions to small Solar System bodies. The official 1940 naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1975 (M.P.C. 3828). Physical characteristics Whipple has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 32.6 and 40.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.056 and a diameter of 33.8 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.1. Lightcurves In December 2011, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations by American astronomer Russel Durkee at the Shed of Science Observatory (H39). It gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.953 0.003 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3), superseding a period of 5.78 0.03 hours previously obtained by French astronomer René Roy in 2005 (U=2). References 2017-03-24 last obs. JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1940 Whipple (1975 CA) https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001940 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2 July 2017 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1940) Whipple Schmadel Lutz D. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 156 2007 978-3-540-00238-3 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1941 (1940) Whipple 1940 Whipple (1975 CA) Minor Planet Center https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1940 25 September 2016 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008) 2009 https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp2008schm limited Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs Schmadel Lutz D. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 221 978-3-642-01964-7 10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4 Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1940) Whipple Behrend Raoul Geneva Observatory https://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#001940 25 September 2016July 2026 InternetArchiveBot 6 Joseph R. Masiero T. Grav A. K. Mainzer C. R. Nugent J. M. Bauer R. Stevenson S. Sonnett August 2014 Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2014ApJ...791..121M The Astrophysical Journal 791 2 11 2014ApJ...791..121M 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121 1406.6645 1 September 2016 1940 25 September 2016 6 Fumihiko Usui Daisuke Kuroda Thomas G. Müller Sunao Hasegawa Masateru Ishiguro Takafumi Ootsubo Daisuke Ishihara Hirokazu Kataza Satoshi Takita Shinki Oyabu Munetaka Ueno Hideo Matsuhara Takashi Onaka October 2011 Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63 5 1117–1138 2011PASJ...63.1117U 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 free (online, AcuA catalog p. 153) E. F. Tedesco P. V. Noah M. Noah S. D. Price October 2004 IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0 https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds3/iras/IRAS_A_FPA_3_RDR_IMPS_V6_0/data/diamalb.tab NASA Planetary Data System – IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0 2004PDSS...12.....T 17 October 2019 6 A. Mainzer T. Grav J. Masiero E. Hand J. Bauer D. Tholen R. S. McMillan T. Spahr R. M. Cutri E. Wright J. Watkins W. Mo C. Maleszewski November 2011 NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results The Astrophysical Journal 741 2 25 2011ApJ...741...90M 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 1109.6407 6 Joseph R. Masiero A. K. Mainzer T. Grav J. M. Bauer R. M. Cutri C. Nugent M. S. Cabrera November 2012 Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M The Astrophysical Journal Letters 759 1 5 2012ApJ...759L...8M 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8 1209.5794 25 September 2016 Durkee, Russell I. April 2012 Lightcurves of 1940 Whipple and (6823) 1988 ED1 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012MPBu...39...92D The Minor Planet Bulletin 39 2 92–93 1052-8091 2012MPBu...39...92D 25 September 2016 6 Peter Veres Robert Jedicke Alan Fitzsimmons Larry Denneau Mikael Granvik Bryce Bolin Serge Chastel Richard J. Wainscoat William S. Burgett Kenneth C. Chambers Heather Flewelling Nick Kaiser Eugen A. Magnier Jeff S. Morgan Paul A. Price John L. Tonry Christopher Waters November 2015 Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V Icarus 261 34–47 2015Icar..261...34V 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007 1506.00762 25 September 2016 External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225144/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html 21 July 2011 ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR https://web.archive.org/web/20241208174218/http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html 8 December 2024 – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1940 1939 Loretta 1940 1941 Wild 001940 001940 Category:Named minor planets 19750202