1931 Nicaragua earthquake

March 1931 earthquake in Nicaragua 1931 Nicaragua earthquake 1931-03-31 16:02:19 906694 iscgem906694 1931 03 31 yes 10:02 Central America Managua terremoto 31.jpg Destruction caused by the earthquake 235px 6.1 w y $15–35 million 15 km on Off the coast of Chinandega 12.57 -87.45 inline,title Nicaragua VI 1,000–2,450 deaths 45,000 displaced The 1931 Nicaragua earthquake devastated Nicaragua's capital city of Managua on 31 March 1931. It had a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum MSK intensity of VI (Strong). Between 1,000 and 2,450 people were killed. A major fire started and destroyed thousands of structures, burning into the next day. At least 45,000 were left homeless and losses of $35 million were recorded. Earthquake and aftermath The earthquake hit Managua at 10:10Kates Robert W. Haas J. Eugene Amaral Daniel J. Olson Robert A. Ramos Reyes Olson Richard 1973 Human Impact of the Managua Earthquake https://www.jstor.org/stable/1737804 Science 182 4116 981–990 10.1126/science.182.4116.981 1737804 17833779 1973Sci...182..981K 4651162 0036-8075 subscription or 10:19 AM on 31 March, and caused cracks to spread throughout the western side of the city. East Managua was largely untouched.https://books.google.com/books?id=5EdRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7 Managua, Nicaragua Earthquake of December 23, 1972 1973 Earthquake Engineering Research Institute 7 9789990883190 The main quake's duration was around 5 to 6 seconds. The quake was largely centered in Managua. Granada, Nicaragua, was unaffected.Sozen Mete Avni https://books.google.com/books?id=8z4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 Engineering Report on the Managua Earthquake of 23 December 1972: A Report Matthiesen R. B. 1975 National Academy of Sciences 6 The earthquake caused a large fire, which burned for five days, destroying 33 blocks in "the richest and most important area of the city". Around 10 sqkm sqmi of the city were seriously damaged and a further 23 sqkm sqmi saw "minor damage". All major government buildings in the city except for the National Bank of Nicaragua and most of the nation's archives were destroyed. The city, which at the time had a population of around 60,000 people, saw the vast majorityan estimated 35,000 or 45,000 left homeless. Ernest J. Swift, the director of relief efforts undertaken by the American Red Cross, estimated damage at around $15 million, though other estimates range as high as $30 or $35 million.Toronto Star, April 1, 1931https://books.google.com/books?id=VJVMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA112 The United States and Nicaragua: A Survey of the Relations from 1909 to 1932 United States Department of State 1932 112 The most deaths occurred in the city's penitentiary.Brodhead 2013 28-29 American marines and the Guardia Nacional immediately began working to restore order in Managua. American navy soldiers established a hospital while army soldiers fought the fire. Daniel I. Sultan, an American soldier who was leading the Nicaragua Canal Survey, organized a relief team of 34 soldiers, and was on an emergency committee for responding. He was charged with overseeing the restoration of railroads and water to the city, and chaired a food relief committee that provided 24,000 rations daily by April 24.Brodhead 2013 28-29 The American Red Cross initially provided $10,000 towards relief, before increasing the amount to $100,000. People from Mexico and Panama, as well as other Central American countries, were sent to assist in relief and rebuilding efforts. America flew in medical supplies, working to prevent the outbreak of various diseases.Boot Max https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1X5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power 2014-03-11 Basic Books 978-0-465-03866-4 248 Rebuilding In March 1932, The New York Times reported that "the Nicaraguan capital Is slowly emerging from ruins caused by 1931 earthquake". Rents fell by 40% in the year following the earthquake, and the city had slowly been rebuilding. Efforts were hampered by a lack of funding.MANAGUA DELAYED BY LACK OF MONEY: But the Nicaraguan Capital Is Slowly Emerging From Ruins Caused by 1931 Earthquake. March 20, 1932 The New York Times The city was eventually rebuilt in the Spanish Colonial architecture style.Lee David Johnson 2015 De-centring Managua: post-earthquake reconstruction and revolution in Nicaragua Urban History 42 4 663–685 10.1017/S0963926815000577 0963-9268 free See also List of earthquakes in 1931 List of earthquakes in Nicaragua References The Seismicity of Central America – A Descriptive Catalogue 1898–1995 N. N. Ambraseys Nicholas Ambraseys R. D. Adams 2000 Imperial College Press 235 978-1860942440 10.1142/9781848160118_0001 ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2013) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php ISC 2017 International Seismological Centre Version 4.0 PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/ September 4, 2009 United States Geological Survey Version 2008_06.1 Bibliography Brodhead Michael J. 2013 "A Wet, Nasty Job": Army Engineers and the Nicaragua Canal Survey of 1929–1931 http://www.shfg.org/resources/Documents/FH%205%20(2013)%20Brodhead.pdf Society for History in the Federal Government External links American Assistance Following The Destruction Of Managua By The Earthquake Of March 31, 1931 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113545/http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1931v02/reference/frus.frus1931v02.i0028.pdf March 4, 2016 – University of Wisconsin System 906694 Category:Earthquakes in Nicaragua Nicaragua Earthquake, 1931 Category:Managua Category:1931 in Nicaragua Category:March 1931 in North America