2,4-Dinitrophenol

Chemical compound March 2023 2,4-Dinitrophenol.svg 120px skin-invert-image Chemical structure 2,4-Dinitrophenol.jpg 120px Compound sample correct kegg C02496 correct EBI 273386 correct chemspider 1S/C6H4N2O5/c9-6-2-1-4(7(10)11)3-5(6)8(12)13/h1-3,9H correct chemspider UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 51-28-5 1493 correct EBI 42017 correct FDA Q13SKS21MN correct drugbank DB04528 O=[N+]([O-])c1cc(ccc1O)[N+]([O-])=O correct chemspider 1448 Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items 8, M1 Thickener through Pyruvonitrolic Acid P - Dinitrophenols - 2,4-(or alpha-) Dinitrophenol P230-31 Seymour M. Kaye 1 January 1978 Army Armament Research And Development Center - Large Caliber Weapon Systems Lab Dover, NJ https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA057762.pdf#page=709 ADA057762, PATR 2700 61-61759 Yellow orthorhombic crystals (from water) or platelets (from alcohol) Sweet, mustyThe Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals 1989 Merck Budavari, Susan etal 978-0-911910-28-5 11th Rahway, NJ 1900 21297020 https://archive.org/details/merckindexency00buda/page/555/mode/1up limited HOC6H3(NO2)2 6 4 2 5 112-114 decomposes (sublimes when carefully heated) 1.683 g/cm3 (24 C F K) 1.483 g/cm3 (72.5 C F K) 5.6 g/L (18 C F K) Ethyl acetate 15.5 g/100g (15 C F K) 39.5 g/100g (50 C F K) Acetone 35.9 g/100g (15 degC) 98.3 g/100g (50 degC) Ethanol 3.8 g/100g (15 degC) 13.3 g/100g (50 degC) Methanol 5.0 g/100g (15 degC) 16.9 g/100g (50 degC) Pyridine 21.0 g/100g (15 degC) 71.0 g/100g (50 degC) Toluene 6.4 g/100g (15 degC) 20.0 g/100g (50 degC) 1.54 4.09 1.99 hPa (18 C F K) 2kg, 17" (Picatinny Arsenal apparatus) 5000 m/s 81% TNT (Trauzl test)Explosives Meyer Rudolf Köhler Josef Homburg Axel 2016 John Wiley & Sons PT340 978-3-527-68961-3 en January 2026 Uncoupling agents Banned for human consumption in many countries.Sousa Daniela Carmo Helena Roque Bravo Rita Carvalho Félix Bastos Maria de Lourdes Guedes de Pinho Paula Dias da Silva Diana Diet aid or aid to die: an update on 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) use as a weight-loss product Archives of Toxicology April 2020 94 4 1071–1083 10.1007/s00204-020-02675-9 32078021 2020ArTox..94.1071S 211194992 Schedule 10 Casey Scott 2,4-Dinitrophenol – effective but dangerous fat burner https://www.australianpharmacist.com.au/24-dinitrophenol-effective-but-dangerous-fat-burner/ 11 October 2026 Australian Pharmacist 10 December 2019 en-AU Class F4 Anvisa Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency 2023-07-24 RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451 live https://web.archive.org/web/20230827163149/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451 2023-08-27 2023-08-27 Diário Oficial da União pt-BR 2023-07-25 Regulated poison Wickware Carolyn Government to change law to reclassify so-called 'diet drug' as a poison https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/news/government-to-change-law-to-reclassify-so-called-diet-drug-as-a-poison 2023-01-29 The Pharmaceutical Journal 27 January 2023 en-US Investigational new drug, Orphan drug (Huntington's disease)Geisler John G. 2,4 Dinitrophenol as Medicine Cells 23 March 2019 8 3 280 10.3390/cells8030280 2073-4409 free 30909602 6468406 Oral Nitro reduction Unknown D198501 2,4-dinitrophenol 19 January 2025 02 06 08 09 Danger 228 300 311+331 372 400 210 240 241 260 264 270 271 273 280 301+310+330 302+352+312 304+340+311 314 362 370+378 391 403+233 405 501 71 mg/kg (rat, oral) 72 mg/kg (mouse, oral)Toxicological Profile for 2,4-dinitrophenol https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp64-c2.pdf#page=11 www.atsdr.cdc.gov Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) - United States Center for Disease Control 19 January 2026 19, 21 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP or simply DNP) is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H3(NO2)2. It occurs as yellow crystals or platelets. It has been used in explosives manufacturing and as a pesticide and herbicide. In humans, DNP causes dose-dependent mitochondrial uncoupling, causing the rapid loss of ATP as heat and leading to uncontrolled hyperthermia—up to 44 C—and death in case of overdose. Researchers noticed its effect on raising the basal metabolic rate in accidental exposure and developed it as one of the first weight loss drugs in the early twentieth century. Cutting W. C. Mehrtens H. G. Tainter M. L. Actions and uses of dinitrophenol: Promising metabolic applications Journal of the American Medical Association 101 3 193-195 10.1001/jama.1933.02740280013006 1933 DNP was banned from human use by the end of the 1930s due to its risk of death and toxic side effects. DNP continues to be used after its ban and experienced a resurgence in popularity after it became available on the Internet. Chemical properties thumb|upright=1.3|Synthesis of DNP (right) from phenol and nitric acid via 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol It sublimes, is volatile with steam, and is soluble in most organic solvents as well as aqueous alkaline solutions. DNP can be produced by hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Other routes of DNP synthesis include nitration of monochlorobenzene, nitration of benzene with nitrogen dioxide and mercurous nitrate, oxidation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene, and nitration of phenol with nitric acid.Shea P. J. Weber J. B. Overcash M. R. Residue Reviews: Residues of Pesticides and Other Contaminants in the Total Environment Biological activities of 2,4-dinitrophenol in plant-soil systems 1983 Springer 978-1-4612-5479-9 2 enKhabarov Yu. G. Lakhmanov D. E. Kosyakov D. S. Ul'yanovskii N. V. 1 October 2012 Synthesis of 2,4-dinitrophenol Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry en 85 10 1577–1580 10.1134/S1070427212100163 98830371 1608-3296 Nitration of phenol is not practical commercially because partial decomposition of the phenolic ring occurs. A dust explosion is possible with DNP in powder or granular form in the presence of air. DNP may explosively decompose when submitted to shock, friction or concussion, and may explode upon heating.https://books.google.com/books?id=e4_S46UcI2AC&pg=PT399 Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety: Guides, indexes, directory Stellman Jeanne Mager 1998 International Labour Organization 978-92-2-109817-1 en DNP forms explosive salts with strong bases as well as ammonia, and emits toxic fumes of nitrogen dioxide when heated to decomposition.Dangerous properties of industrial materials Sax N.Irving Bruce, Robert D John Wiley & Sons 1989 0-442-27368-1 7th 3 https://archive.org/details/dangerouspropert00saxn 691 Uses Industrial Historically, DNP has been used as an antiseptic and as a non-selective bioaccumulating pesticide.https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/2-4-dinitrophenol.pdf 2,4-Dinitrophenol Environmental Protection Agency 15 October 2017 DNP was particularly useful as a herbicide alongside other closely related dinitrophenol herbicides like 2,4-dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC), dinoseb and dinoterb.Reproductive and developmental toxicology 2011 Academic Press Gupta, Ramesh C. 978-0-12-382032-7 London 509 717387050 Since 1998 DNP has been withdrawn from agricultural use.https://books.google.com/books?id=RYt0Wzb60b4C&pg=PA1088 Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens Pohanish Richard P. 2011 William Andrew 978-1-4377-7870-0 en Currently, there are no actively registered pesticides containing DNP in the United States or Europe.https://books.google.com/books?id=--rEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 Sittig's Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals Pohanish Richard P. 2014 William Andrew 978-1-4557-3157-2 enJanuary 2026 Dinoseb is used industrially as a polymerisation inhibitor during styrene production. In 2023, the Home Office said it could not determine any legitimate industrial uses for DNP in the United Kingdom.Q. Dinitrophenol https://www.parallelparliament.co.uk/question/136690/dinitrophenol 2023-02-07 www.parallelparliament.co.uk It is a chemical intermediate in the production of sulfur dyes,Gerald Booth Nitro Compounds, Aromatic 2007 10.1002/14356007.a17_411 wood preservatives and picric acid.https://books.google.com/books?id=2B4VqK18VOUC&pg=PA132 Organic Chemistry of Explosives Agrawal Jai Prakash Hodgson Robert 2007 132 John Wiley & Sons 978-0-470-05935-7 en A precursor to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), DNP has also been used to make photographic developers and explosives. DNP is classified as an explosive in the United Kingdom and the United States.https://books.google.com/books?id=rnXUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452 Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards 452 Urben Peter 2017 Elsevier 978-0-08-101059-4 enhttps://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/12/28/2017-28010/commerce-in-explosives-2017-annual-list-of-explosive-materials Commerce in Explosives; 2017 Annual List of Explosive Materials 28 December 2017 Federal Register 22 July 2018 In humans thumb|upright=0.9|Histogram of DNP doses reported on online forums and the subreddit /r/DNP DNP raises energy expenditure by 30 to 40 percent and causes a weight loss of 0.7-0.9 kg per week.Christoffersen Berit Østergaard Sanchez-Delgado Guillermo John Linu Mary Ryan Donna H. Raun Kirsten Ravussin Eric Beyond appetite regulation: Targeting energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation for sustainable weight loss Obesity April 2022 30 4 841–857 10.1002/oby.23374 35333444 en 1930-7381 9310705 Although DNP is no longer in clinical use as a weight loss drug due to its dangerous side effects, its mechanism of action remains under investigation as a potential approach for treating obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Ost Mario Keipert Susanne Klaus Susanne Targeted mitochondrial uncoupling beyond UCP1 – The fine line between death and metabolic health Biochimie March 2017 134 77–85 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.013 27916644 6867183 Researchers developed a prodrug, HU6, which is metabolized to DNP in the liver to provide more stable blood concentrations. HU6 completed a phase II trial in which it produced significant reductions in liver fat and body weight in overweight people with elevated liver fat, without serious adverse effects.Harrison Stephen A. Loomba Rohit Dubourg Julie Ratziu Vlad Noureddin Mazen Clinical Trial Landscape in NASH Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology July 2023 21 8 2001–2014 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.041 37059159 258115543 free DNP is used by bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, and people with an eating disorder to lose weight. The user profile is similar to that of anabolic steroids; many perceive it to be effective and with manageable risks. Despite health warnings from regulators, DNP is readily available online sometimes under other names such as Dinosan, Dnoc, Solfo Black, Nitrophen, Aldifen, and Chemox.Petróczi Andrea Ocampo Jorge A. Vela Shah Iltaf Jenkinson Carl New Rachael James Ricky A. Taylor Glenn Naughton Declan P. Russian roulette with unlicensed fat-burner drug 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP): evidence from a multidisciplinary study of the internet, bodybuilding supplements and DNP users Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 14 October 2015 10 1 39 10.1186/s13011-015-0034-1 en 1747-597X free 26466580 4607104 DNP is often sold in tablets containing 100 to 200 mg and may be sold alongside other substances such as anabolic steroids and thyroxine. It may also be found as a contaminant in other bodybuilding supplements not advertised as containing DNP. Online message boards provide information on dosage and regimens for DNP use, and describe the risks of taking the compound and provide advice on how to mitigate hyperthermia.McVeigh Jim Germain Jennifer Van Hout Marie Claire 2,4-Dinitrophenol, the inferno drug: a netnographic study of user experiences in the quest for leanness Journal of Substance Use 2017 22 2 131–138 10.3109/14659891.2016.1149238 147770507 https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/624834/1/DNP%2520final%2520submission.pdf According to a study published in 2023, the most commonly reported doses were between 150 to 300 mg/day.Abdelati Ali Burns Michele M. Chary Michael Sublethal toxicities of 2,4-dinitrophenol as inferred from online self-reports PLOS ONE 2023 18 9 e0290630 10.1371/journal.pone.0290630 en 1932-6203 free 37703241 10499234 2023PLoSO..1890630A Between 2010 and 2020, reports of overdoses were higher in Australasia, Europe and North America than in Asia, Africa, and South or Central America. It is easily absorbed through intact skin, and vapors are absorbed through the respiratory tract. Biochemistry Mechanism of action Uncoupler thumb|Nitro reduction of DNP In living cells, DNP acts as a protonophore, an agent that can shuttle protons (hydrogen cations) across biological membranes. It dissipates the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, collapsing the proton motive force that the cell uses to produce most of its ATP chemical energy. Instead of producing ATP, the energy of the proton gradient is lost as heat. The inefficiency is proportional to the dose of DNP that is taken. As the dose increases and energy production is made more inefficient, metabolic rate increases (and more fat is burned) in order to compensate for the inefficiency and to meet energy demands. DNP is probably the best known agent for uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) by ATP synthase gets disconnected or uncoupled from oxidation.September 2023 DNP raises the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and lowers T4 (thyroid hormone) levels by increasing T4 metabolism and reducing thyroid hormone secretion. Because it binds to thyroxine-binding globulin, overall thyroid function may not be affected. DNP cannot substitute for thyroid hormone in myxedema.Weiss Roy E. Refetoff Samuel Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric 2016 W.B. Saunders 978-0-323-18907-1 1397 Chapter 78 - Thyroid Function Testing Seventh Pharmacokinetics Information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DNP in humans is limited.Meyer Lyndsey F. Rajadhyaksha Pooja M. Shah Dhaval K. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for 2,4-dinitrophenol Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 1 June 2022 49 3 325–336 10.1007/s10928-022-09806-y 35089483 246361178 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10928-022-09806-y en 1573-8744 subscription DNP is metabolized via nitro reduction. Its major metabolites are 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol. In overdoses, symptom onset can be as soon as 3 hours and the average time to death was 14 hours. Adverse effects DNP has a low therapeutic index, meaning that the dosage at which toxicity occurs is not much larger than that required to produce a desired effect. Individual tolerance to DNP's harmful short- and long-term effects varies greatly. The most common adverse effect reported is a rash, which could be maculopapular, urticarial, angioedema, or an exfoliative dermatitis. Cataracts can form, causing a permanent loss of vision in days to months of usage, and permanent deafness has also been reported. Other adverse effects reported include peripheral neuritis, agranulocytosis, and neutropaenia. Negative effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and bone marrow can occur. In animal studies, DNP acted as a teratogen, mutagen, and carcinogen and caused developmental and reproductive harm. An unusually yellow coloring of the skin, mucous membranes, sclera, urine, stomach contents, and internal organs is an indication of DNP exposure, but does not occur in every case.Zack F. Gummesson A. Büttner A. Morphologische Befunde als Hinweise auf eine 2,4-Dinitrophenol-Intoxikation Rechtsmedizin 1 October 2022 32 5 386–390 10.1007/s00194-021-00552-y 245336193 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00194-021-00552-y de 1434-5196 subscription Contact with skin or inhalation can cause DNP poisoning. Symptoms are typically mild with dermal exposure, but inhalation can lead to systemic effects, the same way as oral exposure. Overdose Overdose is extremely dangerous; cases reported to poison control centers had a 11.9 percent fatality rate between 2010 and 2020. Although the largest number of overdose deaths occurred in the 1910s and 1920s when the chemical was in more widespread industrial use, the substance's use as a dieting aid has caused a number of fatalities in the 21st century: at least 50 overdose deaths were reported worldwide between 2010 and 2020.Gziut Tomasz Thomas Simon H. L. 2021-11-23 International trends in systemic human exposures to 2,4 dinitrophenol reported to poisons centres Clinical Toxicology 60 5 en 628–631 10.1080/15563650.2021.2005797 34812657 244490656 1556-3650 free Although the lowest published fatal ingested dose is 4.3 mg/kg, a typical overdose death occurs at a higher level of exposure, around 20 – 50 mg/kg.https://books.google.com/books?id=8WYHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 Oxford Desk Reference: Toxicology Bateman Nick Jefferson Robert Thomas Simon Thompson John Vale Allister 2014 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-102248-7 en 258–259 Dinitrophenol The first symptoms to appear are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and perhaps diarrhea. The typical overdose syndrome seen with DNP and other phenols is a combination of hyperthermia, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and tachypnoea. Lu Yuan-Qiang Jiang Jiu-Kun Huang Wei-Dong Clinical features and treatment in patients with acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning Journal of Zhejiang University Science B: Biomedicine & Biotechnology 12 3 189-192 10.1631/jzus.B1000265 21370503 3048933 2011 Because of the heat produced during uncoupling, DNP overdose will overpower the body's attempt to maintain thermal homeostasis and cause an uncontrolled, fatal rise in body temperature up to as high as 44 C. The disruption of metabolism also leads to the accumulation of potassium and phosphate, potentially contributing to toxicity. DNP can cause T wave and ST segment abnormalities; heart muscle, kidney, and liver damage have been found on autopsy. According to an analysis of United Kingdom and United States overdose cases, tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, acidosis, and agitation or confusion are independent predictors of overdose death.Potts A. J. Bowman N. J. Seger D. L. Thomas S. H. L. Toxicoepidemiology and predictors of death in 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) toxicity Clinical Toxicology 3 June 2021 59 6 515–520 10.1080/15563650.2020.1826505 33021407 222159746 There is no antidote to DNP and management strategies are based on expert opinion and case studies. Treatment for overdose is supportive, and often involves aggressive cooling using methods such as ice baths and intravenous fluids. Grundlingh et al. recommend administering activated charcoal if the patient presents within an hour of ingestion and using intravenous vasopressors or inotropes to control blood pressure if necessary. Intravenous methylthioninium chloride can treat methaemoglobinaemia. Benzodiazepines can help control seizures and dantrolene has been used in an attempt to control hyperthemia. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been used on people who died of DNP overdoses but has no known successful outcomes. History During World War I, munitions workers in France fell ill and some died from DNP exposure. Stanford University academic Maurice L. Tainter learned of DNP's effect in raising the metabolic rate and causing weight loss and pioneered its use as a weight loss drug. Although he was aware of DNP's narrow therapeutic index, Tainter tried the drugs on obese patients and published successful results in 1933; average weight loss was 20 lbs and most recipients did not report adverse effects. In 1934, Tainter estimated that at least 100,000 people had been treated with DNP in the United States during its first year on the market and there had been three reported fatalities connected to the drug.Colman Eric Dinitrophenol and obesity: An early twentieth-century regulatory dilemma Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2007 48 2 115–117 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.03.006 17475379 Tainter argued that DNP was highly effective in raising the metabolic rate (up to 50 percent) and avoided the negative circulatory effects of desiccated thyroid, another weight loss drug in use at the time. upright=1.3|thumb|DNP explainer in the FDA publication Chamber of Horrors Other physicians were less optimistic about the adverse effects of DNP, and in 1935 the American Medical Association's Council on Chemistry and Pharmacy declined to list DNP in the New and Nonofficial Remedies on the grounds that its benefits did not exceed its risks to health. Reports of cataracts forming during DNP usage administered by a physician appeared the same year; in 1936 an ophthalmologist based in San Francisco estimated that 2,500 American women had gone blind from DNP use. Physician opinion turned against the drug, but many people bought direct-to-consumer preparations of DNP—marketed as a cosmetic rather than a drug to evade existing regulations.Swann John P. Perspectives on Twentieth-century Pharmaceuticals 2010 Peter Lang 978-3-03910-920-3 289, 292, 299, 301 en Reducing with dinitrophenol : self-medication, and the challenge of regulating a dangerous pharmaceutical before the US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act DNP's risks were highlighted in the Chamber of Horrors, an exhibit assembled by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to explain the limitations of existing American drug regulations. In 1938, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act increased the FDA's ability to regulate drugs. DNP was deemed so toxic as to be banned for human consumption and in 1940 the FDA reported that there was no evidence of continued sale for this purpose. Nevertheless, it continued to be used for weight loss. William F. Loomis and Fritz Albert Lipmann discovered DNP's mechanism of action and reported it in a 1948 publication. Reports of its use increased in the twenty-first century after the drug became available on the Internet.Yen May Ewald Michele Burns Toxicity of Weight Loss Agents Journal of Medical Toxicology 2012 8 2 145–152 10.1007/s13181-012-0213-7 en 1937-6995 free 22351299 3550246 As a pollutant Although many militaries are replacing traditional 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-based explosives for insensitive munitions, DNP is a degradation byproduct of the IMX-101 insensitive munition used by the United States Army.Richard Thomas Weidhaas Jennifer Biodegradation of IMX-101 explosive formulation constituents: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine Journal of Hazardous Materials 15 September 2014 280 372–379 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.019 25181681 2014JHzM..280..372R https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030438941400675X 0304-3894 subscription While the Meisenheimer charge transfer reaction is effective at detecting TNT, it is not effective at detecting many other explosives including DNP. Researchers are studying colorimetric detection and other methods for DNP to find if water or solids such as soils are contaminated with DNP.Chen Lili Cheng Zihan Peng Xinyue Qiu Guoqiao Wang Li Eu-Doped MOF-based high-efficiency fluorescent sensor for detecting 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol simultaneously Analytical Methods 2022 14 1 44–51 10.1039/D1AY01747K 34889337 244787652 https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/ay/d1ay01747k en subscription Feng Hai-Tao Zheng Yan-Song Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Nitrophenolic Explosives by Using Nanospheres of a Tetraphenylethylene Macrocycle Displaying Aggregation-Induced Emission Chemistry - A European Journal 3 January 2014 20 1 195–201 10.1002/chem.201302638 24285612 2014ChEuJ..20..195F Adegoke Oluwasesan Daeid Niamh Nic Polymeric-coated Fe-doped ceria/gold hybrid nanocomposite as an aptasensor for the catalytic enhanced colorimetric detection of 2,4-dinitrophenol Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects October 2021 627 127194 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127194 237672987 https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/b4b76b52-2712-4e14-a573-f75fbb3dd94b Dinesh Bose Aadhav Anantharamakrishnan Devi K. S. Shalini Krishnan Uma Maheswari Electrocatalytic reduction of 2,4 dinitrophenol on carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode and its selective recognition in cold beverages Carbon Letters 1 June 2022 32 4 1017–1029 10.1007/s42823-022-00334-w 2022CarbL..32.1017D 247942852 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42823-022-00334-w en 2233-4998 subscription UiO-66-NH2 can be used to bind to and remove DNP from solution.Xu Zhuang Wen Yuquan Tian Li Li Guangtao Efficient and selective adsorption of nitroaromatic explosives by Zr-MOF Inorganic Chemistry Communications March 2017 77 11–13 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.01.025 Legal status DNP is banned for human consumption in many countries. Because it has some legitimate uses, in many jurisdictions, DNP is legal to sell, but not for human consumption.Alana Hippensteele Pharmacy Fact: Miracle Weight Loss Drug Successfully Burns Fat, Also 'Cooks' Internal Organs https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/pharmacy-fact-miracle-weight-loss-drug-successfully-burns-fat-also-cooks-internal-organs 17 September 2023 Pharmacy Times 7 May 2021 en DNP has been banned by the World Anti-Doping Association since 2015.DNP: Is it really all that dangerous? https://www.opss.org/article/dnp-it-really-all-dangerous Operation Supplement Safety 11 October 2026 en Petróczi et al. recommend against campaigns informing people of the risks of DNP because it could increase use of the drug. However, Sousa et al. argue that publicity campaigns in the United Kingdom in the early and mid-2010s reduced DNP usage. In 2015, Interpol and the World Anti-Doping Agency released an orange notice warning of the dangers of DNP. In 1941, the Eastman Kodak Company, a bulk distributor of DNP, was investigated after some of its product was found in illegal diet pills. Nicholas Bachynsky, a Texas physician, provided the drug to patients under the name "Mitcal". He was convicted of violating drug laws in 1986, but continued to work with DNP and was additionally convicted of fraud in 2008.Grundlingh Johann Dargan Paul I. El-Zanfaly Marwa Wood David M. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP): A Weight Loss Agent with Significant Acute Toxicity and Risk of Death Journal of Medical Toxicology 1 September 2011 7 3 205–212 10.1007/s13181-011-0162-6 en 1937-6995 free 21739343 3550200 In 2018, a seller in the United Kingdom was convicted of manslaughter for selling DNP for human consumption. The conviction was sent to retrial in 2020 by the English Court of Appeal, where the seller was, once again, convicted of gross negligence manslaughter.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-51806951 Eloise Parry: Man convicted over diet pill death BBC News 9 March 2020 The UK government reclassified DNP as a regulated poison with effect from October 2023.Foster Stacey 'Slimming pill' drug DNP to be classified as poison after 33 deaths https://www.itv.com/news/2023-01-29/slimming-pill-drug-to-be-classified-as-poison-after-33-deaths 19 May 2026 ITV 30 January 2023 References External links Athlete dies at the 2025 Arnold Classic Category:Withdrawn drugs Category:Withdrawn anti-obesity drugs Category:Dinitrophenols Category:Ionophores Category:Uncouplers Category:Rodenticides Category:Explosive chemicals Category:Sweet-smelling chemicals Category:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances