1970 Nobel Prize in Literature

20px 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Swedish Academy 1901 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1970/summary/ 1970 laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1974cCrop.jpg "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature." 8 October 1970 (announcement) 10 December 1970 (ceremony) Stockholm, Sweden 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 The 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Soviet-Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008) "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature."Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 nobelprize.org For political reasons he would not receive the prize until 1974. Solzhenitsyn is the fourth Russian recipient of the prize after Ivan Bunin in 1933, Boris Pasternak in 1958 and Mikhail Sholokhov in 1965.Victor Zorza, "Archive, 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wins the Nobel Prize in Literature", The Guardian, 9 October 2020 Laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's works grew out of Russia's narrative traditions and reflect Soviet society. His debut, Odin den' Ivana Denisovicha ("One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", 1962), and several of his later works, focus on life in the Soviet gulag camps. Solzhenitsyn's books often lack an obvious main character, moving instead between different characters at the center of the plot. This reflects a humanist view of the universality of human experience. Among his famous literary works include Rakovyi korpus ("Cancer Ward", 1966), V kruge pervom ("The First Circle", 1968), Avgust chetyrnadtsatogo ("August 1914", 1971), and Arkhipelag Gulag ("The Gulag Archipelago", 1973).Alexandr Solzhenitsyn – Facts nobelprize.orgAleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn britannica.org 170px|thumb|left|Solzhenitsyn's masterpiece The Gulag Archipelago was published after he received the Nobel Prize. Deliberations Nominations In total, the Swedish academy received 128 nominations for 77 writers. Solzhenitsyn received 9 nominations starting in 1969 before being awarded the 1970 prize. He received 6 nominations in 1970.Nomination archive – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn nobelprize.org Nominees included were Patrick White (awarded in 1973), Pablo Neruda (awarded in 1971), Heinrich Böll (awarded in 1972), Jorge Luis Borges and Tarjei Vesaas. 25 of the nominees were nominated first-time, among them Paavo Haavikko, Denis de Rougemont, Heðin Brú, Sei Itō, Tatsuzō Ishikawa, Hugo Bergmann, Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca, Amado Yuzon, Abraham Sutzkever and Mikhail Naimy. Repeated nominees included W. H. Auden, Jorge Amado, Graham Greene, André Malraux, Alberto Moravia, Vladimir Nabokov and Simon Vestdijk. The highest number of nominations were for the Norwegian novelist and poet, Tarjei Vesaas, with 9 nominations. Two of the nominees were women: Marie Under and Victoria Ocampo. The oldest nominee was Scottish writer Compton Mackenzie (aged 87) while the youngest was Finnish author Paavo Haavikko (aged 39). Japanese author Sei Itō and Korean writer Yi Gwangsu were nominated posthumously.Nomination archive – 1970 nobelprize.org The authors Arthur Adamov, Antonio Abad, Louise Bogan, Vera Brittain, Rudolf Carnap, Fernand Crommelynck, Christopher Dawson, John Dos Passos, Leah Goldberg, Amado V. Hernandez, Richard Hofstadter, Roman Ingarden, B. H. Liddell Hart, John O'Hara, Charles Olson, Orhan Kemal, Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Alf Prøysen, Salvador Reyes Figueroa, Wilbur Daniel Steele, Elsa Triolet, and Fritz von Unruh died in 1970 without having been nominated for the prize. The Norwegian poet Tarjei Vesaas, Catalan writer Josep Carner, Italian poet Giuseppe Ungaretti died months before the announcement. Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize No. Nominee Country Genre(s) Nominator(s)1Jorge Amado (1912–2001)Brazilnovel, short storyMarcos Almir Madeira (1916–2003) Antônio Olinto (1919–2009)2Jerzy Andrzejewski (1909–1983)Polish People's Republic Polandnovel, short storyTimo Tiusanen (1936–1985)3Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973)United KingdomUnited Statespoetry, essays, screenplayPaul Goetsch (1934–2018) Barbara Hardy (1924–2016)4Riccardo Bacchelli (1891–1985)Italynovel, drama, essaysGiacomo Devoto (1897–1974) Beniamino Segre (1903–1977)5Eugen Barbu (1923–1993)Socialist Republic of Romania Romanianovel, short story, screenplayAlexandru Rosetti (1895–1990)6Agustí Bartra (1908–1982)Francoist Spain Spainpoetry, songwriting, translationManuel Durán (1925–2020) 7Hugo Bergmann (1883–1975)CzechoslovakiaIsraelphilosophyAndré Neher (1914–1988)8Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986)Argentinapoetry, essays, translation, short storyArthur Ernest Gordon (1902–1989) Helen Gardner (1908–1986) Manuel Durán (1925–2020) Edward Hetsel Schafer (1913–1991) Heinrich Bihler (1918–2017)9Heinrich Böll (1917–1985)West Germanynovel, short storyKarl Theodor Hyldgaard-Jensen (1917–1995) Gustav Korlén (1915–2014) Henry Olsson (1896–1985)10Heðin Brú (1901–1987)Faroe Islandsnovel, short story, translationÓlavur Michelsen (1933–1978)11Josep Carner (1884–1970)Francoist Spain Spainpoetry, drama, translationRamon Aramon i Serra (1907–2000) Émilie Noulet (1892–1978) Jordi Rubió (1887–1982)12Aimé Césaire (1913–2008)Martiniquepoetry, drama, essaysArtur Lundkvist (1906–1991)13André Chamson (1900–1983)Francenovel, essaysYves Gandon (1899–1975) Élie Bachas (1903–1986) Armand Lunel (1892–1977)14Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca (1914–2008)TurkeypoetryHerbert Howarth (1900–1971) Yaşar Nabi Nayır (1908–1981)15Denis de Rougemont (1906–1985)Switzerlandphilosophy, essaysJean-Théodore Brutsch (1898–1973)16Youssef Durra al-Haddad (1913–1979)Lebanonessays, theologyFouad Boustany (1904–1994)17Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990)Switzerlanddrama, novel, short story, essaysWerner Betz (1912–1980) Karl Siegfried Guthke (1933–)18Rabbe Enckell (1903–1974)Finlandshort story, poetryCarl Fredrik Sandelin (1925–2024) Karl Robert Villehad Wikman (1886–1975)19Salvador Espriu (1913–1985)Francoist Spain Spaindrama, novel, poetryAntoni Comas (1931–1981) Heinrich Bihler (1918–2017)20José Maria Ferreira de Castro (1898–1978)Estado Novo (Portugal) PortugalnovelAntônio Olinto (1919–2009)21Max Frisch (1911–1991)Switzerlandnovel, dramaJohn Stephenson Spink (1909–1985)22Robert Ganzo (1898–1995)VenezuelaFrancepoetry, translation, history, essays, drama, biographyAndré Lebois (1915–1978)23Günter Grass (1927–2015)West Germanynovel, drama, poetry, essaysManfred Windfuhr (1930–)24Graham Greene (1904–1991)United Kingdomnovel, short story, autobiography, essaysMary Renault (1905–1983) Esko Pennanen (1912–1990)25Jorge Guillén (1893–1984)Francoist Spain Spainpoetry, literary criticismManuel Durán (1925–2020)26Paavo Haavikko (1931–2008)Finlandpoetry, drama, essaysTimo Tiusanen (1936–1985)27William Heinesen (1900–1991)Faroe Islandspoetry, short story, novelHarald Noreng (1913–2006)28Vladimír Holan (1905–1980)Czechoslovakiapoetry, essaysAdolf Hoffmeister (1902–1973)29Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994)Socialist Republic of Romania RomaniaFrancedrama, essaysLouis Alexander MacKay (1901–1982)30Tatsuzō Ishikawa (1905–1985)Japannovel, essaysKojiro Serizawa (1897–1993)31Sei Itō (1905–1969)(posthumous nomination)Japanpoetry, essays, novel, short story, translation32Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)Swedennovel, short story 20px Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) Henry Olsson (1896–1985)33Erich Kästner (1899–1974)West Germanypoetry, screenplay, autobiographyGerd Høst-Heyerdahl (1915–2007)34Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981)Socialist Republic of Croatia CroatiaSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslaviapoetry, drama, short story, novel, essaysJara Ribnikar (1912–2007) Marijan Matković (1915–1985)35Siegfried Lenz (1926–2014)West Germanynovel, short story, essays, dramaJohannes Edfelt (1904–1997)36Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897–1976)Austriapoetry, novel, drama, screenplayHilde Spiel (1911–1990)37Saunders Lewis (1893–1985)United Kingdompoetry, essays, history, literary criticismJohn Ellis Caerwyn Williams (1912–1999)38Lin Yutang (1895–1976)Chinanovel, philosophy, essays, translationExecutive Committee of the Chinese Center – International PEN39Compton Mackenzie (1883–1972)United Kingdomnovel, short story, drama, poetry, history, biography, essays, literary criticism, memoirNorman Jeffares (1920–2005)40Hugh MacLennan (1907–1990)Canadanovel, essaysLawrence Lande (1906–1998)41Harold Macmillan (1894–1986)United Kingdomhistory, essays, memoirCarl Becker (1925–1973)42André Malraux (1901–1976)Francenovel, essays, literary criticismAimo Sakari (1911–2001) Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) Ernest Lee Tuveson (1915–1996) John Henry Raleigh (1920–2001) Pierre Grappin (1915–1997) Jean Bourrilly (1911–1971)43Harry Martinson (1904–1978)Swedenpoetry, novel, drama, essays20px Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) Henry Olsson (1896–1985) Arthur Arnholtz (1901–1973)44László Mécs (1895–1978)Hungarian People's Republic Hungarypoetry, essaysWatson Kirkconnell (1895–1977)45Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973)Swedennovel, drama, historyHarald Noreng (1913–2006)46Eugenio Montale (1896–1981)Italypoetry, translationUberto Limentani (1913–1989)47Alberto Moravia (1907–1990)Italynovel, literary criticism, essays, dramaJacques Robichez (1914–1999)48Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977)Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic RussiaUnited Statesnovel, short story, poetry, drama, translation, literary criticism, memoir Bernard Tervoort (1920–2006)49Mikhail Naimy (1889–1988)Lebanonpoetry, drama, short story, novel, autobiography, literary criticismToufic Fahd (1923–2009)50Pablo Neruda (1904–1973)ChilepoetryJosephine Miles (1911–1985) Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991)51Victoria Ocampo (1890–1979)Argentinaessays, literary criticism, biographyMiguel Alfredo Olivera (1922–2008)52Emilio Oribe (1893–1975)Uruguaypoetry, essays, philosophySarah Bollo (1904–1987)53Germán Pardo García (1902–1991)ColombiaMexicopoetryKurt Leopold Levy (1917–2000)54Pandelis Prevelakis (1909–1986)Kingdom of Greece Greecenovel, poetry, drama, essaysKariophilēs Mētsakēs (1932–2013)55Evaristo Ribera Chevremont (1890–1976)Puerto RicopoetryErnesto Juan Fonfrías (1909–1990)56Hans Ruin (1891–1980)FinlandSwedenphilosophyArthur Arnholtz (1901–1973)57Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906–2001)Senegalpoetry, essaysArtur Lundkvist (1906–1991)58Georges Simenon (1903–1989)Belgiumnovel, short story, memoirRichard Alewyn (1902–1979)59Claude Simon (1913–2005)Francenovel, essaysEyvind Johnson (1900–1976) Lars Gyllensten (1921–2006)60Charles Percy Snow (1905–1980)United Kingdomnovel, essaysSylvère Monod (1921–2006)61Aleksandr Solzjenitsyn (1918–2008)Soviet Unionnovel, short story, essaysMagnus von Platen (1920–2002) Per Wästberg (1933–) Yakov Malkiel (1914–1998) Walther Hinz (1906–1992) Max Rouché (1902–1985) Jacques Proust (1926–2005)62Abraham Sutzkever (1913–2010)Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic BelarusIsraelpoetryJoseph Leftwich (1892–1984)63Friedebert Tuglas (1886–1971)Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Estoniashort story, literary criticismLassi Nummi (1928–2012)64Marie Under (1883–1980)Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Estoniapoetry65Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888–1970)Italypoetry, essays, literary criticismMarco Scovazzi (1923–1971)66Lluís Valeri i Sahís (1891–1971)Francoist Spain SpainpoetryAntoni Griera y Gaja (1887–1973)67Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970)Norwaypoetry, novelPekka Lappalainen (1925–1981) Erik Frykman (1905–1980) Harry Sandbach (1903–1991) Carl-Eric Thors (1920–1986) Kauko Aatos Ojala (1919–1987) Bror Åkerblom (1908–1984) Sigmund Skard (1903–1995) Odd Bang-Hansen (1908–1984) Harald Noreng (1913–2006)68Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971)Netherlandsnovel, poetry, essays, translationSimon Koster (1900–1989) Dirk de Jong (1910–1974) Jacoba Eggink (1914–1997) Jan Kamerbeek Jr. (1905–1977) Nel Boer-den Hoed (1899–1973) Adriaan Prins (1921–2000)69Gerard Walschap (1898–1989)Belgiumnovel, drama, essaysWilliam Pée (1903–1986) Maurice Gilliams (1900–1982)70Frank Waters (1902–1995)United Statesnovel, essays, memoir, biographyThomas Lyon (1937–)71Sándor Weöres (1913–1989)Hungarian People's Republic Hungarypoetry, translationÁron Kibédi Varga (1930–2018)72Patrick White (1912–1990)Australianovel, short story, drama, poetry, autobiographyHesba Fay Brinsmead (1922–2003) Leslie Rees (1905–2000) Harold Leslie Rogers (1925–1990) Gerald Wilkes (1927–2020) Muriel Clara Bradbrook (1909–1993) Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991)73Thornton Wilder (1897–1975)United Statesdrama, novel, short storyCharles Bracelen Flood (1930–2014) Peter Wapnewski (1922–2012)74Edmund Wilson (1895–1972)United Statesessays, literary criticism, short story, dramaRobert Brustein (1927–2023)75Yi Gwangsu (1892–1950)(posthumous nomination)South Koreanovel, short storyBaek Cheol (1908–1985)76Amado Yuzon (1906–1979)Philippinespoetry, essaysZhong Dingwen (1914–2012) Emeterio Barcelon Barcelo-Soriano (1897-1978)77Carl Zuckmayer (1896–1977)West Germanydrama, screenplayHerbert Penzl (1910–1995) Prize decision Alexander Solzhenitsyn had been considered for the prize the previous year. In 1970, five of the six members of the Swedish Academy's Nobel committee supported the proposal that Solzhenitsyn should be awarded the prize. Committee member Artur Lundkvist however opposed a prize to Solzhenitsyn. Lundkvist questioned the artistic value of Solzhenitsyn's work and argued that the Nobel prize in literature should not be a political prize. Lundkvist proposed that the prize for 1970 should be awarded to Pablo Neruda, with Patrick White as his second proposal. Lundkvist argued that "If it is at all possible to compare a poet and an epic writer (...) it appears obvious to me that Solzhenitzyn's work from an artistic perspective can not be mentioned next to Neruda's. Neither does his work stand such a comparison to Patrick White's."https://sa-admin.lb.se/assets/84b93c3f-7de2-472b-800b-02109fef5baa.pdf Yttrande av Artur Lundkvist (pdf) Svenska Akademien All the other members of the Nobel committee agreed on Solzhenitsyn as the first proposal.https://sa-admin.lb.se/assets/1e81b557-0454-4554-8327-2b78e41c8cc0.pdf Utlåtande av Svenska Akademiens Nobelkommitté 1970 Svenska Akademien Committee member Lars Gyllensten concluded that Solzhenitsyn "with a quantitatively rather small output appears as an impressively richly equipped, complicated and independently conscious author with a rare versatile material and unusual psychological ability of portrayal." The committee had also received several proposals from outside the Swedish Academy that Solzhenitsyn should be awarded the Nobel prize in literature, one such proposal came from the 1952 laureate Francois Mauriac and a number of other prominent French authors and cultural persons. While a majority of the members of the Nobel committee acknowledged that Solzhenitsyn was worthy of the prize, the committee was worried about how the authorities in the Soviet Union would react if Solzhenitsyn was awarded. For this reason the committee presented an alternative proposal with Patrick White and W.H. Auden as the main candidates weeks before the final vote, should it be known that Solzhenitsyn's life was in danger. On the final vote on 8 October 1970 Solzhenitsyn got the majority of the delivered votes from the members of the Swedish Academy.https://www.svenskaakademien.se/hemligstamplat-sa-fick-solzjenitsyn-nobelpriset Hemligstämplat: Så fick Solzjenitsyn Nobelpriset Kaj Schueler Svenska Dagbladet 10 May 2021 Swedish http://tidskriftenrespons.se/artikel/nya-ingangar-i-solzjenitsyns-nobelpris-nar-sekretessen-havs/ NYA INGÅNGAR I SOLZJENITSYNS NOBELPRIS NÄR SEKRETESSEN HÄVS Lennart Samuelson Respons 2021 Swedish Another shortlisted candidate for the 1970 prize was André Malraux, who was listed as the second proposal after Solzhentizyn by Nobel committee members Eyvind Johnson and Anders Österling. In a report dated 27 May 1970, Karl Ragnar Gierow said that Malraux was "undeniably worthy of the Nobel prize", if one could overlook what Malraux had achieved and not achieved in recent years. But Gierow argued that Malraux's best work was too far back in time, and the fact that Malraux now was a member of the French government further made it difficult for the Swedish Academy to award him.https://sa-admin.lb.se/assets/431c56c2-781f-474d-9055-334f62a6a492.pdf Yttrande av Herr Gierow Svenska Akademien Gierow also noted that the Nobel committee's dismissal of Graham Greene's long standing candidacy in 1970 was likely to mean that the committee would not further consider Greene as a candidate for the prize, unless Greene returned with works of the same standard as his most acclaimed works of the past. Reaction and controversy In 1969, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Russian Union of Writers. The following year, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, which he intentionally did not attend for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat—clandestine form).https://books.google.com/books?id=a2mt8_9UF-8C&q=Samizdat%20and%20Political%20Dissent%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union&pg=PA24 Samizdat and Political Dissent in the Soviet Union Feldbrugge F. J. M. 1975 A.W. Sijthoff 9789028601758 Leyden 24 After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself." Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union.Stig Fredrikson, "How I Helped Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Smuggle His Nobel Lecture from the USSR", nobelprize.org, 22 February 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2021. Within the Swedish Academy, member Artur Lundkvist had argued that the Nobel Prize in Literature should not become a political prize and questioned the artistic value of Solzhenitsyn's work.Alison Flood, "Nobel archives reveal judges’ safety fears for Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn", The Guardian, 14 May 2021. Harassed by the Communist party and the KGB, Solzhenitsyn was fearful that if he went to Stockholm to accept the Nobel medal and diploma, he would be stripped of his Soviet citizenship and prevented from coming home. Plans were arranged for the Swedish Academy's permanent secretary, Karl Ragnar Gierow, to give him the award in a Moscow apartment. But when Gierow was refused a Russian visa, Solzhenitsyn expressed his anger in an open letter he released to the press, asking the Swedish Academy to "keep the Nobel insignia for an indefinite period... If I do not live long enough myself, I bequeath the task of receiving them to my son." In the western world the prize decision was generally positively received. Les Lettres Françaises stated that "The choice of Alexander Solzhenitsyn justifies the existence of the Nobel Prize in Literature".https://www.svenskaakademien.se/svenska-akademien/akademiens-arkiv/reaktioner-pa-alexander-solzjenitsyns-nobelpris Reaktioner på Alexander Solzjenitsyns Nobelpris Svenska Akademien Swedish Award ceremony At the award ceremony in Stockholm City Hall on 10 December 1970, the permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Karl Ragnar Gierow said: "A message about special circumstances seldom travels far and the words that fly round the world are those which appeal to, and help us, all. Such are the words of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. They speak to us of matters that we need to hear more than ever before, of the individual's indestructible dignity. Wherever that dignity is violated, whatever the reason or the means, his message is not only an accusation but also an assurance: those who commit such a violation are the only ones to be degraded by it. The truth of this is plain to see wherever one travels. Even the external form which Solzhenitsyn seeks for his work bears witness to his message. This form has been termed the polyphone or horizontal novel. It might equally be described as a story with no chief character. Which is to say that this is not individualism at the expense of the surroundings. But nor may the gallery of persons act as a collective that smothers the individuals of which it is entirely composed. Solzhenitsyn has explained what he means by polyphonism: each person becomes the chief character whenever the action concerns him. This is not just a technique, it is a creed. The narrative focuses on the only human element in existence, the human individual, with equal status among equals, one destiny among millions and a million destinies in one. This is the whole of humanism in a nutshell, for the kernel is love of mankind. This year's Nobel Prize for Literature has been awarded to the proclaimer of such a humanism."https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1970/ceremony-speech/ Award ceremony speech nobelprize.org Solzhenitsyn could not receive the award until four years later. Presenting him the award, Gierow said at the award ceremony on 10 December 1974 : "Not only for the Swedish Academy but for all of us the ceremony today has a particular significance: we can, finally, hand over to the laureate of 1970 the insignia of his award. Mr Alexander Solzhenitsyn: I have already made two speeches to you. The first one you couldn't listen to, because there was a frontier to cross. The second one I couldn't deliver, because there was a frontier to cross. Your presence here today doesn't mean that the frontiers have at last been abolished. On the contrary, it means that you are now on this side of a border that still exists. But the spirit of your writings, as I understand it, the driving force of your work, like the spirit and force of Alfred Nobel's last will and testament, is to open all frontiers, to enable man to meet man, freely and confidently." Solzhenitsyn's visit to Stockholm and his presence at the award ceremony in 1974 was much noticed in the Swedish press.https://www.svenskaakademien.se/en/node/4313 Solzjenitsyn på besök i Stockholm 1974 Svenska Akademien Nobel lecture Alexander Solzhenitsyn delivered his Nobel lecture at the Swedish Academy on 7 December 1974. References External links Award Ceremony speech nobelprize.org Nobel diploma nobelprize.org Banquet speech nobelprize.org Article nobelprize.org 1970 Category:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Nobel