1862–63 United States Senate elections

none March 2026 November 2020 1862–63 United States Senate elections United States 1863 legislative no 1860–61 United States Senate elections 1860 & 1861 1864–65 United States Senate elections 1864 & 1865 Class 1 1856–57 United States Senate elections 1856 & 1857 1868–69 United States Senate elections 1868 & 1869 24Including late elections. of the 70Twenty seats were vacant as a result of secession. seats in the United States Senate 36As 20 seats representing the Confederacy remained vacant during the 38th Congress, the actual number of senators needed for a majority was 26. January 4, 1862–November 13, 1863 160x180px Seats up Races won Republican Party (United States) Republican–Union File:Hon. John P. Hale, N.H - NARA - 528278 (cropped).tif John P. HaleAs chairman of the Senate Republican Conference(retired as leader) New Hampshire 31 31coalition Five senators—Constitutional Unionist William Sprague IV of Rhode Island, Radical Unionists B. Gratz Brown and John B. Henderson of Missouri, and Unionists Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey of West Virginia—caucused with the Republican–Unionists after the start of the 38th Congress, increasing their caucus to 36 seats.Greeley 1864 24 12 12 Democratic Party (United States) — Democratic Party (United States) Dem No formal leadership N/A 14 10pearce Democrats lost 1 seat as a result of the death of James Pearce of Maryland, reducing their caucus to 9 seats.Evening Journal Almanac 1863 55 4 9 5 Unionist politician (American Civil War) 4 6hicks Unionists gained 1 seat as a result of the appointment of Thomas H. Hicks of Maryland, increasing their caucus to 7 seats.Evening Journal Almanac 1863 55coalition 3 2 5 Radical Union Party (Missouri) 0 2coalition 2 — 2 Constitutional Union Party (United States) 0 1coalition 1 0 1 350px Results #0671B0 Democratic gain #92C5DE Democratic hold #e08214 CU gain #CA0120 Republican gain #F48882 Republican hold #a22222 Union gain #de9292 Union hold #dd3497 Border state gain #ffaacc Border state hold #aa0044 Radical Union gain The 1862–63 United States Senate elections were held from January 4, 1862, to November 13, 1863. Regularly scheduled elections were held for 20 out of the 70 seats in the United States Senate, and special elections were held in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon, and Rhode Island. The Republican–Union coalition retained their majority despite an unfavorable national environment. U.S. senators are divided into three classes whose six-year terms are staggered, such that one-third of the Senate is elected every two years. Senators in Class 1 were elected in 1862 and 1863. Prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the U.S. state legislatures. There was no fixed calendar, and states held elections on various dates preceding the first session of Congress. In states with split partisan control of the legislature, multiple rounds of voting could be required to elect a senator, leading to extended vacancies.National Archives 2022 While Democrats made significant gains in the 1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections and won important state races in Illinois, Indiana, and New York, the party failed to improve its standing in the Senate and instead suffered a net loss of seats.Smith 2006 57–58 Republican–Unionists flipped Democratic-held seats in California, Oregon, and Minnesota, while Democrats flipped Republican-held seats in Illinois and Pennsylvania. In Indiana and New Jersey, Democrats defeated Republican–Union incumbents appointed to fill vacancies caused by the expulsion or death of a Democratic senator.Evening Journal Almanac 1864 34–40 Radical Unionists gained both Missouri seats held by Democrats prior to 1862, and Constitutional Unionists flipped a Republican-held seat in Rhode Island.Parrish 1973 103–4 Dell 1975 165 No election was held in Tennessee following the resignation of Democrat Andrew Johnson, increasing the number of vacancies to 20.Evening Journal Almanac 1863 58 The death of James A. Pearce of Maryland reduced the Democratic caucus to nine seats before the start of the 38th Congress.Evening Journal Almanac 1863 55 Greeley 1864 24 The Missouri Radical Unionists, both Union senators from West Virginia, and Constitutional Unionist William Sprague IV of Rhode Island subsequently caucused with the Republican–Union majority, increasing their caucus to 36 seats.Greeley 1864 24 Background The elections took place against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the end of slavery in the United States in what was the first real test of Democratic opposition to the Lincoln administration.Silbey 1977 143 The war disrupted established party systems in the free states and the loyal border states, resulting in a partial political realignment. In the Lower North, Republicans and War Democrats contested these elections as the Union Party, while Republicans maintained a separate organization in New England and the Upper Midwest.Smith 2006 57 In Massachusetts and Rhode Island, anti-abolitionist conservatives formed new political parties composed of most Democrats and Constitutional Unionists.Baum 1984 63 Dell 1975 165 In the border states, Unionists were ascendant but internally divided over issues relating to slavery and Reconstruction, resulting in protracted legislative battles in Missouri and West Virginia.Parrish 1963 172 McKinney 1978 27 Emancipation and the status of freedpeople were major issues during the campaign and a significant factor in party alignments. Lincoln's initial plan of gradual, compensated emancipation paired with the colonization of freedpeople outside the United States was jointly rejected by abolitionists who favored immediate, unqualified emancipation, and by Democrats and conservatives who opposed emancipation altogether.Donald 1970 120 Parrish 1973 87 Radical Republican opposition to any compromise with slavery was the catalyst for the formation of the People's Party in Massachusetts, who campaigned in support of Lincoln's proposal.Baum 1984 63 The manner and timing of emancipation split the Missouri unionist movement, leading Immediate Emancipationists to organize the Radical Union Party in September 1863.Parrish 1973 93–94, 101 The appearance of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 interrupted the campaign and undercut the momentum of pro-Lincoln conservatives.Donald 1970 81 Democrats attempted to capitalize on racist backlash to the proclamation, warning that emancipation would precipitate slave rebellions and large-scale Black migration to the free states, and charging the administration of prolonging the war in service of religious fanaticism.McPherson 1988 557, 560 While radical Republicans celebrated the proclamation, moderates and conservatives feared the president's policy spelled electoral defeat.Allardice 2011 108 In Ohio, Republican–Unionists avoided mention of slavery in their state platform, and the Indiana Union Party called for the restoration of the Union with the rights of the states fully intact.Smith 2006 58 Results summary Parties Total Democratic Republican–Union UnionIncluding all border state senators elected as Emancipationists, Unionists, or Union Democrats. Radical Union Others Vacant Last elections (1860–61) 31 31 — — 1 5 68 Before these elections 9 33 6 — — 20 68 Not up 5 19 2 — — 16 42 Class 2 (1858–59→1864–65) 2 8 1 — — 9 20 Class 3 (1860–61→1866–67) 3 11 1 — — 7 22 Up 4 14 4 — — 6 28 Class 1 (1856–57→1862–63) 3 12 3 — — 4 24 Special: Class 2 & 3 1 2 1 — — — 3 Special: Class 1 — 3 1 — — — 5 New states — — — — — 2West Virginia 2 General election 1862 — 3 1 — — — 4 Held by same party — 2 1 — — — 3 Replaced by other party 1 Republican replaced by 1 Constitutional Unionist 1 Result — 2 1 — 1 — 4 1863 3 9 2 — — 6 20 Held by same party 1 6 1 — — 4 12 Replaced by other party 3 Republican–Unionists replaced by 3 Democrats 2 Democrats replaced by 2 Republican–Unionists 2 vacancies replaced by 2 Unionists 1 Unionist replaced by 1 Radical Unionist 8 Result 5 8 3 1 1 4 22 Special election 1862 1 2 — — — — 3 Held by same party — 1 — — — — 1 Replaced by other party 1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican–Unionist 1 Republican–Unionist replaced by 1 Constitutional Unionist 2 Result — 2 — — 1 — 3 1863 — 3 2 — — — 5 Held by same party — — 1 — — — 1 Replaced by other party 3 Republican–Unionists replaced by 3 Democrats 1 Unionist replaced by 1 Radical Unionist 4 Result 3 2 1 1 — — 8 Result 10 31 6 2 1 20 70 Other changespearcehicks 1 1 70 Changes after December 7, 1863 5 2 2 1 70 Maps Change in composition Each block represents one of the 68 seats in the U.S. Senate. (The admission of West Virginia on June 20, 1863, increased the number of seats in the Senate to 70.) "CU#" is a Constitutional Union senator, "D#" is a Democratic senator, "Rad#" is a Radical Union senator, "R#" is a Republican senator, "RU#" is a Republican–Union senator, "U#" is a Union senator, and "V#" is a vacant seat. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle. Before the elections V4 V3 V2 V1 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 D1 D2 D3 D4 D14Ore. (sp) Oregon (special)Retired D13Minn. MinnesotaRetired D12Calif. CaliforniaRetired D11Del. DelawareRan D10Tenn. TennesseeNo electiontn Democrat Andrew Johnson remained in the Senate following the secession of Tennessee until his resignation on March 4, 1862. No election was held for this seat in 1862 or 1863. D9Mo. (sp) Missouri (special)Expelledmo3 Democrat Waldo P. Johnson was expelled on January 10, 1862, and was succeeded in the interim by Unionist Robert Wilson. Radical Unionist B. Gratz Brown won the special election for the unexpired term. D8Mo. (reg) Missouri (regular)Expelledmo1 Democrat Trusten Polk was expelled on January 10, 1862, and was succeeded in the interim by Unionist John B. Henderson. Henderson won the special election for the unexpired term and was re-elected to the next term as a Radical Unionist. D7Ind. IndianaExpelledin Democrat Jesse D. Bright was expelled on February 5, 1862, and succeeded in the interim by Unionist Joseph A. Wright. Democrat David Turpie won the special election for the unexpired term and Democrat Thomas A. Hendricks won the regular election for the next term. D6N.J. New JerseyDiednj Democrat John R. Thomson died on September 12, 1862, and was succeeded in the interim by Unionist Richard S. Field. Democrat James W. Wall won the special election for the unexpired term and Democrat William Wright won the regular election for the next term. D5 U1 U2 U3Va. VirginiaRan U4Md. MarylandRetired R31Ill. (sp) Illinois (special)Retired R30Wis. WisconsinRan R29Vt. VermontRan R28R.I. Rhode IslandRanri Republican James F. Simmons resigned on August 15, 1862, after losing the regular election for the next term. Constitutional Unionist Samuel G. Arnold won the special election for the remainder of the unexpired term and was succeeded by Constitutional Unionist William Sprague, who had defeated Simmons. R27Pa. WisconsinRan R26OhioRan Majority → R25N.Y. New YorkRan R16 R17 R18 R19 R20Mich. (sp) Michigan (special)Died R21Conn. ConnecticutRan R22MaineRan R23Mass. MassachusettsRan R24Mich. (reg) Michigan (regular)Ran R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 V15 V16 V17Fla. FloridaNo election V18Miss. MississippiNo election V19TexasNo election R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 V14 V13 V12 V11 After the elections Unionist Thomas H. Hicks was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the death of James A. Pearce of Maryland, flipping the seat from Democratic to Union.Evening Journal Almanac 1863 55 V5 V4 V3 V2 V1 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5Del. DelawareRe-elected U6W.V. West VirginiaGain U5Md. (ap) Maryland (appointed)Gain U4Va. VirginiaHold U3Md. MarylandGain U2 U1 D9Pa. PennsylvaniaGain D8N.J. New JerseyGainnj D7Ind. IndianaGainin D6Ill. (sp) Illinois (special)Gain U7W.V. West VirginiaGain Rad1Mo. (reg) Missouri (regular)Gainmo1 Rad2Mo. (sp) Missouri (special)Gainmo3 CU1R.I. Rhode IslandGainri RU31Ore. (sp) Oregon (special)Gain RU30Minn. MinnesotaGain RU29Calif. CaliforniaGain RU28N.Y. New YorkHold RU27Mich. (sp) Michigan (special)Hold RU26Wis. WisconsinRe-elected Majority → RU25Vt. VermontRe-elected RU16 RU17 RU18 RU19 RU20Conn. ConnecticutRe-elected RU21MaineRe-elected RU22Mass. MassachusettsRe-elected RU23Mich. (reg) Michigan (regular)Re-elected RU24OhioRe-elected RU15 RU14 RU13 RU12 RU11 RU10 RU9 RU8 RU7 RU6 V16 V17Fla. FloridaHold V18Miss. MississippiHold V19TexasHold V20Tenn. TennesseeD Losstn RU1 RU2 RU3 RU4 RU5 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 Beginning of the first session Five senators elected as border state Unionists (Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey of West Virginia), Radical Unionists (B. Gratz Brown and John B. Henderson of Missouri), or Constitutional Unionists (William Sprague of Rhode Island) caucused with the Republican–Union majority after the start of the 38th Congress, increasing their caucus to 36 seats.Greeley 1864 24 V5 V4 V3 V2 V1 V6 V7 V8 V9 V10 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 RU36W.V. West VirginiaChanged U5 U4 U3 U2 U1 D9 D8 D7 D6 RU35W.V. West VirginiaChanged RU34Mo. MissouriChanged RU33Mo. MissouriChanged RU32R.I. Rhode IslandChanged RU31 RU30 RU29 RU28 RU27 RU26 Majority → RU25 RU16 RU17 RU18 RU19 RU20 RU21 RU22 RU23 RU24 RU15 RU14 RU13 RU12 RU11 RU10 RU9 RU8 RU7 RU6 V16 V17 V18 V19 V20 RU1 RU2 RU3 RU4 RU5 V15 V14 V13 V12 V11 Key: CU# Constitutional Union D# Democratic Rad# Radical Union R# Republican RU# Republican–Union U# Union V# Vacant Race summaries Special elections during the preceding Congress Special elections were held to fill six vacancies in the 37th United States Congress. State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates Michigan(Class 2) Kinsley S. Bingham 1858 Incumbent died October 5, 1861.New member elected January 4, 1862.Republican hold. First ballot (January 4, 1862) Republican Party (US) Jacob M. Howard (Republican) 75 H Michigan House of Representatives; 28 S Michigan Senate Democratic Party (US)Alpheus Felch (Democratic) 10 H Michigan House of Representatives; 2 S Michigan Senate Oregon(Class 2) Benjamin Stark 1862 (ap. appointed) Interim appointee retired.New senator elected September 12, 1862.Union gain. Thirtieth ballot (September 12, 1862) National Union Party (US) Benjamin F. Harding (Union) 28 National Union Party (US)Henry W. Corbett (Union) 11 National Union Party (US)George H. Williams (Union) 5 Democratic Party (US)John Whiteaker (Democratic) 3 Blank 1 Rhode Island(Class 1) James F. Simmons 18411847 (l.r. lost re-election)18571862 (l.r. lost re-election) Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862.New senator elected September 5, 1862.Constitutional Union gain. First ballot (September 5, 1862) Constitutional Union Party (US) Samuel G. Arnold (Constitutional Union) 71 Republican Party (US)Nathan F. Dixon (Republican) 7 Scattering 3 Missouri(Class 1) John B. Henderson Union 1862 (ap. appointed) Interim appointee elected as an Emancipationist January 6, 1863.Emancipation gain. First ballot (January 6, 1863) Emancipation Party (Missouri) John B. Henderson (Emancipation) 104 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Robert Wilson (Union) 47 Democratic Party (US)William A. Hall (Democratic) 1 Illinois(Class 2) Orville H. Browning 1861 (ap. appointed) Interim appointee retired.New member elected January 12, 1863.Democratic gain. First ballot (January 12, 1863) Democratic Party (US) William Richardson (Democratic) 65 National Union Party (US)Richard Yates (Union) 38 Indiana(Class 1) Joseph A. Wright Union 1862 (ap. appointed) Interim appointee retired.New member elected January 14, 1863.Democratic gain. First ballot (January 14, 1863) Democratic Party (US) David Turpie (Democratic) 85 National Union Party (US)Daniel D. Pratt (Union) 62 New Jersey(Class 1) Richard S. Field Union 1862 (ap. appointed) Interim appointee lost re-election January 14, 1863.Democratic gain. First ballot (January 14, 1863) Democratic Party (US) James W. Wall (Democratic) 53 National Union Party (US)Richard S. Field (Union) 23 National Union Party (US)William A. Newell (Union) 2 Democratic Party (US) William Cook (Democratic) 1 Elections leading to the next Congress Eighteen senators were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863. State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates California Milton Latham 1860 (sp. special) Incumbent retired.Union gain. First ballot (February 10, 1863) National Union Party (US) John Conness (Union) 98 Democratic Party (US)Benjamin Shurtleff (Democratic) 15 Democratic Party (US)Joseph P. Hoge (Democratic) 1 Connecticut James Dixon 1856 Incumbent re-elected as a Unionist.Union gain. First ballot (May 22, 1862) National Union Party (US) James Dixon (Union) 162 H Connecticut House of Representatives; 19 S Connecticut Senate Democratic Party (US)Charles Chapman (Democratic) 57 H Connecticut House of Representatives; 0 S Connecticut Senate National Union Party (US)William A. Buckingham (Union) 2 H Connecticut House of Representatives; 0 S Connecticut Senate National Union Party (US)Orris S. Ferry (Union) 2 H Connecticut House of Representatives; 0 S Connecticut Senate Blank 1 H Connecticut House of Representatives; 1 S Connecticut Senate Delaware James A. Bayard 18511857 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 8, 1863) Democratic Party (US) James A. Bayard Jr. (Democratic) 19 National Union Party (US)Edward G. Bradford (Union) 10 Florida Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.No election. None. Indiana Joseph A. Wright Union 1862 (ap. appointed) Interim appointee lost re-election.Democratic gain. First ballot (January 14, 1863) Democratic Party (US) Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) 85 National Union Party (US)Joseph A. Wright (Union) 61 National Union Party (US)Schuyler Colfax (Union) 1 Maine Lot M. Morrill 1861 (sp. special) Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 13, 1863) Republican Party (US) Lot M. Morrill (Republican) 95 H Maine House of Representatives; 25 S Maine Senate Democratic Party (US)William Pickering Haines (Democratic) 42 H Maine House of Representatives; 1 S Maine Senate Republican Party (US)Israel Washburn Jr. (Republican) 1 H Maine House of Representatives; 0 S Maine Senate Republican Party (US)Edward Kent (Republican) 1 H Maine House of Representatives; 0 S Maine Senate Maryland Anthony Kennedy Union 1856–57 Incumbent retired.Union hold. First ballot (March 5, 1862) Unionist politician (American Civil War) Reverdy Johnson (Union) 56 Blank 28 Massachusetts Charles Sumner 18511857 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 15, 1863) Republican Party (US) Charles Sumner (Republican) 194 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 33 S Massachusetts Senate Constitutional Union Party (US)Josiah G. Abbott (People's) 38 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 5 S Massachusetts Senate Democratic Party (US)Caleb Cushing (Democratic) 2 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 0 S Massachusetts Senate Republican Party (US)Charles F. Adams (Republican) 1 H Massachusetts House of Representatives; 1 S Massachusetts Senate Michigan Zachariah Chandler 1857 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 8, 1863) Republican Party (US) Zachariah Chandler (Republican) 60 H Michigan House of Representatives; 18 S Michigan Senate Democratic Party (US)James F. Joy (Democratic) 34 H Michigan House of Representatives; 11 S Michigan Senate Democratic Party (US)Alpheus Felch (Democratic) 0 H Michigan House of Representatives; 2 S Michigan Senate Scattering 1 H Michigan House of Representatives; 1 S Michigan Senate Minnesota Henry Mower Rice 1858 Incumbent retired.Republican gain. First ballot (January 14, 1863) Republican Party (US) Alexander Ramsey (Republican) 45 Democratic Party (US)Andrew G. Chatfield (Democratic) 17 Mississippi Vacant Seat vacant since March 14, 1861.No election. None. Missouri John B. Henderson Emancipation 1863 (sp. special) Incumbent re-elected as a Radical Unionist.Radical Union gain. First ballot (November 13, 1863) Radical Union Party (Missouri) John B. Henderson (Radical Union) 84 Conservative Party (US)John S. Phelps (Conservative) 42 Radical Union Party (Missouri)Benjamin F. Loan (Radical Union) 7 Democratic Party (US)William A. Hall (Democratic) 3 Scattering 2 New Jersey James W. Wall 1863 (sp. special) Incumbent lost re-nomination.Democratic hold. First ballot (February 26, 1863) Democratic Party (US) William Wright (Democratic) 54 National Union Party (US)William A. Newell (Union) 25 New York Preston King 1857 Incumbent lost renomination as a Unionist.Union gain. First ballot (February 3, 1863) National Union Party (US) Edwin D. Morgan (Union) 86 Democratic Party (US)Erastus Corning (Democratic) 70 Scattering 2 Ohio Benjamin Wade Union 18511856Wade was re-elected as a Republican in 1856 and became a Unionist in 1861.Trefousse 1963 152 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (January 22, 1863) National Union Party (US) Benjamin Wade (Union) 75 Democratic Party (US)Hugh J. Jewett (Democratic) 35 National Union Party (US)Thomas Ewing (Union) 15 National Union Party (US)Robert C. Schenck (Union) 1 Pennsylvania David Wilmot 1861 (sp. special) Incumbent lost renomination as a Unionist.Democratic gain. First ballot (January 13, 1863) Democratic Party (US) Charles R. Buckalew (Democratic) 67 National Union Party (US)Simon Cameron (Union) 65 National Union Party (US)William D. Kelley (Union) 1 Rhode Island James F. Simmons 18411847 (l.r. lost re-election)1857 Incumbent lost re-election.Constitutional Union gain.Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862, leading to a special election; see above. First ballot (May 28, 1862) Constitutional Union Party (US) William Sprague (Constitutional Union) 92 Republican Party (US)James F. Simmons (Republican) 5 Republican Party (US)Nathan F. Dixon (Republican) 5 Republican Party (US)Thomas G. Turner (Republican) 1 Tennessee Vacant Seat vacant from March 4, 1862.No election. None. Texas Vacant Seat vacant from July 11, 1861.No election. None. Vermont Solomon Foot 18501856 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (October 14, 1862) Republican Party (US) Solomon Foot (Republican) 206 H Vermont House of Representatives; 30 S Vermont Senate Democratic Party (US)Daniel Kellogg (Democratic) 3 H Vermont House of Representatives; 0 S Vermont Senate Democratic Party (US)Paul Dillingham (Democratic) 2 H Vermont House of Representatives; 0 S Vermont Senate Scattering 2 H Vermont House of Representatives; 0 S Vermont Senate Virginia Waitman T. Willey Union 1861 (sp. special) Incumbent lost re-election.Union hold. Second ballot (January 23, 1863) Unionist politician (American Civil War) Lemuel J. Bowden (Union) 29 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Waitman T. Willey (Union) 19 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Daniel Lamb (Union) 1 West Virginia2 seats None (new state) Seat created June 20, 1863.Union gain. First ballot (August 4, 1863) Unionist politician (American Civil War) Waitman T. Willey (Union) 50 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Archibald W. Campbell (Union) 27 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Benjamin H. Smith (Union) 24 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Peter G. Van Winkle (Union) 22 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Daniel Lamb (Union) 5 Unionist politician (American Civil War)George W. Summers (Union) 3 Scattering 2 Sixth ballot (August 4, 1863) Unionist politician (American Civil War) Peter G. Van Winkle (Union) 46 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Archibald W. Campbell (Union) 12 Unionist politician (American Civil War)George W. Summers (Union) 6 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Benjamin H. Smith (Union) 2 Unionist politician (American Civil War)Thomas K. McCann (Union) 1 Seat created June 20, 1863.Union gain. Wisconsin James R. Doolittle 1857 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot January 22, 1863) Republican Party (US) James R. Doolittle (Republican) 73 Democratic Party (US)Edward George Ryan (Democratic) 57 Scattering 2 Special elections during the next Congress In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date. State Incumbent This race Senator Party Electoralhistory Results Candidates Missouri(Class 3) Robert Wilson Union 1862 (ap. appointed) Interim appointee retired.New member elected November 13, 1863.Radical Union gain. 32nd ballot (November 13, 1863) Radical Union Party (Missouri) B. Gratz Brown (Radical Union) 74 Conservative Party (US)James Broadhead (Conservative) 65 UnknownH. M. Vorhies (Unknown) 2 California 1863 United States Senate election in California List of United States senators from California 1863 United States House of Representatives election in California California election presidential no 1860 United States Senate special election in California 1860 (special) 1867 United States Senate election in California 1867 February 10, 1863 Members of the California State LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot John Conness (3x4) a.jpg John Conness Union 98 (86.0%) Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff 3x4.jpg Benjamin Shurtleff Democratic Party (United States) 15 (13.2%) Senator Milton Latham Lecompton Democrat John Conness Union Incumbent Democrat Milton Latham was elected in 1860 to fill the vacancy created by the death of David C. Broderick.Congressional Quarterly 1985 581 He was not a candidate for re-election.Thompson 1952 114 The Union members of the legislature held a caucus from January 13 to February 9, 1863.The Union Caucus [...] https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026884/1863-01-14/ed-1/ Nevada Journal January 14, 1863 Elevated https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn82014487/1863-02-14/ed-1 Mountain Democrat February 14, 1863 Timothy G. Phelps, John Conness, Aaron A. Sargent, and Trenor W. Park were the major candidates. Phelps led on the first ballot, but without a majority. During the voting, an internal inquiry found that Phelps's supporters had offered bribes to several members in exchange for their votes. Although Phelps denied the allegations, the appearance of corruption effectively ended his candidacy.Hittell 1898 335–38 Conness was nominated on the final ballot with 60 votes to 29 for Sargent, three for Phelps, and eight for other candidates.Election of Senator https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85025202/1863-02-21/ed-1/ Weekly Trinity Journal February 21, 1863 The California State Legislature met in joint session on February 10, 1863, to hold an election for the next term.California 1863 197 Conness defeated the Democratic candidate Benjamin Shurtleff on the first ballot.Hittell 1898 338 Connecticut 1862 United States Senate election in Connecticut List of United States senators from Connecticut 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut Connecticut election presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Connecticut 1856 1868 United States Senate election in Connecticut 1868 May 22, 1862 Members of the Connecticut General AssemblyMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:James Dixon - Brady-Handy.jpg James Dixon Union 162 (72.3%) 19 (95.0%) File:Charles Chapman (Connecticut Congressman) (3x4a).jpg Charles Chapman Democratic Party (United States) 57 (25.4%) — Senator James Dixon Republican Party (United States) James Dixon Union One-term Republican James Dixon was elected in 1856.Congressional Quarterly 1985 581 The Union members of the legislature held a caucus on May 15, 1862. Dixon, William A. Buckingham, Roger S. Baldwin, and Orris S. Ferry were the leading candidates. Dixon defeated the other candidates on the first ballot.At a caucus [...] https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84020071/1862-05-22/ed-1 Litchfield Enquirer May 22, 1862 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on May 22, 1862, to hold an election for the next term. Dixon defeated the Democratic candidate Charles Chapman on the first ballot.The Legislature [...] https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84020071/1862-05-29/ed-1/ Litchfield Enquirer May 29, 1862 Delaware 1863 United States Senate election in Delaware List of United States senators from Delaware 1862 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware Delaware election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Delaware 1857 1864 United States Senate special election in Delaware 1864 (special) January 8, 1863 Members of the Delaware General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:James A. Bayard, Jr. - Brady-Handy.jpg James A. Bayard Democratic Party (United States) 19 (65.5%) File:Edward Green Bradford.jpg Edward G. Bradford Union 10 (34.5%) Senator James A. Bayard Democratic Party (United States) James A. Bayard Democratic Party (United States) Two-term Democrat James A. Bayard was re-elected in 1857.Congressional Quarterly 1985 582 A coalition of Republicans and War Democrats organized the Union Party in Delaware ahead of the 1862 state elections. Unionist William Cannon won the 1862 Delaware gubernatorial election, but Democrats retained narrow majorities in both chambers of the legislature.Powell 1928 263–65 The Delaware General Assembly met in joint session on January 8, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Bayard defeated the Union candidate Edward G. Bradford on the first ballot.Delaware 1863 58Edward G. Bradford, Esq. https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84038112/1863-01-13/ed-1/ Delaware State Journal January 13, 1863 Florida List of United States senators from Florida Florida election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Florida 1857 1868 United States Senate special elections in Florida 1868 (special) No election Senator None (vacant from March 14, 1861) None Two-term Democrat Stephen Mallory withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Florida. The Florida Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1868.Congressional Quarterly 1985 583 Illinois (special) 1863 United States Senate special election in Illinois List of United States senators from Illinois 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois Illinois special election presidential no 1859 United States Senate election in Illinois 1859 1865 United States Senate election in Illinois 1865 January 12, 1863 Members of the Illinois General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:William Alexander Richardson - Brady-Handy.jpg William A. Richardson Democratic Party (United States) 65 (63.1%) File:Richard Yates Governor LOC.jpg Richard Yates Union 38 (36.9%) Senator Orville H. Browning Republican Party (United States) William A. Richardson Democratic Party (United States) Incumbent Republican Orville H. Browning was appointed in 1861 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Stephen A. Douglas.Congressional Quarterly 1985 585 He was not a candidate for re-election. The Union Party was initially confident in its ability to retain control of the Illinois General Assembly, a feat which would allow it to elect a senator to complete Douglas's unexpired term. The campaign was interrupted by the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862. The proclamation inflamed factional conflict between radicals and moderates in the Union Party and emboldened the Democratic opposition, who accused the Lincoln administration of seeking to "Africanize" Illinois. Illinois Democrats won elections held in the fall of 1862, carrying nine of the state's fourteen U.S. representatives and a 27-seat majority in the legislature.Allardice 2011 104–6 The General Assembly met on January 12, 1863, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. The Democratic candidate William A. Richardson defeated the Union candidate Richard Yates on the first ballot.Illinois 1863 104 Indiana List of United States senators from Indiana 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana Incumbent Unionist Joseph A. Wright was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Jesse D. Bright. With Bright's expulsion coming little more than a year before the end of his term on March 4, 1863, the Indiana General Assembly would hold concurrent elections in January 1863: a special election for the remainder of the unexpired term, and the regularly scheduled election for the next term.Thornbrough 1995 116, 185 Wright and Bright had waged a bitter struggle for control of the Indiana Democratic Party during the preceding decade; by appointing Wright to Bright's former seat in the Senate, Indiana governor Oliver P. Morton helped to bring Wright's War Democratic supporters into Indiana's nascent Union Party. From the outset of the campaign, Democrats accused the national administration of using the war as a pretext for emancipation. These fears were seemingly vindicated by the appearance of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862. Democrats launched an unprecedented racist campaign against the proclamation that confounded the attempts of moderate Unionists to defend emancipation as a military necessity. In the fall legislative elections, Democrats won majorities in both chambers of the General Assembly, paving the way for the election of a Democratic senator in January.Thornbrough 1995 116–17, 121–22 The Democratic members of the legislature held a caucus on January 9, 1863. David Turpie was nominated for the unexpired term and Thomas A. Hendricks was nominated for the next term.From Indianapolis https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=DEJ18630109.1.3 Daily Evansville Journal January 9, 1863 The General Assembly met in joint session on January 14, 1863, to hold concurrent elections for both terms. Turpie and Hendricks were respectively elected.Thornbrough 1995 185 Indiana (special) 1863 United States Senate special election in Indiana Indiana special election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Indiana 1857 1863 United States Senate election in Indiana 1863 January 14, 1863 Members of the Indiana General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:DavidTurpie.jpg David Turpie Democratic Party (United States) 85 (57.8%) File:Daniel D. Pratt, Brady-Handy photo portrait, sitting (3x4a).jpg Daniel D. Pratt Union 62 (42.2%) Senator Joseph A. Wright Union David Turpie Democratic Party (United States) Wright was not a candidate in the special election. Turpie defeated the Union candidate Daniel D. Pratt on the first ballot.Indiana 1863 70 Indiana (regular) 1863 United States Senate election in Indiana Indiana election presidential no 1863 United States Senate special election in Indiana 1863 (special) 1869 United States Senate election in Indiana 1869 January 14, 1863 Members of the Indiana General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Thomas Andrews Hendricks, photo portrait seated, 1860-65.jpg Thomas A. Hendricks Democratic Party (United States) 85 (57.8%) File:Joseph A Wright Portrait.jpg Joseph A. Wright Union 61 (41.5%) Senator Joseph A. Wright Union Thomas A. Hendricks Democratic Party (United States) Turpie was not a candidate for the next term. Hendricks defeated Wright on the first ballot.Indiana 1863 71–72 Maine 1863 United States Senate election in Maine List of United States senators from Maine Maine election presidential no 1861 United States Senate special election in Maine 1861 (special) 1869 United States Senate election in Maine 1869 January 13, 1863 Members of the Maine LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Hon. L.M. Morrill, Maine - NARA - 530515 (cropped 2).jpg Lot M. Morrill Republican Party (United States) 95 (68.3%) 25 (96.2%) 3x4.svg William P. Haines Democratic Party (United States) 42 (30.2%) 1 (3.8%) Senator Lot M. Morrill Republican Party (United States) Lot M. Morrill Republican Party (United States) Incumbent Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected in 1861 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Hannibal Hamlin.Congressional Quarterly 1985 589 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 13, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Morrill defeated the Democratic candidate William P. Haines on the first ballot.Legislature of Maine https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016025/1863-01-14/ed-1 Portland Daily Press January 14, 1863 Maryland List of United States senators from Maryland 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland Maryland election presidential no 1856–57 United States Senate elections 1856–57 1868–69 United States Senate elections 1868–69 March 5, 1862 Members of the Maryland General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Reverdy Johnson (cropped).jpg Reverdy Johnson Unionist politician (American Civil War) 56 (66.7%) File:NOTA Option Logo 3x4.svg Blank 000000 28 (33.3%) Senator Anthony Kennedy Unionist politician (American Civil War) Reverdy Johnson Unionist politician (American Civil War) One-term Unionist Anthony Kennedy was elected in 1856 or 1857.Congressional Quarterly 1985 He was not a candidate for re-election. The Maryland General Assembly met on March 5, 1862, to hold an election for the next term. Voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Delegates, after which the tellers withdrew and to count the ballots in the Senate chamber. The Union candidate Reverdy Johnson was elected on the first ballot.Maryland 1862 735–36 Baker 1973 65, 79 Massachusetts 1863 United States Senate election in Massachusetts List of United States senators from Massachusetts 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts Massachusetts election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Massachusetts 1857 1869 United States Senate election in Massachusetts 1869 January 15, 1863 Members of the Massachusetts General CourtMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Charles Sumner - Brady-Handy.jpg Charles Sumner Republican Party (United States) 194 (82.6%) 33 (84.6%) File:Josiah Gardner Abbott - Brady-Handy.jpg Josiah G. Abbott People's 38 (16.2%) 5 (12.8%) Senator Charles Sumner Republican Party (United States) Charles Sumner Republican Party (United States) Two-term Republican Charles Sumner was re-elected in 1857.Congressional Quarterly 1985 590 The Republican state convention met at Worcester, Massachusetts, on September 9, 1862. Sumner had earned the disapproval of conservative Republicans when he opposed Lincoln's plan for gradual emancipation in March 1862, calling instead for Congress to use its authority under the War Powers Clause to abolish slavery immediately. Seeking to preempt a movement to replace Sumner at the next senatorial election, Sumner's allies took the unusual step of having the state convention endorse his bid for re-election. A resolution endorsing Sumner and approving his record in the Senate passed over the protests of conservative delegates, in effect making Sumner's re-election the central issue of the fall campaign.Donald 1970 76, 63, 75, 77–78 Conservative opponents of Sumner held a convention at Boston on October 7, 1862.Donald 1970 79 Many of the organizers of the convention were former Whigs who had supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860.Smith 2006 62 In a nod to antipartisan wartime rhetoric, the movement called itself the People's Party; its express purpose was to defeat Sumner's bid for reelection. The convention adopted a pro-war, anti-abolitionist platform and selected candidates for the upcoming state elections; Charles F. Adams was nominated for U.S. senator, but declined. The preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, issued September 22, had brought the Lincoln administration into line with Sumner's position, while the endorsement of the People's ticket by the Massachusetts Democratic Party undermined the movement's claim to constitute the true pro-administration party in Massachusetts. Following these events, most conservative Republicans returned to the fold, and the Republican ticket was elected by a large majority.Baum 1984 63–65 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 15, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Sumner defeated the People's candidate Josiah G. Abbott on the first ballot.Charles Sumner https://archive.org/details/sim_independent_1863-01-22_15_738/page/13/mode/2up The Independent January 22, 1863 Michigan List of United States senators from Michigan 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan There were two elections in Michigan, due to the death of Kinsley S. Bingham. Michigan (special) 1862 United States Senate special election in Michigan Michigan special election presidential no 1858 United States Senate election in Michigan 1858 1865 United States Senate election in Michigan 1865 January 4, 1862 Members of the Michigan LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Jacob M. Howard - Brady-Handy.jpg Jacob M. Howard Republican Party (United States) 75 (88.2%) 28 (93.3%) File:Alpheus Felch Hemans.png Alpheus Felch Democratic Party (United States) 10 (11.8%) 2 (6.7%) Senator None (vacant from October 5, 1861) Jacob M. Howard Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican Kinsley S. Bingham was elected in 1858. Bingham died on October 5, 1861, causing a special election.Congressional Quarterly 1985 591 The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 3, 1862. Jacob M. Howard, Austin Blair, Hezekiah G. Wells, and Henry Waldron were the leading candidates. Howard was nominated on the sixth ballot.Election of United States Senator https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85033637/1862-01-07/ed-1/ Hillsdale Standard January 7, 1862 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 4, 1862, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Howard defeated the Democratic candidate Alpheus Felch on the first ballot.The two Houses [...] https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85033622/1862-01-08/ed-1/ Grand Haven News January 8, 1862 Michigan (regular) 1863 United States Senate election in Michigan Michigan election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Michigan 1857 1869 United States Senate election in Michigan 1869 January 8, 1863 Members of the Michigan LegislatureMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Zachariah Chandler.jpg Zachariah Chandler Republican Party (United States) 60 (63.2%) 18 (56.2%) File:James Frederick Joy.jpg James F. Joy Democratic Party (United States) 34 (35.8%) 11 (34.4%) File:Alpheus Felch Hemans.png Alpheus Felch Democratic Party (United States) — 2 (6.2%) Senator Zachariah Chandler Republican Party (United States) Zachariah Chandler Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican Zachariah Chandler was elected in 1857.Congressional Quarterly 1985 591 The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus on January 8, 1863. Chandler was renominated unanimously. The Democratic members met the same day and nominated James F. Joy over Alpheus Felch.State Legislature https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85033611/1863-01-15/ed-1/ Cass County Republican January 15, 1863 The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on January 8, 1863, to hold an election for the next term.Michigan 1863 16, 19–20 Chandler defeated Joy on the first ballot. Minnesota 1863 United States Senate election in Minnesota List of United States senators from Minnesota 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota Minnesota election presidential no 1858 United States Senate elections in Minnesota 1858 1869 United States Senate election in Minnesota 1869 January 14, 1863 Members of the Minnesota LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Alexander Ramsey - Brady-Handy.jpg Alexander Ramsey Republican Party (United States) 45 (72.6%) File:Andrew G. Chatfield (Minnesota Supreme Court).png Andrew G. Chatfield Democratic Party (United States) 17 (27.4%) Senator Henry M. Rice Democratic Party (United States) Alexander Ramsey Republican Party (United States) One-term Democrat Henry M. Rice was elected in 1858.Congressional Quarterly 1985 591 He was not a candidate for re-election. The Republican members of the legislature held a caucus from January 12–13, 1863. Alexander Ramsey, Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, William R. Marshall, and James Smith, Jr. were the major candidates.Senatorial Caucus https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016751/1863-01-16/ed-1/ Weekly Pioneer and Democrat January 16, 1863 Ramsey defeated Smith on the 25th ballot.Gov. Ramsey Nominated for Senator https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83016751/1863-01-16/ed-1/ Weekly Pioneer and Democrat January 16, 1863 The Minnesota Legislature met in joint session on January 14, 1863.Minnesota 1863 28–29 Ramsey defeated the Democratic candidate Andrew G. Chatfield on the first ballot.Haugland 1961 333 Mississippi List of United States senators from Mississippi Mississippi election presidential no 1856–57 United States Senate elections 1856–57 1870 United States Senate elections in Mississippi 1870 (special) No election Senator None (vacant from March 14, 1861) None One-term Democrat Jefferson Davis withdrew from the Senate on March 14, 1861, following the secession of Mississippi. The Mississippi Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1870.Congressional Quarterly 1985 592 Missouri List of United States senators from Missouri 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri Three elections were held in Missouri, due to the expulsions of Trusten Polk and Waldo P. Johnson. With Polk's expulsion coming little more than a year before the end of his term on March 4, 1863, the Missouri General Assembly would hold special elections for both seats, followed by the regularly-scheduled election for the Class 1 seat. Missouri Unionists were divided in their responses to emancipation and the related issue of Reconstruction. Three main ideological camps emerged: radical Charcoals, who supported immediate emancipation; conservative Claybanks, who favored Lincoln's initial plan of gradual emancipation; and ultra-conservative Snowflakes, who opposed emancipation altogether.Parrish 1963 135–36 In St. Louis, the ideological divide resulted in a formal split between the Immediatist and Gradualist wings of the Emancipation Party.Annual Cyclopaedia 1863 595 Elections held in the fall of 1862 resulted in a clear majority for the Emancipationists in the General Assembly, while five Conservatives and four Radicals were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.Parrish 1973 94The U.S. congressional delegation from Missouri in the 38th Congress included six Emancipationists, (including four Immediate Emancipationists, one Emancipationist, and one Gradual Emancipationist,) two Democrats, and one Conservative Unionist.Evening Journal Almanac 1864 51 Mering 1959 222 The Emancipation members of the legislature held a caucus on January 3, 1863.From Missouri https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1863-01-17/ed-1/ New York Daily Tribune January 17, 1863 The Conservatives boycotted the proceedings.Our St. Louis Letter https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031490/1863-02-11 Chicago Daily Tribune February 11, 1863 John B. Henderson was nominated for the Class 1 seat and B. Gratz Brown was nominated for the Class 3 seat. The General Assembly met in joint session on January 6, 1863, to hold concurrent special elections for both seats.Missouri 1863a 41–42 Henderson was elected to the Class 1 seat for the term ending March 4. The special election for the Class 3 seat remained deadlocked after multiple rounds of voting, and the joint session adjourned without making a choice.Parrish 1963 172 The joint session reconvened in November 1863. In the interim, the Radicals held a convention at Jefferson City that organized the Radical Union Party. The meeting nominated Brown for the Class 3 seat and Benjamin F. Loan for the Class 1 seat. The Conservatives were united in support of the administration of Hamilton R. Gamble, but lacked a formal party organization.Parrish 1973 101, 103 Closely-fought judicial elections in the fall of 1863 helped to clarify party lines.Parrish 1963 172 Henderson had campaigned for the Conservative judicial candidates,Parrish 1973 104 but was aligned with the Radicals on emancipation and faced a Conservative opponent in his bid for re-election.Dell 1975 256 In the legislature, the Radical Unionists had 65 votes on the joint ballot, just short of an overall majority, while Henderson's allies held the balance of power. The Radical Union members held a caucus after the first round of voting on November 12 and agreed to form a coalition with Henderson's supporters.The Radical Triumph in Missouri https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031490/1863-11-18/ed-1/?sp=2 Chicago Daily Tribune November 18, 1863 Brown was subsequently elected to the Class 3 seat and Henderson was re-elected to the Class 1 seat as a Radical Unionist.Parrish 1973 104 Dell 1975 256 Missouri (Class 1, special) 1863 United States Senate special elections in Missouri Missouri (Class 1) special election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Missouri 1857 1863 United States Senate election in Missouri 1863 January 6, 1863 Members of the Missouri General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px Faction 1st ballot File:John B. Henderson - Brady-Handy.jpg John B. Henderson Emancipation Party (Missouri) Conservative 104 (68.4%) File:RobWilson-Miss.jpg Robert Wilson Unionist politician (American Civil War) Conservative 47 (30.9%) Senator John B. Henderson Emancipation Party (Missouri) John B. Henderson Emancipation Party (Missouri) Incumbent Emancipationist John B. Henderson was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Trusten Polk.Congressional Quarterly 1985 592 The General Assembly met on January 6, 1863, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. Henderson defeated the Conservative candidate Robert Wilson on the first ballot.Missouri 1863a 41 Dell 1975 183 Missouri (Class 3, special) 1863 United States Senate special elections in Missouri Missouri (Class 3) special election presidential no 1861 United States Senate election in Missouri 1861 1866–67 United States Senate elections 1867 First session yes presidential no January 6–11, 1863;February 2–11, 1863 Members of the Missouri General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px Faction 1st ballot 30th ballot File:John S. Phelps - Brady-Handy.jpg John S. Phelps Democratic Party (United States) Conservative 51 (33.1%) 47 (33.3%) File:Robert F. Wingate.jpg Robert F. Wingate Emancipation Party (Missouri) Radical — 31 (22.0%) File:BGratzBrown.png B. Gratz Brown Emancipation Party (Missouri) Radical 51 (33.1%) 29 (20.6%) File:Samuel M. Breckinridge (Ency. of the PCUSA, 1884).png Samuel M. Breckinridge Emancipation Party (Missouri) Conservative 11 (7.1%) 28 (19.8%) 3x4.svg Samuel T. Glover Emancipation Party (Missouri) Conservative 34 (22.1%) — Adjourned session yes presidential no November 12–13, 1863 Members of the Missouri General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 31st ballot 32nd ballot File:BGratzBrown.png B. Gratz Brown Radical Union Party (Missouri) 62 (50.0%) 74 (52.5%) File:James O. Broadhead.jpg James Broadhead Conservative Party (United States) 39 (29.5%) 65 (46.1%) File:John S. Phelps - Brady-Handy.jpg John S. Phelps Conservative Party (United States) 30 (22.7%) — Senator Robert Wilson Conservative Party (United States) B. Gratz Brown Radical Union Party (Missouri) Incumbent Conservative Robert Wilson was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Waldo P. Johnson.Congressional Quarterly 1985 593 He was not a candidate for re-election to the Class 3 seat. The General Assembly met from January 6–11, 1863, to hold a special election for the unexpired term.Missouri 1863a 41–42 Democrat John S. Phelps and Emancipationists B. Gratz Brown, Samuel T. Glover, Samuel M. Breckinridge, John W. Noell, and James Broadhead were candidates on the first ballot.Miscellaneous News https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1863-01-11/ed-1/ New York Herald January 11, 1863 Our St. Louis Letter https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84031490/1863-02-11/ed-1/ Chicago Daily Tribune February 11, 1863 No candidate had a majority after the sixth ballot, and the joint session adjourned.Missouri 1863a 42, 52–53 The joint session met again from February 2–11, 1863. Phelps, Brown, Glover, Breckinridge, and Broadhead were candidates.Missouri 1863a 156 Noell's name was withdrawn, after which Phelps led on the seventh ballot, but without a majority.Missouri Senator https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83026172/1863-02-04/ed-1/ Daily National Intelligencer February 4, 1863 No candidate had a majority after the thirtieth ballot, and the joint session adjourned.Missouri 1863a 156, 210 The joint session met a third time from November 12–13, 1863.Missouri 1863b 19 Brown was nominated by the Radical Unionists, while Broadhead received the votes of most of the Conservative members.Parrish 1963 172 Brown defeated Broadhead on the 32nd ballot.Missouri 1863b 20 Missouri (regular) 1863 United States Senate election in Missouri Missouri election presidential no 1863 United States Senate special elections in Missouri 1863 (special) 1868 United States Senate election in Missouri 1868 November 13, 1863 Members of the Missouri General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:John B. Henderson - Brady-Handy.jpg John B. Henderson Radical Union Party (Missouri) 84 (60.9%) File:John S. Phelps - Brady-Handy.jpg John S. Phelps Conservative Party (United States) 42 (30.4%) File:Hon. Benjamin F. Loan, Mo - NARA - 529685 (cropped).jpg Benjamin F. Loan Radical Union Party (Missouri) 7 (5.1%) Senator John B. Henderson Emancipation Party (Missouri) John B. Henderson Radical Union Party (Missouri) Incumbent Emancipationist John B. Henderson was elected in 1863 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of Trusten Polk.Congressional Quarterly 1985 592 The General Assembly met on November 13, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Henderson defeated the Conservative candidate, Phelps on the first ballot.Missouri 1863b 21 Dell 1975 256 New Jersey List of United States senators from New Jersey 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey Incumbent Unionist Richard S. Field was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the death of John R. Thomson. With Thomson's death coming less than a year before the end of his term on March 4, 1863, the New Jersey Legislature would hold consecutive elections in 1863: a special election for the unexpired term, and the regularly scheduled election for the next term.Congressional Quarterly 1985 595 New Jersey (special) 1863 United States Senate special election in New Jersey New Jersey special election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in New Jersey 1857 1863 United States Senate election in New Jersey 1863 January 14, 1863 Members of the New Jersey LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Jameswalterwall.jpg James W. Wall Democratic Party (United States) 53 (67.1%) File:Richardstocktonfield.jpg Richard S. Field Union 23 (29.1%) Senator Richard S. Field Union James W. Wall Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic members of the legislature held a caucus on January 14, 1863. William Cook, Charles Skelton, Charles Sitgreaves, and James W. Wall were candidates. Cook led on the first two ballots, but without a majority. Skelton and Sitgreaves then withdrew, and Wall defeated Cook on the third ballot.Knapp 1924 81 The Legislature met in joint session on January 14, 1863, to hold a special election for the unexpired term.New Jersey 1863 448–49 Wall defeated Field on the first ballot.Knapp 1924 81 New Jersey (regular) 1863 United States Senate election in New Jersey New Jersey election presidential no 1863 United States Senate special election in New Jersey 1863 (special) 1867 United States Senate special election in New Jersey 1867 (special) February 26, 1863 Members of the New Jersey LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:William Wright (1794-1866).jpg William Wright Democratic Party (United States) 54 (68.4%) File:Hon. William A. Newell, N.J - NARA - 525718 (1).jpg William A. Newell Union 25 (31.6%) Senator James W. Wall Democratic Party (United States) William Wright Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic members of the legislature held a caucus on February 25, 1863.The Hon. William Wright [...] https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1863-02-27/ed-1/ New York Daily Tribune February 27, 1863 Wall and William Wright were candidates.Knapp 1924 91 Wright was nominated on the 23rd ballot. The Legislature met in joint session on February 26, 1863, to hold an election for the next term.New Jersey 1863 450 Wright defeated the Union candidate William A. Newell on the first ballot.Knapp 1924 135 New York 1863 United States Senate election in New York List of United States senators from New York 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in New York New York election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in New York 1857 1869 United States Senate election in New York 1869 February 3, 1863 Members of the New York State LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px Assembly (2nd) Senate (1st) Joint ballot File:Edwin D. Morgan (3x4 cropped).jpg Edwin D. Morgan Union — 23 (76.7%) 86 (54.4%) File:Erastus Corning (cropped).jpg Erastus Corning Democratic Party (United States) 63 (49.2%) 7 (23.3%) 70 (44.3%) File:Gen. John A. Dix - NARA - 528636 (cropped).jpg John A. Dix Union 65 (50.8%) — 1 (0.6%) Senator Preston King Republican Party (United States) Edwin D. Morgan Union One-term Republican Preston King was elected in 1857.Congressional Quarterly 1985 596 In the 1862 New York state elections, the Democratic candidate Horatio Seymour was elected governor, but Unionists retained a narrow majority in the New York State Legislature.Greeley 1863 51–52 The Democratic ticket was endorsed by the Constitutional Union state convention in a bid to unite conservative, anti-abolitionist opponents of the Union state administration. Democrats framed the election as a referendum on white supremacy; one Democratic congressional candidate remarked that "the negation of the white race and the elevation of the negro over the white man have hushed up or exiled all our past political differences." The failure of prominent conservative Republicans to support the Union candidate for governor contributed to the Democratic victory in the gubernatorial race.Smith 2006 60 The Union members of the legislature held a caucus on February 2, 1863. Edwin D. Morgan, King, Daniel S. Dickinson, Charles B. Sedgwick, David D. Field, Henry J. Raymond, Ward Hunt, and Henry R. Selden were candidates. Morgan was nominated on the second ballot.Important from Albany https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1863/02/03/80272293.pdf New York Times February 3, 1863 The Democratic members of the legislature held a caucus on February 2, 1863. The meeting found it inexpedient to nominate a candidate and advised members to vote their conscience in the senatorial election. The caucus met again on February 3 and voted to reconsider the previous day's motion. Erastus Corning defeated Fernando Wood on the first ballot.The Adjourned Democratic Caucus https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1863/02/04/80272343.pdf New York Times February 4, 1863 The Senate and the Assembly met separately on February 3, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Morgan and John A. Dix were selected by the Senate and the Assembly, on the first and second ballots, respectively. The two chambers being in disagreement, the New York State Legislature met in joint session to resolve the dispute. Morgan defeated Corning on the joint ballot.New York 1863a 95–96 New York 1863b 151–54 Ohio 1863 United States Senate election in Ohio List of United States senators from Ohio 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio Ohio election presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Ohio 1856 1869 United States Senate election in Ohio 1869 January 22, 1863 Members of the Ohio General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Benjamin F Wade - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg Benjamin Wade Union 126 (59.5%) File:HughJJewett (cropped).jpg Hugh J. Jewett Democratic Party (United States) 35 (27.8%) File:Thomas Ewing.png Thomas Ewing Union 15 (11.9%) Senator Benjamin Wade Union Benjamin Wade Union Two-term UnionistTrefousse 1963 152 Benjamin Wade was re-elected in 1856. Wade, a radical Republican, was opposed by War Democrats in the Union Party, who made plans to support a conservative challenger in the Union senatorial caucus. Several candidates from the conservative wing of the party emerged, including William S. Groesbeck, Thomas Ewing, and Columbus Delano. Wade also faced a potential challenge from U.S. treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase, who hoped that a triumphant return to the Senate could improve his chances of winning the Union presidential nomination in 1864.Trefousse 1963 175–76 A first attempt to hold a caucus ended in failure, and the body adjourned in March 1862 without naming a nominee. In the following months, Wade secured a series of political victories, successfully pressuring Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation and to dismiss the War Democratic commanding general of the Army of the Potomac, George B. McClellan. He was influential in helping to pass the Homestead Act of 1862, a priority long obstructed by proslavery administrations. When Chase bowed out of the race in early 1863, Wade's re-election seemed assured.Trefousse 1963 176, 188, 192 The Union members of the legislature held a second caucus from January 15–16, 1863.Union Senatorial Caucus https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85026241/1863-01-22/ed-1/ Belmont Chronicle January 22, 1863 On the first day of the caucus, a group of War Democrats attempted unsuccessfully to force Wade's withdrawal from the race. The meeting adjourned until the following day, when Wade defeated Robert C. Schenck on the first ballot with 56 votes to Schenck's six.Hon. B. F. Wade Nominated for United States Senator https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85026193/1863-01-21/ed-1/ Weekly Perrysburg Journal January 21, 1863 The Ohio General Assembly met in joint session on January 22, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Wade defeated the Democratic candidate Hugh J. Jewett and Ewing on the first ballot.Ohio 1863 70 Oregon (special) 1862 United States Senate special election in Oregon List of United States senators from Oregon 1862 United States House of Representatives election in Oregon Oregon special election presidential no 1860 United States Senate special election in Oregon 1860 (special) 1864 United States Senate election in Oregon 1864 September 11–12, 1863 Members of the Oregon Legislative AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px Faction 1st ballot 30th ballot File:Benjamin F. Harding - Brady-Handy.jpg Benjamin F. Harding Union War Democrat 7 (14.6%) 28 (58.3%) File:Henry W. Corbett - Brady-Handy.jpg Henry W. Corbett Union Republican — 11 (22.9%) File:George Henry Williams, Brady-Handy bw photo portrait, ca1870-1880.jpg George H. Williams Union War Democrat 7 (14.6%) 5 (10.4%) File:Gov John Whiteaker.jpg John Whiteaker Democratic Party (United States) Peace Democrat 3 (6.25%) 3 (6.25%) 3x4.svg Thomas H. Pearne Union Republican 9 (18.8%) — 3x4.svg Elisha L. Applegate Union Republican 8 (16.7%) — File:Orange Jacobs 01.jpg Orange Jacobs Union Republican 5 (10.4%) — 3x4.svg Reuben F. Maury Union 4 (8.3%) — Senator Benjamin Stark Democratic Party (United States) Benjamin F. Harding Union Incumbent Democrat Benjamin Stark was appointed in 1862 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Edward D. Baker.Congressional Quarterly 1985 599 He was not a candidate for re-election. The Oregon Legislative Assembly met in joint session from September 11–12, 1862, to hold a special election for the unexpired term.Oregon 1862 29 With the Union Party in almost complete control of the legislature, the contest centered between the Republican and War Democrat wings of the coalition.Oregon Senatorial Election https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022799/1862-09-20/ed-1/?sp=2 Washington Statesman September 20, 1862 Benjamin F. Harding defeated Henry W. Corbett, George H. Williams, and John Whiteaker on the 30th ballot.Carey 1922 650 Pennsylvania 1863 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania List of United States senators from Pennsylvania 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania election presidential no 1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania 1861 (special) 1869 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania 1869 January 13, 1863 Members of the Pennsylvania General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:Hon. Charles R. Buckalew, Pa - NARA - 527154 (3x4a).jpg Charles R. Buckalew Democratic Party (United States) 67 (50.4%) File:Smn Cameron-SecofWar (3x4a).jpg Simon Cameron Union 65 (48.9%) Senator David Wilmot Republican Party (United States) Charles R. Buckalew Democratic Party (United States) Incumbent Republican David Wilmot was elected in 1861 to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Simon Cameron.Congressional Quarterly 1985 599 The Democratic members of the legislature held a caucus on January 12, 1863. Charles R. Buckalew, James Campbell, Francis W. Hughes, and Henry D. Foster were the leading candidates. Buckalew defeated Campbell on the sixth ballot.Senatorial Nomination https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn85025181/1863-01-24/ed-1/ Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg General Advertiser January 24, 1863 The Union members of the legislature held a caucus from January 12–13, 1863.Great Excitement at Harrisburg https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030213/1863-01-14/ed-1/ New York Daily Tribune January 14, 1863 Cameron and Wilmot were candidates for the nomination. A secret committee formed to assess the relative electability of the candidates in the closely-divided legislature found that the Democratic members were inflexibly opposed to Wilmot, while Cameron claimed several Democrats were prepared to vote for him if nominated. The caucus selected Cameron on the basis of these assurances in the final hours before the election.Bradley 1964 193 The Pennsylvania General Assembly met in joint session on January 13, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Buckalew defeated Cameron on the first ballot.Bradley 1964 194 Rhode Island List of United States senators from Rhode Island 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island There were two elections in Rhode Island, due to the resignation of James F. Simmons. Rhode Island (regular) 1862 United States Senate election in Rhode Island Rhode Island election presidential no 1857 United States Senate election in Rhode Island 1857 1862 (special)→1868 May 28, 1862 Members of the Rhode Island General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:William Sprague 1830-1915 - Brady-Handy-cropped-retouched.jpg William Sprague Constitutional Union Party (United States) Democratic Party (United States) 90 (89.3%) File:James F. Simmons - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg James F. Simmons Republican Party (United States) — 5 (4.8%) File:Nathan Fellows Dixon II (cropped).jpg Nathan F. Dixon Republican Party (United States) — 5 (4.8%) Senator James F. Simmons Republican Party (United States) William Sprague Constitutional Union Party (United States) Two-term Republican James F. Simmons was re-elected non-consecutively in 1857.Congressional Quarterly 1985 600 The Rhode Island General Assembly met in joint session on May 28, 1862, to hold an election for the next term.Rhode Island 1862 41 The Democratic and Constitutional Union candidate William Sprague defeated Simmons and Nathan F. Dixon on the first ballot.Dell 1975 165 Sprague subsequently caucused with the Republican–Union majority in the Senate and served the remainder of his term as a Republican.Evening Journal Almanac 1864 40 Rhode Island (special) 1862 United States Senate special election in Rhode Island Rhode Island special election presidential no 1857← 1862 1868 United States Senate election in Rhode Island 1868 September 5, 1862 Members of the Rhode Island General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:SGArnold.jpg Samuel G. Arnold Constitutional Union Party (United States) Democratic Party (United States) 71 (87.6%) File:Nathan Fellows Dixon II (cropped).jpg Nathan F. Dixon Republican Party (United States) — 7 (8.6%) Senator James F. Simmons Republican Party (United States) Samuel G. Arnold Constitutional Union Party (United States) Simmons resigned from the Senate on August 15, 1862, less than a year before the end of his term.Congressional Quarterly 1985 600 The General Assembly met in joint session on September 5, 1862, to hold a special election for the unexpired term. The Democratic and Constitutional Union candidate Samuel G. Arnold defeated Nathan F. Dixon on the first ballot.Rhode Island 1862 176 Dell 1975 165 Evening Journal Almanac 1863 58 Tennessee List of United States senators from Tennessee Tennessee election presidential no 1857 United States Senate special election in Tennessee 1857 1866 United States Senate special election in Tennessee 1866 (special) No election Senator None (vacant from March 4, 1862) None Incumbent Democrat Andrew Johnson resigned on March 4, 1862, following his appointment as the military governor of Tennessee. The Tennessee General Assembly did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1866.Congressional Quarterly 1985 602 Texas List of United States senators from Texas Texas election presidential no 1859 United States Senate special election in Texas 1859 (special) 1870 United States Senate elections in Texas 1870 (special) No election Senator None (vacant from July 11, 1861) None Incumbent Democrat Louis T. Wigfall was expelled from the Senate on July 11, 1861. The Texas Legislature did not hold an election for the next term, and the seat remained vacant until 1870.Congressional Quarterly 1985 603 Vermont 1862 United States Senate election in Vermont List of United States senators from Vermont 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont Vermont election presidential no 1856 United States Senate election in Vermont 1856 1866 United States Senate special elections in Vermont 1866 (special) October 14, 1862 Members of the Vermont General AssemblyMajority in both houses needed to win 130x130px House Senate File:Hon. Solomon Foote, Vermont - NARA - 528054 (cropped).jpg Solomon Foot Republican Party (United States) 206 (96.7%) 30 (100.0%) File:Daniel Kellogg.jpg Daniel Kellogg Democratic Party (United States) 3 (1.4%) — Senator Solomon Foot Republican Party (United States) Solomon Foot Republican Party (United States) Two-term Republican Solomon Foot was re-elected in 1856. The Senate and the House of Representatives met separately on October 14, 1862, to hold an election for the next term. Foot defeated Daniel Kellogg on the first ballot.Annual Session, 1862 https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84023210/1862-10-14/ed-1/ Green Mountain Freeman October 14, 1862 Legislature of Vermont https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84022548/1862-10-24/ed-1/ Orleans Independent Standard October 24, 1862 Virginia 1863 United States Senate election in Virginia List of United States senators from Virginia Virginia election presidential no 1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia 1861 (special) 1864 United States Senate special election in Virginia 1864 (special) January 23, 1863 Members of the Restored Virginia General AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 2nd ballot File:Lemuel Jackson Bowden.jpg Lemuel J. Bowden Unionist politician (American Civil War) 20 (40.8%) 29 (59.2%) File:Waitman T. Willey - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg Waitman T. Willey Unionist politician (American Civil War) 16 (32.6%) 19 (38.8%) 3x4.svg Daniel Lamb Unionist politician (American Civil War) 10 (20.4%) 1 (2.0%) Senator Waitman T. Willey Unionist politician (American Civil War) Lemuel J. Bowden Unionist politician (American Civil War) Incumbent Unionist Waitman T. Willey was elected in 1861 to fill the vacancy created by the expulsion of James M. Mason.Congressional Quarterly 1985 604 The Restored Virginia General Assembly met on January 23, 1863, to hold an election for the next term. Voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Delegates, after which the votes were tallied jointly. Lemuel J. Bowden defeated Willey on the second ballot.Restored Government of Virginia 1862 40–41 West Virginia 1863 United States Senate elections in West Virginia List of United States senators from West Virginia 1863 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia West Virginia election presidential no 1865 →1868–69 August 4, 1863 Members of the West Virginia LegislatureMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot 6th ballot File:Waitman T. Willey - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg Waitman T. Willey Unionist politician (American Civil War) 50 (73.5%) File:Peter G. Van Winkle - Brady-Handy.jpg Peter G. Van Winkle Unionist politician (American Civil War) 22 (32.4%) 46 (68.6%) File:Archibald W. Campbell.jpg Archibald W. Campbell Unionist politician (American Civil War) 27 (39.7%) 12 (17.9%) 3x4.svg Benjamin H. Smith Unionist politician (American Civil War) 24 (35.3%) 2 (3.0%) 3x4.svg Daniel Lamb Unionist politician (American Civil War) 5 (7.35%) — File:GeorgeWSummers.jpg George W. Summers Unionist politician (American Civil War) 3 (4.4%) 6 (8.9%) Senators None Peter G. Van Winkle (Class 1)Waitman T. Willey (Class 2) Unionist politician (American Civil War) West Virginia elected two senators following its admission on June 20, 1863.Congressional Quarterly 1985 605 The West Virginia Legislature met on August 4, 1863, to hold elections for both seats. Members voted for two candidates on the first ballot; voting proceeded separately in the Senate and the House of Delegates, after which the votes were tallied jointly.West Virginia Legislature https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn84026845/1863-08-05/ed-1/ Daily Intelligencer August 5, 1863 Waitman T. Willey was elected on the first ballot; Archibald W. Cambpell finished second, but without a majority. On subsequent ballots, each member cast one vote. Peter G. Van Winkle defeated Campbell on the sixth ballot.McKinney 1978 27 Wisconsin 1863 United States Senate election in Wisconsin List of United States senators from Wisconsin 1862 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin Wisconsin election presidential no 1857 United States Senate elections in Wisconsin 1857 1869 United States Senate election in Wisconsin 1869 January 22, 1863 Members of the Wisconsin State AssemblyMajority of voting members needed to win 130x130px 1st ballot File:James rood doolittle (cropped).jpg James R. Doolittle Republican Party (United States) 73 (55.3%) File:Edward G. Ryan.png Edward G. Ryan Democratic Party (United States) 57 (43.2%) Senator James R. Doolittle Republican Party (United States) James R. Doolittle Republican Party (United States) One-term Republican James R. Doolittle was elected in 1857.Congressional Quarterly 1985 606 Doolittle was a prominent supporter of colonizing free people of color outside the United States, considering such essential to any plan of emancipation.Smith 2006 56 His endorsement of Lincoln's gradual emancipation scheme proved divisive with Wisconsin Republicans during the 1862 state elections. Radical Republicans mocked Doolittle's "wild notions of colonization" and called on Lincoln to adopt immediate emancipation and Black enlistment as the basis of a national policy. The preliminary Emancipation Proclamation accepted the premise of the radical position, helping to heal Republican divisions and sow discord among the opposition in the final weeks before the election.Current 1976 403–5 The Wisconsin State Assembly met in joint session on January 22, 1863, to hold an election for the next term.Wisconsin 1863 85–86 Doolittle defeated the Democratic candidate Edward G. Ryan on the first ballot.Current 1976 405 See also 1862 United States elections 1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections 37th United States Congress 38th United States Congress Notes Bibliography Primary sources Annual Cyclopaedia The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1862 1863 D. Appleton & Co. New York https://books.google.com/books?id=VFEJAQAAMAAJ California The Journal of the Assembly [...] 1863 none Sacramento https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Journal_of_the_Assembly_During_the_S/cpM-AQAAMAAJ Delaware Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1863 none Dover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_House_of_Representatives/bfbmdLZ8VBMC Evening Journal Almanac The Evening Journal Almanac: 1863 1863 none Albany https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5AAQAAMAAJ Evening Journal Almanac The Evening Journal Almanac: 1864 1864 none Albany https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5AAQAAMAAJ Greeley Horace The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1863 1863 none New York https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.ax0001661107&seq=1 Greeley Horace The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1864 1864 none New York https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435054392600&seq=1 Illinois Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1863 none Springfield https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.15904553&seq=1 Indiana Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1863 none Indianapolis https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082078787&seq=1 Maryland Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Delegates [...] 1862 none Annapolis https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112109675766&seq=131 Michigan Journal of the Senate [...] 1863 none Lansing https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.74131790&seq=1 Minnesota Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1863 none St. Paul https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal/D0A4AQAAMAAJ Missouri Journal of the Senate [...] 1863a none Jefferson City https://mdh.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/senatej/id/334249 Missouri Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1863b none Jefferson City https://cdm16795.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/housej/id/20221 New Jersey Journal of the Nineteenth Senate [...] 1863 none Morristown https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064301342&seq=1 New York Journal of the Senate [...] 1863a none Albany https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Senate_of_the_State_of_Ne/9L8aAQAAIAAJ New York Journal of the Assembly [...] 1863b none Albany https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Assembly_of_the_State_of/aTctAQAAMAAJ Ohio Journal of the House of Representatives [...] 1863 none Columbus https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_House_of_Representatives/Ix5QAQAAMAAJ Oregon Journal of the Proceedings of the House [...] 1862 none Salem https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Proceedings_of_the_House/iy5FAAAAYAAJ Restored Government of Virginia Journal of the House of Delegates [...] 1862 none Wheeling https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_House_of_Delegates_of_the/S_xFAQAAMAAJ Rhode Island Acts and Resolves of the General Assembly [...] 1862 none Providence https://www.google.com/books/edition/At_the_General_Assembly_of_the_State_of/0TxNAQAAMAAJ Wisconsin Journal of the Assembly [...] 1863 none Madison https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89069539427&seq=1 Secondary sources Allardice Bruce S. 'Illinois is Rotten with Traitors!' The Republican Defeat in the 1862 State Election Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Spring–Summer 2011 104 1/2 97–114 41201305 https://www.jstor.org/stable/41201305 Baker Jean H. The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870 1973 Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore https://archive.org/details/politicsofcontin0000bake Baum Dale The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876 1984 University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill https://archive.org/details/civilwarpartysys0000baum Bradley Erwin Stanley The Triumph of Militant Republicanism: A Study of Pennsylvania and Presidential Politics, 1860–1872 1964 University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia https://archive.org/details/triumphofmilitan0000brad Carey Charles Henry History of Oregon 1922 Pioneer Historical Publishing Company Chicago https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_Oregon/ox2iAeFUGXQC Congressional Quarterly Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections 2nd 1985 Congressional Quarterly Washington D.C. 978-0-87187-339-2 https://archive.org/details/congressionalqua0000unse Current Richard N. The History of Wisconsin 2: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873 1976 State Historical Society of Wisconsin Madison https://archive.org/details/historyofwiscons0002unse Dell Christopher Lincoln and the War Democrats: The Grand Erosion of Conservative Tradition 1975 Farleigh Dickenson University Press Rutherford, NJ https://archive.org/details/lincolnwardemocr0000dell Donald David Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 1970 Alfred A. Knopf New York https://archive.org/details/charlessumnerrig0000dona Haugland John C. Politics, Patronage, and Ramsey's Rise to Power, 1861-63 Minnesota History December 1961 37 8 324–34 https://www.jstor.org/stable/20176402 Hittell Theodore H. History of California 1898 none San Francisco https://www.google.com/books/edition/History_of_California/zLw-AAAAYAAJ Knapp Charles Merriam New Jersey Politics during the Period of the Civil War and Reconstruction 1924 J. W. Humphrey Geneva, New York https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_Jersey_Politics_During_the_Period_of/hOMMAAAAYAAJ McKinney Gordon B. Southern Mountain Republicans, 1865–1900: Politics and the Appalachian Community 1978 University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill https://archive.org/details/southernmountain0000mcki McPherson James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 1988 Oxford University New York https://archive.org/details/battlecryoffreed0000unse Mering John The Political Transition of James S. Rollins Missouri Historical Review April 1959 53 3 217–226 https://digital.shsmo.org/digital/collection/mhr/id/26960 National Archives 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913) https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment National Archives and Records Administration August 6, 2025 February 8, 2022 Parrish William E. A History of Missouri, Volume 3: 1860 to 1875 1973 University of Missouri Press Columbia 978-0-8262-0108-9 https://archive.org/details/historyofmissour0003unse Parrish William E. Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865 1963 University of Missouri Press Columbia, MO 63-8072 https://archive.org/details/turbulentpartner0000unse Powell Walter A. A History of Delaware 1928 Christopher Publishing House Boston https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Delaware/mgpHqKWgdfsC Silbey Joel H. A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868 1977 W. W. Norton and Company New York 978-0-393-05648-8 https://archive.org/details/respectableminor0000silb Smith Adam I. P. No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North 2006 Oxford University Press New York 978-0-19-518865-3 https://archive.org/details/nopartynowpoliti0000smit Thompson William F. 1952 The Political Career of Milton Slocum Latham of California https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Political_Career_of_Milton_Slocum_La/BPcUAAAAIAAJ PhD Stanford University Thornbrough Emma Lou Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 1995 Indiana Historical Society Indianapolis https://archive.org/details/indianaincivilwa0003thor Trefousse H. L. Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio 1963 Twayne Publishers New York https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-AGP-733 Category:Thomas A. Hendricks