1988 Israeli legislative election

none 1984 1992 1 November 1988 All 120 seats in the Knesset 61 79.66% ( 0.88pp) Israel Likud Yitzhak Shamir 40 41 31.07 Alignment (political party) Shimon Peres 39 44 30.02 Shas Yitzhak Haim Peretz 6 4 4.72 Agudat Yisrael Moshe Ze'ev Feldman 5 2 4.50 Ratz (political party) Shulamit Aloni 5 3 4.27 National Religious Party Avner Hai Shaki 5 4 3.93 Hadash Meir Vilner 4 4 3.68 Tehiya Yuval Ne'eman 3 4 3.10 Mapam Yair Tzaban 3 6 2.47 Tzomet Rafael Eitan 2 1 1.99 Moledet Rehavam Ze'evi 2 new 1.93 Centre-Shinui Amnon Rubinstein 2 3 1.73 Degel HaTorah Avraham Ravitz 2 new 1.50 Progressive List for Peace Mohammed Miari 1 2 1.48 Arab Democratic Party (Israel) Abdulwahab Darawshe 1 new 1.18 Yitzhak Shamir Likud Yitzhak Shamir Likud Prime Minister Legislative elections were held in Israel on 1 November 1988. Voter turnout was 80%.Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p127 0-19-924958-X Parliament factions List of political parties in Israel The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 11th Knesset. Name Ideology Symbol Leader 1984 resultSeats at 1988dissolution Votes (%) Seats Alignment Social democracyLabor Zionism אמת Shimon Peres34.9%B Mapam had been part of the Alignment since 1969, but the party broke away prior to the 1988 election as a gesture of disapproval of the national unity government with Likud. 38 120 Alignment (Israel)38 120 Alignment (Israel) Mapam Labor ZionismDemocratic socialism מפם Yair Tzaban 6 120 Mapam5 120 Mapam Likud National liberalism מחל Yitzhak Shamir31.9% 41 120 Likud 43 120 Likud Tehiya UltranationalismRevisionist Zionism ת Yuval Ne'emanRafael Eitan4.0% 5 120 Tehiya4 120 Tehiya Mafdal Religious Zionism ב Yosef Burg3.5% 4 120 National Religious Party5 120 National Religious Party Hadash CommunismSocialism ו Meir Vilner3.4% 4 120 Hadash5 120 Hadash Shas Religious conservatismPopulism שס Yitzhak Peretz3.1% 4 120 Shas3 120 Shas Shinui LiberalismCentrism הן Amnon Rubinstein2.7% 3 120 Shinui4 120 Shinui Ratz ProgressivismSecularism רצ Shulamit Aloni2.4% 3 120 #C800044 120 #C80004 Yahad Centrism ט Ezer Weizman2.2% 3 120 #0000FE0 120 #0000FE PLP Pacifism פ Mohammed Miari1.8% 2 120 #9CB0712 120 #9CB071 Agudat Yisrael Religious conservatism ג Avraham Yosef Shapira1.7% 2 120 Agudat Yisrael2 120 Agudat Yisrael Morasha Religious conservatismSocial conservatism עד Haim Drukman1.6% 2 120 #2F4F4F1 120 #2F4F4F Tzomet AgrarianismZionism ץ Rafael Eitan- 0 120 Tzomet1 120 Tzomet Tami Religious ZionismEconomic egalitarianism ני Aharon Abuhatzira1.5% 1 120 #5294AE0 120 #5294AE Kachkahane Kach was disqualified from running in the 1988 elections for violation of the amended Basic Law: the Knesset. Religious ZionismKahanism כך Meir Kahane1.2% 1 120 #FFD7001 120 #FFD700 Ometz National liberalism יש Yigal Hurvitz1.2% 1 120 National List0 120 National List Mada Israeli Arab interests ע Abdulwahab Darawshe- 0 120 #0099001 120 #009900 Independent - - -- 0 120 #c0c0c01 120 #c0c0c0 Campaign Party lists for the 1988 Israeli legislative election On 8 October 1988, the Alignment leader Shimon Peres visited the Likud stronghold Beit Shemesh, near Jerusalem. There, he was greeted by a mob of angry protesters, who called him "Peres Arafat", a "traitor", and a "maniac", and threw buckets of cold water at him, forcing dozens of police officers being called to guide Peres away from the demonstrators.9 October 1988 Beit-Shemesh 88: This time Peres gets a rude awakening! https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1988/10/09/01/article/32/?srpos=21&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--21-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Hadashot On the same day, Ratz's Yossi Sarid unsuccessfully testified to the Central Elections Committee to block the ultranationalist pro-transfer Moledet party from running, while the Progressive leader Muhammad Miari demanded to disqualify Moledet, Tehiya and Tzomet. This came as the Justice Minister Avraham Sharir (Likud) tried to get Miari arrested for meeting with Yasser Arafat. Ratz's surge in the polls caused fear among the right-wing parties. Likud's youth wing handed out letters saying, "If you want a big strong Ratz, but in opposition, vote for Ratz, but if you want a smaller Ratz, but in government, vote for the Alignment." During the campaign, left-wing parties were in a state of conflict. Mapam and Ratz rejected the possibility of running on a joint list.Yerushalmi Shalom 26 February 1988 Renewed initiative to unite Mapam and Ratz https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/kolhair/1988/02/26/01/article/55/?srpos=24&e=-------he-20--21--img-txIN%7CtxTI-%09+%D7%A8%D7%A6+%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9D%E2%80%8E+----1988---------1 Kol Ha'ir 20 When Ratz signed a surplus vote agreement with the Alignment, Mapam accused Ratz of wanting to "remove Mapam from the political scene", to which Ratz leader Shulamit Aloni responded by saying that "Mapam's panic is understandable. It is a spoiled party, rich in assets and jobs, which fears any young, fresh organization without vested economic interests that comes to fight with clean hands." She also highlighted the inevitability of the two parties becoming allies, comparing Mapam to the biblical character Saul throwing his spear at David.Verter Yossi 17 August 1988 Mapam: Ratz wants to eliminate us https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hadashot/1988/08/17/01/article/46/?srpos=1&e=-------he-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI-%09+%D7%A8%D7%A6+%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9D%E2%80%8E+----1988---------1 Hadashot 4 Further to the left, there was outright hostility between the Progressive List for Peace and Hadash, resulting in physical altercations between their activists.1989-03-09 The Elections, the Peace Camp and the Left - MERIP https://www.merip.org/1989/03/the-elections-the-peace-camp-and-the-left/ 2025-12-30 Middle East Research and Information Project en The PLP criticised Ratz for giving its 'unconditional' support to Shimon Peres's bid to become prime minister, while ignoring the fact that Peres was set to appoint Yitzhak Rabin, who the PLP called 'a minister of blood and gore', as Defense Minister. The PLP criticised Ratz, Hadash, Mapam and Shinui for not assembling a coherent singular force for peace in the Knesset. The PLP also stated they would not support a Peres-led government if it was not up to their standards.Advertisement by the Progressive List For Peace https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/kolhair/1988/10/07/01/article/127.1/?srpos=20&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%97%D7%93%D7%B4%D7%A9+AND+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D----1988---------1 Kol Ha'ir 57 Hebrew plp7oct The Jericho bus firebombing, which killed an Israeli mother and her three children, galvanised voters to force a last-minute swing to the right, just when the Alignment was gaining on the Likud in polls.Meisels, Andrew and Gradstein, Linda (November 1, 1988) "Firebombing Of Bus May Tilt Israeli Election To The Right" https://web.archive.org/web/20181007073709/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-11-01/news/8803040044_1_labor-party-west-bank-israeli October 7, 2018, Sun Sentinel(December 9, 1988) "A Year of Palestinian Revolt", The New York TimesBrinkley Joel Campaign in Israel Eclipsed by Deaths In Attack by Arabs https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/01/world/campaign-in-israel-eclipsed-by-deaths-in-attack-by-arabs.html May 2, 2017 The New York Times November 1, 1988Frankel Glenn Firebombing Deaths Stun, Anger Israelis https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/11/01/firebombing-deaths-stun-anger-israelis/f3ce40d5-d861-4e3f-83b0-91065dc4d695/ May 2, 2017 The Washington Post November 1, 1988 Party slogans Party or allianceOriginal sloganסיסמאות בפוליטיקה הישראלית https://he.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA Hebrew Wikiquote 28 December 2025English translationRefs Likud "͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏רק הליכוד יכול" "Only the Likud can" כרוזים וכרזות בחירות 1988 https://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/hebrew/collections/treasures/elections/elections_materials/pages/elect_ephemera_1988.aspx 2025-12-23 web.nli.org.il he-IL Alignment "המערך, הדרך לפריצת דרך" "The Alignment, the path to a breakthrough" Mafdal"צריך אמונה במדינה""We need faith in the country" Mapam "הפעם מפם" "This time, Mapam" Hadash "שתי מדינות לשני העמים" "Two states for two peoples" Ratz "העובדות מצביעות רצ" "The facts point to Ratz" סיסמת הבחירות העובדות מצביעות רצ ⁨מעריב⁩ 12 אוגוסט 1988 אוסף העיתונות הספרייה הלאומית https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/mar/1988/08/12/01/article/55 2025-12-23 www.nli.org.il heShinui"יש פתרון שפוי- המרכז: שינוי!""There is a sensible solution, the centre - Shinui!"Tehiya"זה הזמן להתעורר לתחייה""It's time to wake up to Tehiya [a revival]"Tzomet"כל הדרכים מובילות לצומת""All roads lead to Tzomet [crossroad]"Moledet"מולדת יש רק אחת""There is only one homeland"Degel HaTorah"הפעם יש ברירה- דגל התורה""This time there is a choice - Degel HaTorah" Debates DateOrganizerModerator black #90FF90  P  Present   black #CCFFCC  I  Invitee black #FFD0D0  N  Non-invitee LikudAlignmentRefsPYitzhak ShamirPShimon Pereshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmgAh-mXzRg עימות בחירות 1988 YouTube Surplus-vote agreements D'Hondt method Two parties could make a surplus-vote agreement so that they were considered to be running on a joint list when leftover seats were distributed. The Bader–Ofer method favors larger lists, meaning that a joint list is more likely to receive leftover seats than each list would individually. If such a joint list were to receive a leftover seat, the Bader–Ofer method would be applied a second time to determine which of the parties that make up the joint list would receive it.The Distribution of Knesset Seats Among the Lists – the Bader-Offer Method, Knesset website The following agreements were signed by parties prior to the election:https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/Law10/YALKUT-3588.pdf Publications Notebook 3588 170 Notice regarding communications between the lists of candidates for the Knesset Alignment-Ratz Shas-Degel HaTorah Mapam-Shinui Likud-Tehiya The Movement for a Just Society - Yemenite Association in Israel Opinion polls The Israel Broadcasting Authority separated the parties into two blocs: Left-wing: Jewish: Alignment, Ratz, Mapam, Shinui, Meimad Arab: Hadash, PLP, Mada Right-wing: Secular: Likud, Tehiya, Tzomet, Moledet. Hadashot also included Kach in this grouping. Religious: Agudat Yisrael, Shas, Degel HaTorah, Mafdal, Morasha (dropped out in August 1988). Ometz dissolved into Likud, and Yahad ran as part of the Alignment. Ma'ariv polled Morasha together with Mafdal.Polls: Likud Leads https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/mar/1988/10/07/01/article/38/?e=-------he-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI--------------1 18 February 2026 Ma'ariv 7 October 1988 Seat projections Note: Political blocs do not necessarily determine the exact makeup of post-election coalitions. Hadashot published polls in percentages, which have been approximated into seat totals through the D'Hondt method, assuming surplus-vote agreements stay the same when possible.14 October 1988 Survey Results, Likud To Form Government https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hadashot/1988/10/14/01/article/77 2025-12-23 Hadashot he Some polls gave certain seat totals as a range of numbers, for which the average has been given. DatePoll clientLikudAlignmentMapamTehiyaTzometHadashPLPMadaShinuiRatzMorashaMafdalShasAgudat YisraelDegelKachMoledetMeimadOthersLeadLeftRightLeadFinal results403933241125defunct5652 banned20015070201 November 1988Exit poll on Channel 1https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG_BoZJyZyo 1988 Election Broadcast 1988-11-01 Broadcasting Authority Israeli Television production Hebrew 2026-02-18 YouTube4040332520265521200Tie5862430 October 1988Smith Research Center29 September 1989 The bloody attacks that preceded the elections - the car bomb in southern Lebanon and the Molotov cocktail in Jericho - tipped the scales https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1989/09/29/01/article/95/?srpos=3&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93+AND+%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8----1989---------1 Hadashot404136N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A6N/A5N/AN/A10N/A1N/AN/AN/A28 October 1988Tazpit Institute28 October 1988 Conflicting predictions in election polls https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/mar/1988/10/28/01/article/12/?srpos=8&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--1-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Ma'ariv40432516227332111036357628 October 1988Modi'in Ezrachi433338281854211101055651028 October 1988Israel Research Institute4042271.543.5163.5421.51.51.5026060Tie21 October 1988Israel Research Institute21 October 1988 Percentage of undecided voters dropped; tie between voters https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/mar/1988/10/21/01/article/8/?srpos=14&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--1-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Ma'ariv404227161.56.53.53.521.5N/A0.51.5Pensioners - 1.5258.5601.520 October 1988Modi'in Ezrachi403337281953215N/AN/A075466126-10 October 1988Hadashot14 October 1988 Survey https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1988/10/14/01/article/4/?srpos=16&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--1-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Hadashot38442614222752211106635764 October 1988The Central Elections Committee forbids Kach from running in the election2-8 October 1988Hadashot4138273624defunct106N/AN/AN/A3526816October 1988Maariv4134272818433N/A6N/A1N/A754661226 August-8 October 1988Hadashot3937273727880N/A0255651023 September 198823 September 1988 Survey https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1988/09/23/01/article/9/?srpos=24&e=-------en-20--21-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93----1988---------1 HadashotHadashot433926142126632N/A2N/A10461592August-5 September 1988Kristal Hanan 6 September 1988 Alignment - 46 Likud - 36 https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1988/09/06/01/article/8/?srpos=2&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 HadashotHadashot36462437N/A27432N/A21101063576May-October 1988Hadashot393928371894N/AN/A0Tie57636August 1988Maariv4234271726543N/A7N/AN/A08516918July 1988Maariv4135273727433N/A6N/AN/A06536714June 1988Hadashot404517142N/A25N/A533N/A2N/AN/A0559612March 1988Hadashot444116142N/A26N/A542N/A2N/AN/A035664815 February 1988Abdulwahab Darawshe leaves the Alignment to establish the Arab Democratic Party (Mada)January 1988Hadashot384415142not founded26N/A653N/A4N/AN/A065961225 December 198725 December 1987 Survey https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1987/12/25/01/article/8/?srpos=43&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--41-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 HadashotHadashot374616N/A635N/A552not founded2not foundednot founded01161592December 1987Tzomet splits from Tehiya and becomes an independent party againJune 19873 July 1987 Moderate rise for Likud and moderate decline for Alignment https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/mar/1987/07/03/01/article/45/?srpos=51&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--41-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Ma'arivMa'ariv3646286not founded25N/A442not founded5not foundednot founded01061592March 198721 April 1987 Big parties won't benefit from elections now https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/mar/1987/04/21/01/article/19/?srpos=52&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--41-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Ma'arivMa'ariv354827624N/A64240136258427 January 198727 January 1987 The gap between the Alignment and Likud has narrowed; Tehiya has established itself as the third largest party https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/mar/1987/01/27/01/article/13/?srpos=55&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--41-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Ma'arivMa'ariv345326635N/A4412019675314July 1986Ma'ariv32512962614322019675314June 1986Tzomet folds into Tehiya28 February 1986The Alignment maintains its strength and a major decline for Kahane https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/mar/1986/02/28/01/article/12/?srpos=59&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--41-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 Ma'arivMa'ariv3055276not founded151442not founded2not foundednot founded025695118November 1985Ma'ariv32531862413325021665412September 1985Ma'ariv305118617133270216654129 August 19859 August 1985 Polll https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1985/08/09/01/article/2/?srpos=62&e=01-01-1984-31-12-1988--en-20--61-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8++AND+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%93-------------1 HadashotHadashot3351166Unknown if figure includes ProgressivesN/A2414225.52.5Tami - 1186454.59.511 June 1985HaBonim train-bus collision, 22 (mostly children) killed, Shas blames the victims for violating Shabbat, leading to public outrage30 June 1985 This disaster, for what? https://www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/hadashot/1985/06/30/01/article/59/?srpos=5&e=-------en-20-hadashot-1-byDA.rev-img-txIN%7CtxTI-%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5++AND+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D----1985---------1 Hadashot1 June 19851985 Israel Economic Stabilization Plan introduced23 September 1984Mapam leaves the AlignmentOutgoing Knesset4238All 6 Mapam MKs left the Alignment in 1984, and afterwards 1 MK each defected to Shinui, Ratz and Mada. Yahad's 3 MKs joined the Alignment.541521441532not founded1not foundednot founded11576361984 results42Including Ometz47With Yahad. Mapam won 6 seats in the Knesset in 1984, as part of the Alignment.| colspan="2" |5 |4 |2 |not founded |3 |3 |2 |4 |4 |2 | 0 |1 |1Tami |557636 Results File:Knesset 1988.svg Likud 709305 40 −1 Alignment 685363 39 −5 Shas 107709 6 +2 Agudat Yisrael 102714 5 +3 Ratz 97513 5 +2 National Religious Party 89720 5 +1 Hadash 84032 4 0 Tehiya 70730 3 −2 Mapam 56345 3 New Tzomet 45489 2 New Moledet 44174 2 New Shinui 39538 2 −1 Degel HaTorah 34279 2 New Progressive List for Peace 33695 1 −1 Arab Democratic Party 27012 1 New Pensioners 16674 0 New Meimad 15783 0 New Derekh Aretz 4253 0 New LeOrr Movement 4182 0 New Movement for Social Justice 3222 0 New Yishai – Tribal Israel Together 2947 0 New Movement for Moshavim 2838 0 New Tarshish 1654 0 New Silent Power 1579 0 New Movement for Discharged Soldiers 1018 0 New Yemenite Association 909 0 New Unity 446 0 0 22444 0 2894267 IDI, Nohlen et al. Political observers noted that if Hadash and the Progressive List for Peace had made a surplus vote agreement, the latter would have won a surplus seat, which was ultimately won by the Shas-Degel surplus agreement. Aftermath List of members of the twelfth Knesset Likud's Yitzhak Shamir formed the twenty-third government on 22 December 1988, including the Alignment, the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah in his coalition, with 25 ministers. In 1990 Shimon Peres tried to form an Alignment-led coalition in a move that became known as "the dirty trick", but failed to win sufficient support. Eventually Shamir formed the twenty-fourth government on 11 June 1990, with a coalition encompassing Likud, the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Yisrael, Degel HaTorah, the New Liberal Party, Tehiya, Tzomet, Moledet, Unity for Peace and Immigration and Geulat Yisrael. Tehiya, Tzomet and Moledet all left the coalition in late 1991/early 1992 in protest at Shamir's participation in the Madrid Conference. Several defections occurred during the Knesset term; five members of Likud left to form the Party for the Advancement of the Zionist Idea. After two of them returned, the party was renamed the New Liberal Party. Yitzhak Peretz left Shas and established Moria. Eliezer Mizrahi left Agudat Yisrael and established Geulat Yisrael. Efraim Gur left the Alignment to establish Unity for Peace and Immigration, which later merged into Likud. The Twelfth Knesset saw the rise of the ultra-orthodox religious parties as a significant force in Israeli politics, and as a crucial "swing" element which could determine which of the large two secular parties (Likud, Alignment) would get to form the coalition government. Ratz, Mapam, and Shinui merged into Meretz, while Black Panthers broke away from Hadash. Notes References External links Historical overview of the Twelfth Knesset Knesset website en Election results Knesset website Israeli legislative Legislative election Category:Legislative elections in Israel Category:November 1988 in Asia Israel Category:Shimon Peres Category:Yitzhak Shamir