1st millennium

Millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000 thumb|400px|Map of the world in 1 AD, at the beginning of the new millennium. 1 The millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1 to 1000 (1st to 10th centuries; in astronomy: JD 1721425.5 gaps – 5.676 67https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1227779487 Julian Day Number from Date Calculator keisan.casio.com 2018-09-15 2020-10-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20201026121805/https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1227779487 dead). The world population rose more slowly than during the preceding millennium, from about 200 million in the year 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x (pbl.nl). Goldewijk et al. (2011) estimate 188 million as of the year 1, citing a literature range of 170 million (low) to 300 million (high). Out of the estimated 188 million, 116 million are estimated for Asia (East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, excluding Western Asia), 44 million for Europe and the Near East, 15 million for Africa (including Roman Egypt and Roman North Africa), 12 million for Mesoamerica and South America. North America and Oceania were at or below one million. For 1000, they estimate the world population at 295 million. In Western Eurasia (Europe and Near East), the first millennium was a time of great transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and marked by the Viking expansion in the west, and the continuation of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) in the east. The latter half of the first millennium also saw the prominent rise of Islam in Arabia with its influence later expanding across a vast area spanning from Sindh in the Indian subcontinent and western Asia to North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, ushering in the Islamic Golden Age ( 8th–14th century). In East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The Yamato court was established. The North Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, until the formation of the Gupta Empire. In Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era (200–900). Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica. In South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. Numerous cities were built; Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois. The construction of Monks Mound at Cahokia was begun in 900–950. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Bantu expansion reaches Southern Africa by about the 5th century. The trans-Saharan slave trade spans the Sahara and the Swahili coast by the 9th century. Civilizations, kingdoms and dynasties +Kingdoms and civilizations of the 1st millennium ADAfrica Asia / OceaniaEuropePre-Columbian AmericasNorth Africa Roman/Byzantine Empire (31 BC – AD 698) Vandal Kingdom (435–534) Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Idrisid dynasty (788–974) Tulunid Emirate of Egypt (868–905) Ikhshidid Emirate of Egypt (935–969) Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) East Africa Himyarite Kingdom (110 BC – 940) Kingdom of Aksum (100–940) Christian Nubia (350–1500) Harla Kingdom (after 500) Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (before 700) Bantu expansion Pastoral Iron Age (after 700) Sultanate of Mogadishu (after 800) Sultanate of Shewa (896–1286) Sahara / West Africa Pastoral Neolithic Ghana Empire (3rd century–1240) Kanem Empire (700–) Kingdom of Nri (948–) Central / Southern Africa Bantu expansion Late Stone Age rock art: Bidzar (Cameroon) Matobo National Park rock art (Zimbabwe) Nyero rock paintings (Uganda)West Asia Kingdom of Armenia (331 BC – AD 428) Kingdom of Iberia (302 BC – AD 580) Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224) Roman/Byzantine Empire (27 BC – 1453) Sassanid Empire (226–651) Principality of Iberia (588–888) Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Principality of Tao-Klarjeti (813–1008) East Asia Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) Goguryeo (37 BC – AD 668) Buyeo (150 BC - AD 494) Baekje (18 BC - AD 660) Silla (57 BC - AD 935) Jin dynasty (266–420) Three Kingdoms (220–280) Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439) Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589) Sui dynasty (581–618) Tang dynasty (618–907) Balhae (698–926) Liao dynasty (907–1125) Song dynasty (960–1279) Central Asia Cities along the Silk Road Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Zhangzhung (500 BC – AD 625)Aldenderfer Mark https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gu9M-IrLigC&pg=PA1 Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art Brill 2007 978-90-04-15520-6 Amy Heller and Giacomella Orofino Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003 Leiden 1–22 Defining Zhang Zhung ethnicity: an archaeological perspective from far western Tibet Xiongnu (1st century) Kushan Empire (30–375) Xianbei state (Mongols) (–234) Hephthalite Empire (440s–670) Rouran Khaganate (330–555) Yenisei Kyrgyz (539–1219) Göktürks (552–744) Tibetan Empire (618–842) Volga Bulgaria (660-1240) Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (673–751) Uyghur Khaganate (744–840) Oghuz Yabgu State (766–1055) Kimek–Kipchak confederation (880–1200) South Asia Indo-Scythians (150 BC – 400) Indo-Parthian Kingdom (12 BC – 130) Kushan Empire (30–375) Gupta Empire (280–590) Varman dynasty (350–655) Pushyabhuti dynasty (500–647) Maukhari dynasty (550–800) Kalachuri dynasty (550–625) Later Guptas (590–700) Rashtrakuta dynasty (753–982) Chola dynasty (300–1279) Pala Empire (750–1162) Southeast Asia Indianization of Southeast Asia Srivijaya (650–1377) Oceania Austronesian expansion Tuʻi Tonga Empire (950s–1865)Southeastern Europe Roman/Byzantine Empire (27 BC – 1453) Slavic expansion (500–800) Bulgarian Empire (682–1018) Italy Roman Empire (27 BC – 480) Byzantine Empire (584–1071) Kingdom of the Lombards (568–774) Republic of Venice (697-) Carolingian Empire (751-843) Papal States (754–) Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) Iberia Roman Empire (27 BC – 480) Kingdom of the Suebi (409–585) Visigothic Kingdom (418–720) Umayyad Caliphate (711–750) Umayyad state of Córdoba (756–1031) Kingdom of Asturias (720–910) Kingdom of León (910–1230) Western / Central Europe Germanic expansion (100 BC – AD 400) Roman Empire (27 BC – 480) Early Christian Ireland (400–800) Sub-Roman Britain (410-597) Anglo-Saxon England (500–1066) Francia (511–751) Duchy of Bavaria (555–) Samo's Empire (631–658) Carolingian Empire (751-843) Great Moravia (833-907) West Francia (843–987) East Francia (843–962) Duchy of Bohemia (870–1198) Principality of Hungary (895-1000) Kingdom of Croatia (925–) Kingdom of England (927–) Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) Capetian France (987–) Eastern Europe Sarmatia (467 BC – AD 370) Bosporan Kingdom (438 BC – AD 370) Roman Crimea (47 BC – AD 340) Goths (200–370) Alans (200–370) Hunnic Empire (370s–469) First Turkic Khaganate (6th century) Avar Khaganate (567 – after 822) Khazar Khaganate (650–969) Volga Bulgaria (660-1240) Kievan Rus' (882–1240) Northern Europe Roman Iron Age (1–500) Vendel Period (550–790) Viking Age (790–1066) Kingdom of Norway (872–)Mesoamerica Zapotec Maya civilization (250–900) Teotihuacan (550–) Toltec (900–1168) Teuchitlan Kaan Kingdom South America Lima culture (100 650) Moche culture (100–700) Tiwanaku empire (300–1150) Wari culture (500–1000) Cara culture (800 – ?) Tairona (900 – ?) North America Woodland period Hopewell tradition Baytown culture Plum Bayou culture Troyville culture Mississippian culture (800–1600) Dorset culture Thule tradition Norse Greenland (985 – 15th century) Events The events in this section are organized according to the United Nations geoscheme +Events and trends of the 1st millennium AD AfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeOceania 1st centuryAD 70 Amanikhatashan sends Kushite cavalry to aid Roman Emperor in Jerusalem revoltJr Ph D Grant Bishop Williams(2009). Abraham's Other Sons. AuthorHouse: pp. 50,51. 9781438997094AD 100 Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum AD 100 Khoekhoe reach southern coast of AfricaEhret Christopher The civilizations of Africa: a history to 1800 2002 Univ. Press of Virginia 978-0-8139-2085-6 1. publ Charlottesville, Va 177AD 1 Cahuachi establishedWorld Timeline of the Americas 200 BC - AD 600 The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/200BC-AD600 2009-04-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20090227042137/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/200BC-AD600 2009-02-27 dead AD 50 Pyramid of the Sun beganAD 25 Han dynasty reestablished under GuangwuAD 33 Christianity begins AD 70 Jewish diasporaAD 9 Rhine established as boundary between Rome and GermanyWorld Timeline of Europe 200 BC-AD 400 Roman The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/200BC-AD400 2009-04-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20090313034346/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/200BC-AD400 2009-03-13 dead AD 47 Londinium foundedAD 58 Alpes Cottiae becomes a Roman provinceAD 79 Pompeii destroyedAD 1 Caroline Islands colonizedWorld Timeline of the Oceania 1500 BC-AD 1 The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/1500BC-AD1 2009-04-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20081121015652/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/1500BC-AD1 2008-11-21 dead 2nd century 150 Rhapta, hint of pre-Swahili, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea172 Bucolic War out breaks in Egypt against Roman rule200 Bantu reach east AfricaWorld Timeline of Africa 332 BC-AD 400 The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/332BC-AD400 2009-04-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20090224122826/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/332BC-AD400 2009-02-24 dead 200 Nok culture ends150 Cahuachi becomes dominant ceremonial site in southern Peru184 Yellow Turban Rebellion106 Dacia becomes a Roman province166 Siege of Aquileia180 End of the Macromannic Wars 3rd century 212 Egyptians granted Roman citizenship215 Alexandrian revolts in Egypt 230 Aksum wars with Himyar and Saba alliance292 Revolts erupt in Egypt against Roman rule300 Kingdom of Aksum prints own coins 250 Rise of Laguna de los Cerros292 Stela 29 inscribed300 Tikàl conquers El Mirador208 Battle of Red Cliffs during the decline of the Han dynasty280 Jin reunifies China212 Roman citizenship extended to all free people in the empire214 Hispania divided into Gallaecia, Tarraconensis, Baetica and Lusitania286 Diocletian divides the empire East and West 300 Eastern Polynesian culture develops World Timeline of Oceania AD 1-1100 The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/AD1-1100 2009-04-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20090529171108/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/AD1-1100 2009-05-29 dead 4th century 333 Aksum converts to Christianity 350 Meroe comes to an end 350 King of Anwar, Kaja Maja 378 Teotihuacan conquers Waka, Tikal, and Uaxactun, the beginning of its conquest of the Mayahttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2007/08/maya-rise-fall/gugliotta-text National Geographic Magazine 2014-06-11 2008-04-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20080409150315/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2007/08/maya-rise-fall/gugliotta-text dead319 Rise of Gupta Empire in South Asia383 Battle of Fei River393 Last Olympic Games313 Edict of Milan370 Huns invade Eastern Europe396 Alaric and the Visigoths invade Greece 5th century401 c. camel main transport for trans-Sahara 429 Vandal invasion480 Egyptians rose in revolt against attempts to suppress the cult of Isis 500 Nubia split into Nobadia, Makuria, Alodia 420 Northern and Southern dynasties period begins 407 Vandals enter IberiaWorld Timeline of Europe AD 400-800 Early medieval The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/AD400-800 2009-04-06 https://web.archive.org/web/20090227014820/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/AD400-800 27 February 2009 dead 421 Romans defeat Persians476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire500 Settlement of Hawaii, Easter Island, Society Islands, Tuamotus and Mangareva 6th century 520 Kaleb attacks Yemen 533 Belisarius invades Africa540 Nubia converts to monophysite Christianity582 Egyptians revolt led by Abaskiron against the Byzantine rule600 Wari' conquer Peru World Timeline of the Americas AD 600-1000 The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/AD600-1000 2009-04-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20090227034310/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/AD600-1000 27 February 2009 dead 600 Construction of Palenque 538 Buddhism introduced in Japan.570 Birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad507 Battle of Vouillé535 Byzantine army invades Italy585 Visigoths conquer Suevi kingdom 7th century641 Muslims invade Africa World Timeline of Africa AD 600-1500 The British Museum 2005 http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD600-1500 2009-04-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20090313185620/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD600-1500 2009-03-13 dead690 Za dynasty founded 697 Carthage destroyed650 Settlement of Xochitecatl and Cacaxtla700 Teotihuacan destroyed618 Tang dynasty established632 Rise of Islam651 Islamic conquest of Persiac.680 First Bulgarian Empire is founded700 Settlement of the Cook Islands8th century702 Aksum attacks Arabia 706 Medieval Egypt720 Bashmurian revolts erupt in Egypt against Arab rule789 Independent Morocco738 Quiriguá becomes independent of Copan 750 Sacred Cenote built at Chichén Itzá780 Murals at Bonampak abandoned738 Caliphate campaigns in India and invasion of India by Umayyad Caliphate is averted 755 An Shi Rebellion717 Siege of Constantinople718 Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula c.722 Reconquista begins 9th century  801 c. Kanem Empire founded801c. Aksum declines, capital moved to interior868 Tulunids come to power, Egypt gains independence from Abbasid rule900c. Igbo-Ukwu foundedCoquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. The History of African Cities South of the Sahara. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005, p. 45, 1-55876-303-1c.830 Classic Maya collapse835 Ganlu Incident872 Battle of Hafrsfjord helped unified NorwayJoys, Charles Enander, Henrik et al 19 September 2017 Norway: Earliest Peoples - The Vikings https://www.britannica.com/place/Norway/Earliest-peoples#ref188684 10 January 2018 Encyclopedia Britannicac.874 Settlement of Iceland896 Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin10th century905 Tulunids ejectedṬūlūnid Dynasty Arabic Caliphate, Abbasid Rule, Egypt Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tulunid-dynasty 2025-02-04 www.britannica.com en909 Fatimid established969 Fustat captured 973 Cairo becomes new Egyptian capital, and seat of the Caliphate950 Great Serpent Mound constructed990 Toltecs conquer Chichen Itza907 Political upheaval of the Five Dynasties begins960 Song dynasty established958 Denmark unites985 Erik the Red founds colony in GreenlandAD 1000 Polynesians build stone temples Inventions, discoveries, introductions +Inventions, discoveries and introductionsCommunicationMath and ScienceAgricultureTransportationWarfare Woodblock printing PaperWho Built it First Ancient Discoveries A&E Television Networks 2008 http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=5&content_type_id=60600&mini_id=52979 2009-04-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20090429202316/http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=5&content_type_id=60600&mini_id=52979 2009-04-29 live QuipuUrton, Gary. (2011). "Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to Get into the Archive in Ancient Peru AlgebraThe Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing - Wikisource, the free online library https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_and_Balancing 2025-02-04 en.wikisource.org en Ptolemaic system Wootz steelMahathevan Iravatham 24 June 2010 An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/An-epigraphic-perspective-on-the-antiquity-of-Tamil/article16265606.ece 31 October 2010 The Hindu The Hindu Group Coffee Hops Horseshoe"Horseshoe." Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th edn. Vol. 20. 2005. 651–51. Print. Stirrup Magnetic compass Greek fire Gunpowder Centuries and decades 1st century 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 2nd century 100s 110s 120s 130s 140s 150s 160s 170s 180s 190s 3rd century 200s 210s 220s 230s 240s 250s 260s 270s 280s 290s 4th century 300s 310s 320s 330s 340s 350s 360s 370s 380s 390s 5th century 400s 410s 420s 430s 440s 450s 460s 470s 480s 490s 6th century 500s 510s 520s 530s 540s 550s 560s 570s 580s 590s 7th century 600s 610s 620s 630s 640s 650s 660s 670s 680s 690s 8th century 700s 710s 720s 730s 740s 750s 760s 770s 780s 790s 9th century 800s 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s 860s 870s 880s 890s 10th century 900s 910s 920s 930s 940s 950s 960s 970s 980s 990s References Category:Millennia Category:Middle Ages