2001 Gujarat earthquake

Earthquake in India and Pakistan August 2024 June 2014 2001 Gujarat earthquake 2001-01-26 03:16:40 usp000a8ds 1763683 yes 2001 1 26 08:46 am IST Gujarat Earthquake Relief by RSS Volunteers.jpg India Gujarat#India 10 billion (equivalent to $US 10 2001 1 c billion in US) w y 7.6 XII MSK-64 X Oblique-slip,Intraplate 17.4 km on 85 seconds 23.388 N 70.326 E Gujarat, India and Sindh, Pakistan 0.11 g 107 >w 4.0 (as of 31/12/2001)Strongest: wc 5.8 on 28 January 20,023 dead, 166,951 injured Collapsed buildings after the earthquake An earthquake struck India and Pakistan on 26 January 2001 at 08:46 am IST 03:16 UTC. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch district in Gujarat, India.Gupta, Harsh K., et al. "Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001." Journal-Geological Society of India 57.3 (2001): 275–278.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/15-years-of-Gujarat-earthquake-A-trauma-etched-in-Gujarats-memory/articleshow/50730183.cms 15 years of Gujarat earthquake: A trauma etched in Gujarat's memory The Times of India 19 May 2017 The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme). The intraplate earthquake measured 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale and occurred at a depth of 17.4 km.ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php 27 June 2022 International Seismological Centre Version 9.1 The earthquake killed at least 20,023 people, injured another 166,000 and destroyed about 400,000 buildings in Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh.Preliminary Earthquake Report USGS Earthquake Hazards Program http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ 21 November 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/ 20 November 2007Sen Kavita Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake Academia January 2001 https://www.academia.edu/4617331 The vast majority of deaths and damage were observed in Kutch district, while nearly 1,600 additional deaths occurred in the cities of Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendranagar, Surat, Gandhinagar and Vadodara. Tectonic setting Geology of India Gujarat lies 300–400 km from the plate boundary between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing continental collision along this boundary. During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic, this area was affected by rifting with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and development of new low-angle thrust faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.Maurya D. M. Chowksey Vikas Patidar A. K. Chamyal L. S. A review and new data on neotectonic evolution of active faults in the Kachchh Basin, Western India: legacy of post-Deccan Trap tectonic inversion Geological Society, London, Special Publications 445 1 237–268 10.1144/sp445.7 2017 2017GSLSP.445..237M 132318339 The focal mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on reactivated rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake is consistent with reactivation of such a fault. Earthquake Estimated number of people exposed to shaking levelsEXPO-CAT Earthquake Catalog https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/ December 1, 2008 United States Geological Survey Version 2007-12 4 February 2025 MMI Population exposure9 wikitable 244k8 wikitable 1,520k7 wikitable 7,002k6 wikitable 20,836k thumb|USGS Shakemap The earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.Bodin P. Horton S. 2004 Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001 http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/people/shorton/AFTERSHOCK/bhuj1.pdf Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Seismological Society of America 94 3 818–827 2004BuSSA..94..818B 10.1785/0120030176 2 April 2012Li Q. Plate Boundary Zones Liu M. Yang Y. 2002 American Geophysical Union 978-1-118-67044-6 Stein S. Geodynamics Series 30 255–264 The 01/26/2001 Bhuj, India, Earthquake: Intraplate or Interplate? 10.1029/gd030p0255 2329-1540 Freymueller J.T. No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001 18 November 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm 27 September 2007 On the moment magnitude scale, the International Seismological Centre said it measured a magnitude of 7.6, while the United States Geological Survey put it at 7.7.M 7.7 – 17 km NW of Bhachāu, India 2001 usp000a8ds Rupture propagation A finite fault model from the USGS estimated that the earthquake rupture had an area of 141 km mi x 18 km mi, lasting approximately 25 seconds. Slip was mostly concentrated around the northern patches of the rupture, with a maximum slip of 9.695 m ft recorded in the village of Chobari. The full rupture also extended through the cities of Bhuj and Rapar, although slip in these areas was extremely minor. Despite the large magnitude and rupture area, no visible surface ruptures could be identified in the epicentral area. Ground motion The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX-XII (Violent-Extreme). It also registered X (Devastating) on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale, with the maximum intensity observed over an east-northeast elongated zone of approximately 2,100 km2 mi2; much of Gujarat recorded tremors of VII (Very Strong) or higher. Ahmedabad recorded a maximum peak ground acceleration of 0.11 g. Shaking from the earthquake lasted several minutes, with stronger ground motion lasting at least 85 seconds. Numerous rockfalls and landslides occurred in the Bhuj and Bhachau areas. There was extensive evidence of soil liquefaction at the Rann of Kutch, Banni Grasslands Reserve, coastal areas of the Gulf of Kutch and numerous sand boils in dry lakebeds northeast of Bhuj. After the earthquake, these sand boils had fountains of saline groundwater rising 2-3 m ft. Widespread subsidence and lateral spreading also occurred at Kandla and Navlakhi ports. Aftershocks By 31 December 2001, there were 107 aftershocks exceeding w 4.0 which were recorded by the USGS, including 9 events measuring w 5.0 or higher; most aftershocks occurred south of the epicenter near Bhachau.USGS earthquake catalog United States Geological Survey https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=22.51256,68.56842&extent=24.22693,71.90826&range=search&sort=largest&baseLayer=terrain&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22endtime%22:%222001-12-31T23:59:40.500Z%22,%22latitude%22:23.419,%22longitude%22:70.232,%22maxradiuskm%22:250,%22minmagnitude%22:4,%22starttime%22:%222001-01-05T03:16:40.500Z%22%7D%7D The largest aftershock occurred on 28 January, had a magnitude of wc 5.8 and was located 15 km mi west-southwest of Rapar.M 5.8 - 15 km WSW of Rāpar, India 2001 usp000a8hm Damage and casualties thumb|left|250px|The partially collapsed Swaminarayan Mandir Hindu temple in Bhuj +Casualties by district Area DeathsIndia Earthquake Update #25 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-25 23 March 2001 29 August 2024 ReliefWeb InjuriesCasualties of 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html Government of India https://web.archive.org/web/20010807123437/http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html 7 August 2001 deadKutch18,41639,765Ahmedabad7524,030Rajkot43310,567Jamnagar1194,592Surendranagar1132,851Surat46157Patan381,686Banaskantha322,770Navsari1751Bharuch944Porbandar990Gandhinagar8240Junagadh887Bhavnagar444Vadodara1256Anand120 The United States Geological Survey's PAGER-CAT catalog reported 20,023 fatalities. Additionally, 166,836 injuries were recorded, a total of 28 million people across Gujarat were affected, and 442 villages lost at least 70% of houses. In Kutch District, 90% of homes were damaged or destroyed, with 24% of the housing stock affected overall in Gujarat; most affected buildings were non-engineered, unreinforced stonemasonry, although many reinforced concrete buildings also collapsed. Water outages were widespread due to liquefaction and soil compaction, with many pumping stations and two water towers collapsing in the affected area. However, damage to highways and bridges was relatively minor.Gujarat (Kutch) India Earthquake of January 26, 2001 Lifeline Performance https://www.geengineeringsystems.com/ewExternalFiles/Bhuj_M7.4_2001.pdf Eidinger John April 1, 2001 American Society of Civil Engineers Economic losses amounted to 10 billion.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040195104002732 25 August 2026 Damage due to the Mw 7.7 Kutch, India earthquake of 2001 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.03.030 B.K. Rastogi 18 October 2004 85-103 1-4 390 0040-1951 Tectonophysics subscription Bhuj, one of the closest cities to the epicenter, was devastated, with roughly 10,000 people killedIn Quake, Unity Overcame Diversity https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/10/world/in-quake-unity-overcame-diversity.html The New York Times 10 February 2001 3 February 2025 John F. Burns and 95% of buildings destroyed or uninhabitable after the quake;ReliefWeb https://reliefweb.int/report/india/gujarat-earthquake-emergency-update-dec-2002 Gujarat earthquake emergency update Dec 2002 Save the Children 29 August 2024 20 December 2002 38,653 homes partially or fully collapsed in the city.2001 Gujarat Earthquake: How the state bounced back from the worst disaster ever https://www.mid-day.com/news/offbeat-news/article/2001-gujarat-earthquake-how-the-state-bounced-back-from-the-worst-disaster-ever-23331440 Mid-Day 23 January 2024 4 February 2025 The quake also destroyed eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the historic Swaminarayan temple and historic forts, Prag Mahal and Aina Mahal. The Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them either collapsed or were seriously damaged; only 10% were undamaged.Rabindra Vasavada Edmund Booth 2001 Effect of the Bhuj, India earthquake of 26 January 2001 on heritage buildings https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21244 Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 21 0170-9518 Bhuj's district hospital collapsed, killing about 193 people inside, while at the city's main telephone exchange building, 50% of its walls collapsed, damaging interior electrical controls and resulting in many casualties. Over 1.2 million houses in 8,000 villages and 490 towns were damaged or destroyed, as well as 12,000 schools, 2,000 health facilities, many historic buildings and tourist attractions;India: Gujarat earthquake victims to receive more support to rebuild lives https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-victims-receive-more-support-rebuild-lives 2 May 2002 29 August 2024 ReliefWeb World Bankhttp://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf Interdisciplinary Observations on The January 2001 Bhuj, Gujarat Earthquake 10 February 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090226144339/http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf 26 February 2009 400,000 of the damaged homes completely collapsed.Earthquake in South Asia – India and Pakistan Affected Update Apr 2001 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/earthquake-south-asia-india-and-pakistan-affected-update-apr-2001 11 April 2001 29 August 2024 ReliefWeb CRS Across Bhachau, over 5,000 people died and 9,000 houses were damaged or destroyed.David Sanderson Anshu Sharma Winners and losers of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake https://www.slurc.org/uploads/1/0/9/7/109761391/winners_and_losers_from_the_2001_gujarat_earthquake.pdf January 2007 29 August 2024 10.1177/0956247808089155 Environment & Urbanization 20 177–186 free International Institute for Environment and Development In Chobari, the closest settlement to the epicenter, all 3,200 houses were razed and 648 residents were killed.Nearest settlement to the Epicentre of 2001 earthquake: Chobari still bears scars of devastation https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nearest-settlement-to-the-epicentre-of-2001-earthquake-chobari-still-bears-scars-of-devastation-7161558/ 26 January 2021 29 August 2024 The Indian Express Over 400 were also feared dead in Rapar. Adhoi village lost 354 residents, including 25 students at a school. Much of Vondh was also razed and 400 people died there. All 208 houses in the village of Visnagar were also destroyed.India: Gujarat Earthquake 2001 – Visnagar, Gujarat getting new life https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-2001-visnagar-gujarat-getting-new-life 12 June 2003 29 August 2024 ReliefWeb IDRF In Anjar, over 2,000 people died, including 204 who were killed at a Republic Day parade.Anjar remembers its dead children https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anjar-remembers-its-dead-children/articleshow/421065389.cms 26 January 2002 29 August 2024 The Times of India There were also nearly 2,000 deaths in Gandhidham, where 30 high-rise buildings collapsed,What The Quake Means For Gujarat Inc https://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20010221/cover2.html 29 January 2001 3 February 2025 Business Insider and in nearby Kandla, roads and facilities at the Port of Kandla were badly affected. At the Navlakhi, extensive subsidence caused the main access road and port to drop below sea level at high tide, preventing goods from being imported; lateral spreading caused a newly built reinforced concrete wharf to collapse into the sea. Ten people were killed and all 940 homes were badly damaged in Dhori village, including 914 which were completely razed by the quake, along with multiple health centers, schools, a water tower, the mosque and three Hindu temples. In Khavda, 240 people died, thousands more were injured, 20% of homes collapsed and 40% of others were moderately damaged. There were also 225 deaths in Ratnal.India/Gujarat: Earthquake Appeal No. 04/2001 Situation Report No. 6 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/indiagujarat-earthquake-appeal-no-042001-situation-report-no-6 6 February 2001 3 February 2025 ReliefWeb IFRC In Ahmedabad, 1,021 apartments and 82 houses collapsed, and 752 people were killed.The Kutch Earthquake 2001 https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/KUTCH%202001.pdf 2012 29 August 2024 National Institute of Disaster Management Pramod K. Mishra 978-81-8347-000-1 Collapsing multistory buildings also caused deaths in Morbi and Surat.Preliminary Observations on the Origin and Effects of the January 26, 2001 Bhuj (Gujarat, India) Earthquake https://sudhirjain.info/INL_005.pdf April 2001 5 February 2025 Earthquake Engineering Research Institute The Indian military provided emergency support which was later augmented by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. A temporary Red Cross hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wqqxXqv7EC&pg=PA3 Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000 Eidinger John M. 2001 ASCE Publications 9780784475065 There were also 19 deaths in Pakistan.India Earthquake Update 26 Jan 2001 https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-26-jan-2001 26 January 2001 29 August 2024 ReliefWeb Childreach The Badin-Tharparkar area recorded 12 deaths, 115 injuries, 1,989 collapsed homes and 43,643 damaged homes.Earthquake https://pdma.gos.pk/earthquake/ 2022 29 August 2024 Government of Sindh Liquefaction from the earthquake resulted in sugarcane farms being flooded, affecting crops in the village of Kadhan.The Bhuj, India, earthquake of January 26, 2001 https://geerassociation.org/components/com_geer_reports/geerfiles/Bhuj_2001/india_photo.htm February 2001 3 February 2025 Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Reconstruction Four months after the earthquake the Gujarat government announced the Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy. The policy proposed a different approach to urban and rural construction with the estimated cost of rebuilding to be US$1.77 billion.https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA35 Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters Jha Abhas K. 2010 World Bank Publications 9780821382684 The main objectives of the policy included repairing, building, and strengthening houses and public buildings. Other objectives included the revival of the economy, health support, and reconstruction of the community and social infrastructure. Housing The housing policies focused on the removal of rubble, setting up temporary shelters, full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the retrofitting of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The communities affected by the earthquake were given the option for complete or partial relocation to in-situ reconstruction.https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA36 Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters Jha Abhas K. 2010 World Bank Publications 9780821382684 The total number of eligible houses to be repaired was 929,682 and the total number of eligible houses to be reconstructed was 213,685. By 2003, 882,896 (94%) houses were repaired and 113,271 (53%) were reconstructed.http://www.adrc.asia/publications/recovery_reports/pdf/Gujarat.pdf The Gujarat Earthquake 2001 Sinha Anil 2003 Asian Disaster Reduction Center 20 July 2016 City planning The Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) was commissioned to provide a new city plan for the city of Bhuj.Byahut Sweta Fall 2014 Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India) Journal of the American Planning Association 80 4 440 10.1080/01944363.2014.989132 154043360 Academic Search Complete The plan focused on creating a wider roadway network to provide emergency access to the city. The EPC used land readjustment (LR) in the form of eight town planning schemes. This was implemented by deducting land from private lot sizes to create adequate public land for the widening of roadways.Byahut Sweta Mittal Jay 2016 Using Land Readjustment in Rebuilding the Earthquake-Damaged City of Bhuj, India Journal of Urban Planning and Development 143 05016012 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000354 The remaining land was readjusted and given back to the original owners as final plots. Relief thumb|Hinduja Hospital's relief camp at Bhuj thumb|U.S. Air Force personnel preparing relief supplies on 3 February 2001 The Government of Gujarat created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The World Bank and Asian Development Bank also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively. Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations. +International assistanceCountryRelief offeredAustraliaUS$550,000Bangladesh20,000 tons of rice and a 12-member medical teamBelgiumUS$920,000CanadaUS$2 millionChinaUS$602,000GreeceUS$270,000 in financial aid relief suppliesIsrael150 member emergency aid missionJapanUS$3 million in financial aid and US$1.14 million worth of relief supplies and equipmentsII-4 インド地震における緊急援助, ODA Bluebook 2002, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. KuwaitUS$250,000Kingdom of NepalRelief materials and financial aidNetherlandsUS$2.5 million through UNICEFNew ZealandUS$200,000 grant Pakistan13 tons of relief material such as blankets and food Saudi ArabiaRelief material and supplies Ba'athist SyriaMedical and other relief suppliesTaiwanUS$100,000United Arab EmiratesRelief material and supplies United Kingdom£10 million United StatesRelief supplies up to US$5 million VietnamRelief material and supplies +Assistance from organisationsOrganisationsRelief given American Red Cross of Central New JerseyGrant program of US$10,000 with all proceeds going to the American Red Cross Indian Earthquake Relief FundCARE InternationalRelief Materials HelpAge IndiaRelief materials to rural areas and Mobile Medicare Units (MMUs)OxfamFood distribution. shelters, temporary bathing facilities, and relief materials The Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement £10 million, 350-bed hospital, water and sanitation units, telecommunications team, and a British Red Cross logistics teamWorld Health Organization US$1.2 million Technisches Hilfswerk (THW)Rehabilitation of water supply and storage for villages nearby Bhachau.Department of International Development (DFID-UK)Financing of relief funds for local and international NGO working on relief works in rural Kutch. Memorials thumb|Smritivan|right Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of Bhujia Hill in Bhuj, Kutch and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acres, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.Gujarat to set up quake memorial in Bhuj http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-to-set-up-quake-memorial-in-bhuj-104041601028_1.html Joydeep Ray 16 April 2004 Business Standardhttps://www.oneindia.com/india/modi-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-smriti-van-kutch-earthquake-memorial-in-jan-2019/articlecontent-pf34359-2810583.html Modi to inaugurate first phase of 'Smriti Van' Kutch earthquake memorial in Jan 2019 20 November 2018PM Modi inaugurates Smriti Van Memorial in Kutch – See pics of museum https://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-smriti-van-memorial-in-kutch-see-stunning-pics-of-museum-2502639.html 30 August 2022 Zee News Veer Balak Smarak in Anjar is a memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.28 August 2022 PM Modi to inaugurate 'Veer Balak Memorial' in Gujarat. Details here https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-veer-balak-memorial-in-gujarat-details-here-101661663487296.html 5 September 2022 Hindustan Timesઅંજારના વીર બાળક સ્મારકની વિશેષતાઓ, પીએમ મોદી કચ્છ પ્રવાસમાં કરશે લોકાર્પિત https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/kutch/features-of-veer-balak-memorial-in-anjar-pm-modi-kutch-visit-aug-2022/gj20220825192526303303652 5 September 2022 ETV Bharat News 25 August 2022 guWebdunia આજે કચ્છના અંજારમાં 'વીર બાળક સ્મારક'નું વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદી લોકાર્પણ કરશે https://gujarati.webdunia.com/regional-gujarat-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-the-veer-baldik-memorial-in-anjar-kutch-122082600006_1.html 5 September 2022 gujarati.webdunia.com gu In popular culture Kai Po Che! is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted the 2001 earthquake effects in Ahmedabad in its plot. See also India Pakistan Earth sciences Earthquake zones of India List of earthquakes in 2001 List of earthquakes in India References PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/ 4 September 2009 United States Geological Survey Version 2008_06.1 External links M7.7 Bhuj "Republic Day" Earthquake, 2001 – Amateur Seismic Centre 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India – University of Colorado Gujarat Earthquake of January 26, 2001 – Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Israel Defence Forces relief efforts 1763683 eq-2001-0033-ind Category:2001 earthquakes Gujarat earthquake 2001 2016 earthquake Category:2000s in Ahmedabad Category:History of Kutch Category:Earthquakes in India Category:January 2001 in India Category:Buried rupture earthquakes Category:Bhuj