1912 Atlantic hurricane season

none Atl 1912 1912 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png April 4, 1912 November 21, 1912 Seven 965 100 1 11 7 4 1 1.6 122 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914 1910–19 Pacific hurricane seasons 1902-19 Pacific typhoon seasons 1910s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons The 1912 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season that featured the first recorded November major hurricane (Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale).https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/lateseason.asp Late Season Major Hurricanes Weather Underground August 27, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20190303132025/https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/lateseason.asp March 3, 2019 There were eleven tropical cyclones, seven of which became tropical storms; four of those strengthened into hurricanes, and one reached major hurricane intensity. The season's first cyclone developed on April 4, while the final dissipated on November 21. The season's most intense and most devastating tropical cyclone was the final storm, known as the Jamaica hurricane. It produced heavy rainfall on Jamaica, leading to at least 100 fatalities and about $1.5 million (1912 USD) in damage. The storm was also blamed for five deaths in Cuba. Other tropical cyclones that left notable impact include the fourth and sixth hurricanes. The former brought rough seas and storm surge to portions of the Gulf Coast of the United States, leaving locally severe damage, particularly in Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola, Florida, totaling about $39,000. One fatality occurred after a barge capsized. The sixth hurricane brought rough seas and heavy precipitation to northeastern Mexico and south Texas, with flooding reported inland. The storm left 15 deaths and about $28,000 in damage. Overall, the tropical cyclones of this season collectively caused at least 122 fatalities and just under $1.6 million in damage. The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 57,Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration April 2016 Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT September 24, 2016 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html Miami, Florida near the 1911–1920 average of 58.7.Landsea, Christopher W. May 15, 2008 A Reanalysis of the 1911–20 Atlantic Hurricane Database 21 10 https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/21/10/2007jcli1119.1.xml?tab_body=pdf National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2146 etal September 6, 2021 10.1175/2007JCLI1119.1 PDF Journal of Climate Miami, Florida 2008JCli...21.2138L 1785238 free ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here. __TOC__ Timeline Systems Tropical Storm One Atl Tropical Storm One analysis 12 Jun 1912.png AL01 1912 path.png June 7 June 17 60 995 On June 7, ships in the Gulf of Mexico reported a low pressure area with a closed circulation about 100 mi km on southeast of Port Eads, Louisiana. Initially, the storm moved slowly southeastward, before turning west-southwestward late on June 8. Strengthening slightly, the cyclone turned to the northwest by June 11. Around 12:00 UTC on the following day, a ship observed a barometric pressure of 995 mbar inHg on on, the lowest known in relation to the storm. Based on this, maximum sustained winds were estimated at 70 mph (110 km/h). Early on June 13, the storm curved northeastward and made landfall near Franklin, Louisiana, around 05:00 UTC. The system slowly weakened and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the Outer Banks of North Carolina, while still at tropical storm intensity. By 12:00 UTC on June 16, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression. About 24 hours later, the depression dissipated about 150 mi km on north of Bermuda. In Louisiana, heavy rainfall resulted in some flooding in inland areas. Precipitation in Georgia and South Carolina caused rivers to approach or reach flood stage, necessitating a flood stage warning at Cheraw, South Carolina, along the Pee Dee River. There, the Pee Dee River crested at 27.5 ft m on, about 0.5 ft m on above flood stage.Climatological Data for June, 1912 Monthly Weather Review June 1912 40 6 828 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/040/mwr-040-06-0827.pdf May 19, 2016 10.1175/1520-0493(1912)40<827:DNSAAE>2.0.CO;2 1912MWRv...40..827V free von Herrmann Charles F. Some locations in eastern North Carolina reported strong winds, particularly at Fayetteville, where there was a "severe local storm". Tropical Storm Two Atl Tropical Storm Two analysis 15 Jul 1912.png AL02 1912 path.png July 12 July 17 45 <1011 A ship initially encountered this storm about 65 mi km on north-northeast of San Salvador Island in the Bahamas on July 12. The storm initially moved northwestward and strengthened slowly. Early on July 14, the cyclone turned west-northwestward. Later that day, a ship recorded a barometric pressure of 1011 mbar inHg on, which was the lowest pressure in relation to the cyclone. Around 12:00 UTC on July 15, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), based on an observation from Savannah, Georgia. About three hours later, the storm made landfall near Darien, Georgia. The cyclone slowly weakened inland and fell to tropical depression status by 12:00 UTC on July 16. About twenty four hours, it dissipated over Mississippi. Prior to the storm's landfall, northeast storm warnings were issued from Jacksonville, Florida, to Charleston, South Carolina. At Tybee Island in Georgia, strong winds and abnormally high tides were reported. In Savannah, a wind speed of 49 mph km/h on was reported. The storm resulted in minimal damage. Tropical Storm Three Atl Tropical Storm Three analysis 3 Sept 1912.png AL03 1912 path.png September 2 September 6 45 <1007 A tropical depression formed about 140 mi km on east-southeast of Ocean City, Maryland, early on September 2. The depression drifted southward and reached tropical storm intensity later that day. Based on observations from ships on September 3, the cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1007 mbar inHg on. The storm then began moving southwestward at a faster pace. Late on September 5, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression and curved west-southwestward. Shortly after 06:00 UTC on September 6, the system made landfall near Midway, Georgia, with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). About 12 hours later, the depression dissipated over southwest Georgia. The strongest wind speed associated with the storm was 37 mph km/h on in Charleston, South Carolina. Hurricane Four Atl Hurricane Four analysis 13 Sept 1912.png AL04 1912 path.png September 10 September 15 80 <986 A trough of low pressure in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico developed into a tropical depression about 60 mi (100 km) west-southwest of Cedar Key, Florida, on September 10. Shortly thereafter, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. Moving generally westward, the storm intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale early on September 12. The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) at 00:00 UTC on September 13, observed by a ship. Around this time, the hurricane began to curve northwestward. While approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States, the system weakened. At 08:00 UTC on September 14, the hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). A barometric pressure of 986 mbar inHg on was observed at landfall, the lowest known in relation to the cyclone. The system quickly weakened to a tropical storm just four hours after landfall. Early on September 15, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over Tennessee. In Florida, the precursor to the hurricane brought heavy rainfall to Tampa, with 13.19 in mm on falling there between September 7 and September 10. Hundreds of homes and numerous acres of agricultural lands were flooded. Throughout the area, many streets were washed out, disrupting street car service and commuting.Climatological Data for September, 1912 Monthly Weather Review September 1912 40 9 1306 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/040/mwr-040-09-1305.pdf September 24, 2016 10.1175/1520-0493-40.9.1305 1912MWRv...40.1305V free von Herrmann Charles F. In Pensacola, abnormally high tides caused severe damage. Wharves and small buildings used for storing fishing equipment washed away. About 20 barges were beached, strewing timber across the beach. Service via the Louisville and Nashville Railroad was briefly interrupted due to timber on a railroad bridge. Wind damage was relatively minor. A dance pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was partially deroofed, as was a hotel. Damage in Pensacola reached approximately $25,000 (1912 USD). In Alabama, the city of Mobile in particular suffered impact from the storm. Some ships and vessels capsized in the Mobile Bay and Mobile River, including a $2,000 barge, drowning a watchman. Winds destroyed a church, though wind damage was otherwise limited to downed street signs and fences. Overall, the hurricane caused $39,000 in damage. Hurricane Five Atl Hurricane Five analysis 7 Oct 1912.png AL05 1912 path.png October 6 October 10 80 <996 In late September, a cold front moved into the Gulf of Mexico. By October 3, a low pressure associated with the front developed. Initially extratropical, the low moved east-northeastward and crossed Florida on October 4. After entering the Atlantic early on October 5, the low began strengthening and soon reached the equivalency in intensity to a tropical storm. Around 00:00 UTC on October 6, the system transitioned into a tropical cyclone while situated about 260 mi km on southeast of Cape Fear in North Carolina. Already a strong tropical storm, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane about six hours later. Late on October 6, a vessel observed a barometric pressure of 996 mbar inHg on, the lowest in relation to the stop. Based on this, it is estimated that the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). The storm then began to execute a small cyclonic loop, which continued until early on October 8. By then, the cyclone was moving eastward and weakened to a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on October 9. About 24 hours later, the system weakened to a tropical depression. At 18:00 UTC on October 10, the depression dissipated about 280 mi km on northeast of Bermuda. Despite remaining well offshore during its tropical cyclone stage, a wind speed of 46 mph km/h on was observed at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Hurricane Six Atl Hurricane Six analysis 16 Oct 1912.png AL06 1912 path.png October 11 October 18 85 970 Observations from ships first indicated the presence of a tropical storm to the southeast of the Cayman Islands on October 11.http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT Christopher W. Landsea Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration September 5, 2016 Miami, Florida etal Moving west-northwestward, the storm strengthened steadily, reaching winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) before making landfall near Cancún, Quintana Roo, early on October 13. The system weakened slightly over land and while situated in the Gulf of Mexico just north of the Yucatán Peninsula, but began re-intensifying later that day. By 12:00 UTC on October 14, the cyclone deepened into a Category 1 hurricane and then a Category 2 hurricane about 24 hours later. The hurricane made landfall on central Padre Island between Corpus Christi and Port Mansfield in Texas late on October 16 with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h), estimated based on a storm surge of 6 ft m on. A barometric pressure of 970 mbar inHg on was estimated using the pressure-wind relationship. The system quickly weakened to a tropical storm early on October 17, several hours before weakening to a tropical depression. The storm dissipated early on October 18. Offshore Padre Island, the Mexican streamer SS Nicaragua capsized with a crew of 27. Thirteen people, including the captain, were rescued by personnel from the United States Life-Saving Service station in Port Aransas, though six other crew members were lost. Storm surge and abnormally high tides resulted in severe damage along the coast. Brazos and Padre islands were inundated for several hours, with several buildings being swept away. Considerable damage also occurred in due to strong winds and tides in Brownsville and Port Isabel. At the former, a number of windmills, trees, and poorly constructed buildings suffered some degree of damage. Brownsville and Raymondville broke daily rainfall records, with 6.34 in mm on and 4.9 in mm on observed on October 17, respectively.Texas Hurricane History http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service September 5, 2016 David M. Roth Weather Prediction Center Camp Springs, Maryland Many buildings were destroyed and several boats sunk after tides rose 6 ft m on in less than 4 hours. Fifteen people died and damage reached more than $28,000 (1912 USD). Hurricane Seven Atl 1912 Atlantic hurricane 7 November 18.jpg AL07 1912 path.png November 11 November 21 100 965 The Jamaica Hurricane of 1912 1912 Jamaica hurricane A low pressure area in the southwestern Caribbean Sea developed into a tropical storm by 06:00 UTC on November 11. Initially, the storm moved slowly northwestward, before eventually curving north-northeastward. Late on November 13, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane, based on a ship report. Slow intensification took place after classification as a hurricane, though after recurving toward northeastward, the storm began to quicken in strengthening. Early on November 17, the hurricane reached its maximum sustained wind speed of 115 mph (185 km/h). It continued north-northeastward and made landfall near Negril, Jamaica, around 12:00 UTC. At South Negril Point, a barometric pressure of 965 mbar inHg on was observed, the lowest known in relation to the storm. The storm weakened after landfall and the trend continued after reentry into the Caribbean Sea. On November 20, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm north of Jamaica. The system then westward across the Caribbean, before dissipating on November 22 about 115 mi km on southwest of Grand Cayman. Heavy rainfall was reported in Jamaica. Several bridges were severely damaged in the northern and eastern portions of the island.The Storms Of November In Jamaica, West Indies Monthly Weather Review November 1912 40 11 1756–1757 10.1175/1520-0493(1912)40<1756b:TSONIJ>2.0.CO;2 http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/040/mwr-040-11-1756b.pdf August 21, 2016 American Meteorological Society 1912MWRv...40R1756. free Strong winds generated by the storm destroyed approximately 25% of banana trees,Unprecedented Rains Hurt Jamaican Fruits https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850519/1912_jamaica_hurricane/? August 21, 2016 San Francisco Chronicle November 17, 1912 San Francisco, California 1 Newspapers.com 101 126 while telegraph lines were downed in a number of places. Railway lines were also heavily damaged by the winds and rain.Jamaican Storm Continues https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850390/ August 21, 2016 The Parsons Daily Sun November 18, 1912 Parsons, Kansas 1 Newspapers.com 32 325 Rough seas also lashed the island, with Savanna-la-Mar suffering near complete destruction and 42 deaths in that city alone. Across western Jamaica, roughly a hundred homes were destroyed, while 5,000 buildings were damaged or demolished.Entire Town Wiped Out https://www.newspapers.com/clip/850669/ August 21, 2016 The Daily Northwestern November 20, 1912 Oshkosh, Wisconsin 1 Newspapers.com Associated Press About 100 fatalities and $1.5 million in damage occurred in Jamaica. Extensive flooding and five fatalities occurred in Cuba in the Guantánamo Bay area.David Longshore Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition 55–56 New York Facts on File May 12, 2010 9781438118796 August 21, 2016 https://books.google.com/books?id=8kXwskQHBLoC&q=black+river+hurricane&pg=PA56 Other systems In addition to the seven tropical storms, four tropical depressions developed and remained below tropical storm intensity. The first formed from an extratropical cyclone well to the southwest of the Azores on April 4. The depression moved southwestward until being by a frontal boundary on April 6. By September 25, another tropical depression developed from a formerly extratropical cyclone about halfway between Bermuda and the Azores. However, on September 27, the depression lost tropical characteristics again. The next tropical depression formed on October 17 to the southeast of Bermuda. Moving generally northwestward, the depression transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by October 21. The final non-developing depression formed from an extratropical cyclone to the west of the Canary Islands on November 7. The depression tracked generally westward before being absorbed by a frontal system on November 11. See also Tropical cyclones 1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons 1910s Australian region cyclone seasons References External links Monthly Weather Review 1910 Atlantic hurricane 1912 Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines Category:Meteorological events in 1912 Category:1912 natural disasters Category:1912 Atlantic hurricane season