18th-century Western domes

Aspect of architectural history ly September 2022 Domes built in the 18th century by the Western world, broadly defined, benefited from the newly developed mathematics of calculus and the study of statics. There were numerous studies on the catenary curve as the most stable form for arches and vaults and the ideal shape for a dome was debated in the late 18th century. Calculus allowed Guarini's experimental designs with intersections of spheres, barrel vaults, and oval domes to be proven and they would become the foundation of Rococo spatial arrangements. In the areas of the Holy Roman Empire, rebuilding of the many palaces and churches destroyed in the Thirty Years' War had begun by the end of the seventeenth century. Ovals resolved the tension between longitudinal and centralized spaces in German Baroque architecture, but resting them on drums created problems and so the domes often rested directly on arches or pendentives. Bulbous domes were popular in central and southern Germany and in Austria in the 18th century, and influenced those in Poland and Eastern Europe in the Baroque period. However, many bulbous domes in the larger cities of Eastern Europe were replaced during the second half of the eighteenth century in favor of hemispherical or stilted cupolas in the French or Italian styles. Domes in Mexico were single shell constructions, with few exceptions, and the domes and lanterns were commonly covered with glazed tiles. A wooden structure supporting a layer of earth fill to support the domes during construction, a technique used in Europe to build domes since the Romanesque era. Although never very popular in domestic settings, domes were used in a number of 18th century homes built in the Neoclassical style. In the United States, small cupolas were used to distinguish public buildings from private residences. After a domed design was chosen for the national capitol, several states added prominent domes to their assembly buildings. Developments Counter-Reformation Baroque architecture thumb|left|Drawing by Giovanni Poleni of catenary curves and the dome profile of St. Peter's Basilica Over the course of the eighteenth century, developments in mathematics and the study of statics led to a more precise formalization of the ideas of the traditional constructive practices of arches and vaults, and there was a diffusion of studies on what was considered the most stable form for these structures: the catenary curve.Bagliani 2009 Robert Hooke had published a Latin anagram in 1675 indicating that the perfect shape for an arch to resist a given load was the inversion of the shape a flexible cord assumes under such a load, but he was unable to define this catenary curve mathematically and the anagram was deciphered only after his death.Heyman 1998 39, 41–42 In 1704, James Bernoulli wrote that an inverted catenary arch of any thickness will resist its own weight, which likely inspired Pierre Bouguer to conclude in his Mémoire sur le lignes courbes qui sont propres à former les voûtes en dômes (1734) that the optimal dome shape was a rotated inverted semi-catenary.Sinopoli 2010 23 Giovanni Poleni, tasked by the Pope in 1743 to study the stability of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, built scale models to demonstrate that a catenary curve can be found to fit between the two shells of the dome and published drawings in 1748, "the very first example of conscious and documented use of catenary in Architecture".Pavani 2020 478 The treatise by Guarino Guarini, published posthumously in 1737, included the way to draw various vaults, but not how to build them.Bellini 2017 3 Building on Fontana's work, Bernardo Antonio Vittone published Istruzioni elementari dell’architettura civile in 1760, in which he recommended using ogival or ellipsoidal profiles to increase the proportional height of domes and increasing the angle at which they intersected with their lanterns, for both structural and aesthetic reasons. To counter the negative impact this raised profile has on the interior appearance, domes with two or three layers of vaults were built, with openings in the lower levels to admit light.Cavalagli Gusella 2014 Analytical approaches were also being developed and debated in the eighteenth century, particularly between French and Italian mathematicians and architects, but were considered too theoretical to be used in construction.Cavalagli Gusella 2014 The study of dome structures changed radically, with domes being considered as a composition of smaller elements, each subject to mathematical and mechanical laws and easier to analyze individually, rather than being considered as whole units unto themselves.Bagliani 2009 In 1734, mathematician Pierre Bouguer (and later others) argued that the dome could be thought of as sliced into a series of independent wedged-shaped segments meeting as arches. Therefore, a dome as a whole was stable if each constituent arch was stable and analysis of a dome could be performed the same way as analysis of an arch.Tempesta Paradiso Galassi Pieroni 2015 85–86 He published his Mémoire in 1736, "the first treatise on the theory of the dome", with possible stable forms for domes when ignoring friction. A. F. Frézier built on this work and used a method of analyzing the thrust of domes as made of a series of masonry arch elements that could then be compared to the known thrust behavior of barrel vaults of the same span.Kurrer 2012 The arch-slices approach was applied in 1743 by the three mathematicians hired to advise on the stability of the cracking dome of St. Peter's Basilica: François Jacquier, Thomas Le Seur fr Thomas Leseur, and Roger Joseph Boscovich. It would subsequently become the standard approach to dome analysis.Huerta 2001 58 Their use of a simplified mathematical model of the dome's structure to calculate the strength an additional chain would need to ensure the safety of the dome was an unprecedented step, although they did not provide enough detail of the calculations or the assumptions of their model for their result to be independently verified.Mainstone 1999 33–34 A 1773 study by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb focused on the verification of static equilibrium in masonry structures and took friction into account.Pavlovic Reccia Cecchi 2014 2 In the late eighteenth century, the ideal shape for a dome was debated by Charles Bossut, Lorenzo Mascheroni, Giuseppe Venturoli it, and Leonardo Salimbeni it, among others.Sinopoli 2010 23 The approach of Bossut (1776), Salimbeni (1787), and Bérard (1810) combined the frictionless model of Bouguer with the arch-slicing technique of Frézier in purely mathematical research that was never applied to the design of actual domes.Huerta 2008 307 Kingdom of France Kingdom of France thumb|right|Les Invalides in Paris Adjacent to a hospital and retirement home for injured war veterans, the royal chapel of Les Invalides in Paris, France, was begun in 1679 and completed in 1708. The dome was one of many inspired by that of St. Peter's Basilica and it is an outstanding example of French Baroque architecture. In 1861 the body of Napoleon Bonaparte was moved from St. Helena to the most prominent location under the dome. The dome of Val-de-Grâce in Paris (1645–1710) was designed by Jacques Lemercier after having worked in Rome for seven years. It includes an inscription around the dome relating to the Bourbon kings.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 183 Inspired by St. Peter's Basilica, its dome likewise has two shells, but the outer shell is much taller in order to compensate for the foreshortening effect from viewing the exterior dome from nearby on the ground. The inner shell is made of stone and the outer shell is made of wood.Hanser 2006 167 Plans for the Church of St. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris, were approved in 1757 with a dome 275 ft m flip tall over a Greek cross plan. The architect of the church, Jacques-Germain Soufflot, wanted to surpass the dome of London's St. Paul's Cathedral and, like St. Paul's, the dome consisted of three shells. Unlike St. Paul's, and due to advances in mathematics and engineering, all three shells were built of stone and made a part of a structural system that permitted support by thinner piers and walls.Hanser 2006 166–68 Finished in 1790 by Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, the outward thrust of the domes were restrained by the use of metal rings but issues with the supporting pillars required Napoleon to have Rondelet strengthen the pillars in 1806.Blasi Coisson 2006 360, 362 Later named the Panthéon, the crossing dome of the building has a span of 65 ft m flip and 8 inches and a height of 47 ft m flip.Marino 2012 16, 21 Two "pre-tensioned high resistance cables" were added to the dome in the early 21st century.Ottoni Blasi 2016 173 The Halle aux blés, a corn exchange in Paris, was a rotunda was built from 1763 to 1766 by Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières with a central circular courtyard 120 ft m flip wide. The courtyard was covered with a laminated timber and glass dome built from 1782 to 1783 by André Jacob Roubo, to the designs of Jacques-Guillaume Legrand and Jacques Molinos. It used the structural system published by Philibert de l'Orme in his 1561 treatise, with short sections of curved wood sandwiched together with staggered joints and held together with wooden pegs to form longer curved vertical beams braced horizontally by wooden purlins, which avoided the need for centering. The building became a popular sight in Paris and was seen and admired by Thomas Jefferson, who later used the same structural system for the small dome he added to his Monticello home. The 1783 dome burned down in 1803 and was replaced from 1808 to 1813 with an iron and glass dome designed by François-Joseph Bélanger.Tyack 2015 145–146 Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Great Britain thumb|right|St. Paul's Cathedral in London London's Great Fire of 1666, following a devastating outbreak of plague in the city that killed a fifth of its population, spurred the commission of Christopher Wren to rebuild St. Paul's Cathedral, which occurred over the course of 35 years. Robert Hooke, who first articulated that a thin arch was comparable to an inverted hanging chain, may have advised Wren on how to achieve the crossing dome.Denny 2010 137–138Mark Billington 1989 314 Wren may also have been informed of the structural problems of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica by John Evelyn, who had examined it, and did not finalize his design for a dome three-quarters its size until shortly before its construction started in 1705.Mark Billington 1989 312–313 When finished, the dome had three layers: an inner dome with an oculus, a decorative outer wooden dome covered in lead roofing, and a structural brick cone in between. The brick cone ends in a small dome that supports the cupola and outer roof and the decorated underside of which can be seen through the inner dome's oculus. The structure rises 365 ft m flip to the cross at its summit, but is evocative of the much smaller Tempietto by Bramante.Millers 2007 61 The use of the brick cone, in addition to other innovations, allowed the piers beneath the dome to be reduced in size.Hanser 2006 167 The thickness of the brick cone is 450 millimeters.Cowan 1983 189 The inside wall of the drum supporting the inner dome slopes inwards to the base of the dome for structural reasons, a design feature seen in the 1672 model and apparently inspired by Robert Hooke's ideas on arch shape, and three encircling chains were used to resist horizontal thrust.Heyman 1998 46–47, 49 The dome is supported by eight piers with a veneer of Portland stone over a core of rubble infill, which were damaged by the added pressure from the dome's construction and needed repairs in 1709. The dome was completed in 1710.Cowan 1977 11, 13 The inner side of the dome was painted by James Thornhill from 1715 to 1717 with eight scenes of St. Paul from the Acts of the Apostles in a brown stone-like color mandated by the presiding committee.Johns 2009 501–503 Wren's structural system became the standard for large domes well into the 19th century.Mark Billington 1989 315 The iron chains used to encircle the 34-meter-wide dome have since been replaced by stainless steel girdles.McNeil 2002 881–882 Damage to the outer timber truss dome during World War II resulted in the timber being replaced by reinforced concrete.Cowan 1983 187–188 Although never very popular in domestic settings, domes were used in a number of 18th century homes built in the Neo-Classical style, including the 1720s Chiswick House, in West London.Palmer 2009 92–93 The Palladian mansion Penicuik House, built by Sir James Clerk, included a stable block with a domed dovecote built as a faithful imitation of the destroyed ancient monument Arthur's O'on.Higgins 2015 132–133 A chapel at Gibside by James Paine has a trefoil plan with a central dome.Stillman 1979 114, 116 The domed mausoleum by Nicholas Hawksmoor at Castle Howard was built in 1742 and is similar to Bramante's Tempietto. Robert Adam referenced the Roman Pantheon dome in his 1767 design of Luton Hoo in Bedfordshire.Silk Gildenhard Barrow 2017 257 The Pantheon on London's Oxford Street was designed by James Wyatt in 1770, becoming a fashionable meeting-place for the aristocracy. Its dome was inspired by the dome of the Roman Pantheon but was destroyed in a fire in 1792.Richardson 2001 38 Domes in English Neoclassical churches are often not visible on the exterior, but were used over octagonal, square, cruciform, and longitudinal plans.Stillman 1979 114 The recommendation of octagonal plans as the ideal church shape for preaching by the Methodist Conference of 1770 may explain the popularity of octagon plans, such as the domed octagons of Octagon Chapel in Bath (1767) and Surrey Chapel in Southwark (1782–1783).Stillman 1979 110–111 St Mary's Chapel in East Lulworth (1786–1787), a Roman Catholic chapel only permitted by King George III to be built if it did not appear to be a church on the exterior, has a plain exterior but uses a quatrefoil plan with a central dome on pendentives.Stillman 1979 114 Shallow domes were used over the alters of some churches, such as John Soane's remodeling of Wardour Chapel in Wiltshire (1788–1790).Stillman 1979 115 St Mary on Paddington Green Church (1788–1791) has a shallow interior dome on pendentives at the center of its cruciform plan.Stillman 1979 114 St James' Church in Great Packington (1789–1792), a Greek Cross plan with filled corners, has domes over the corner towers.Stillman 1979 109–110 St Mary's Church in Banbury (1790–1797) is similar to Wren's earlier St. Stephen Wolbrook design, with a dome on columns.Stillman 1979 114–115 Kingdom of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland The Irish Parliament House in Dublin, designed by Edward Lovett Pearce and built from 1729 to 1739, included an octagonal dome over a central chamber for the House of Commons. The location of the space, especially relative to the barrel-vaulted House of Lords, which was off axis on the east side of the building, seemed to symbolize a political dominance by the House of Commons. The dome's outer shell was 31 ft m flip above its inner shell and reminiscent of the Roman Pantheon and the octagonal dome over Lord Burlington's Chiswick House. The dome was the only exterior indication of the interior arrangement, but its location and height were such that it could not be easily seen. It was rebuilt after a fire in 1792 but demolished after the building was sold to the Bank of Ireland in 1803.McParland 1989 91–96 Thomas Cooley designed the Royal Exchange in Dublin with a central rotunda.Richardson 2001 28 Built from 1769 to 1779 in the Neoclassical style, the Pantheon-inspired dome is low on the exterior behind axial porticos. On the interior, the coffered dome is 46 ft m flip in diameter, with twelve circular windows at its base and an oculus at the top.Casey 2005 361–363 Assuming responsibility from the deceased Thomas Cooley, architect James Gandon built The Custom House (beginning in 1781), and the Four Courts building (assuming responsibility in 1784) along the River Liffey in Dublin, with prominent central domes. His King's Inns building (1795–1800) was delayed due to his having to leave the country during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.Richardson 2001 23–27 Hapsburg Monarchy and the Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Monarchy Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire thumb|right|Karlskirche, Vienna Although the Thirty Years' War delayed the onset of the Baroque style in the areas of the Holy Roman Empire, rebuilding of the many palaces and churches destroyed had begun by the end of the seventeenth century.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 182, 185–187 Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach studied architecture in Rome before working in Austria. His Church of the Holy Trinity (begun 1694) in Salzburg has clear influences from Borromini in its use of the color white, accentuated windows, and the elliptical dome and oculus.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 182, 185–187 Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia Guarini's plan for the church of S. Maria Ettinga in Prague inspired a group of buildings built in Bohemia between 1698 and 1710.Bagliani 2009 An abbey church at Obořiště, Bohemia, with two transverse oval vaults in the nave intersecting a third circular dome made to look like an oval, was the first church by Christoph Dientzenhofer to show Guarini's influence. His vaulting system of two transverse oval vaults that do not overlap at the Church of Svatá Klará in Cheb cs Kostel svaté Kláry (Cheb) was elaborated two years later in the great abbey church at Banz (1710–18).Earls 1971 130–31 In Bohemia and Moravia, Jan Santini Aichel blended styles in what has become known as baroque Gothic, as can be seen in his crossing dome at the Kladruby Monastery Benedictine Monastery cs Kladrubský klášter at Kladruby (1712–26) and the five-lobed dome of the Chapel of St. Jan Nepomuk (1719–22). More conventionally baroque is his dome at St. Peter and Paul Benedictine Monastery cs Kostel svatého Petra a Pavla (Rajhrad) in Rajhrad (1722–24).Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 187–189Vondráčková Nývlt Plachý 2016 1760 Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg Banz Abbey, overseen by Johann Dientzenhofer, has a complex arrangement of overlapping and subdivided transverse oval vaults with wide ribs at their intersections that make it difficult to understand the structural system, like Guarini's earlier church of Santa Maria della Divina Providenza in Lisbon.Earls 1971 130–31 Neumann's more traditional longitudinal churches had domes over their crossings, such as his church at Kloster Gößweinstein de Gössweinstein (1730–39).Earls 1971 133–35 Considered Neumann's masterpiece, the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (1743–72) uses a system of intersecting ovals similar to that at Banz Abbey. Unlike Banz, the bands at the intersection of the vaults are modeled in stucco, rather than being structural. The stone and mortar shells of the domed vaulting are reinforced by iron bars, a technique he also used in the 18 m ft mid -span us domed vault covering the staircase at the Würzburg Residence.Earls 1971 131, 135–37 It was built in a rural area of Bavaria as a pilgrimage church, as was the Wieskirche, and both in the rococo style.Yonan 2009 288 Electorate of Bavaria Electorate of Bavaria Hans Georg Asam, father of the Asam brothers C.D. and E.Q. Asam, painted the fresco on the crossing domical vault of the church of Tegernsee Abbey.Hitchcock 1965 189 The crossing dome of Maria Hilf pilgrimage church de Wallfahrtskirche Maria Hilf (Freystadt) in Freystadt was built free-standing, surrounded by four towers. The interior includes frescos by H. G. Asam between the four windows.Hitchcock 1965 195–197 The first dome painting by C.D. Asam is over its crossing of the Ensdorf Abbey church, signed 1714. The dome of Trinity Church in Munich (1711–1714) was also painted by C.D. Asam and the painting fills the whole space between the four windows.Hitchcock 1965 189, 196–197 Domes by the Asam brothers, such as that of Weltenburg Abbey (1716–21), blended fresco painting, stucco and indirect lighting to achieve their effects.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 187–189 At Weltenburg, the perspective painting is intended to be viewed from the entrance and also depicts a round drum supporting a higher ribbed and coffered dome.Hitchcock 1965 227 The Rohr Monastery Church de Klosterkirche Rohr (Niederbayern) (1717–1720) has a crossing dome in the form of a frescoed handkerchief vault. The tower dome was added in 1739.Hitchcock 1965 211–212, 214 An oval resolved the tension between longitudinal and centralized spaces in the dome of Johann Michael Fischer's rotunda at Murnau (1725–27).Earls 1971 132 Oval domes can also be found in the Amalienburg pavilion at Schloss Nymphenburg, Munich.Nuttgens 1997 209 Neumann's more traditional longitudinal churches had domes over their crossings, such as his church at Münsterschwarzach Abbey (1727–43).Earls 1971 133–35 Neumann replaced barrel vaults in basilical plan churches with series of light intersecting elliptical domes.Escrig Cobreros Valcarcel 1997 362 Johann Michael Fischer's abbey church at Rott am Inn (1759–63) has a series of three domical vaults over its nave, with the largest in the center over an octagonal space and painted with an illusionistic fresco by Matthias Günther.Murray Murray Jones 2013 209 Duchy of Württemberg Duchy of Württemberg Domes by the Asam brothers, such as that of Weingarten Abbey (1715–20), blended fresco painting and stucco to achieve their effects.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 187–189 At Weingarten, the perspective painting on the east bay handkerchief vault simulates a higher dome and drum.Hitchcock 1965 210 The Hofkappele of Ludwigsburg Palace (1715–1718), originally intended for Lutheran use, has quadratura painting by Carlo Carlone on the four pendentives and dome.Hitchcock 1965 207–209 Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg The monastery church of St. Mang's Abbey (1701–1717) by Johann Jakob Herkomer includes a thin timber dome similar to those in Venice, where the architect was trained.Pajovic 2024 736 Unlike the Asam brothers, the Zimmerman brothers, Johann Baptist Zimmermann and Dominikus Zimmermann of Bavaria, emphasized white stuccowork under direct lighting blended with fresco painting at Wieskirche at Weis (1745–54).Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 187–189 Neumann's more traditional longitudinal churches had domes over their crossings, such as his church at Neresheim Abbey (1745–92).Earls 1971 133–35 Imperial Abbey of Schussenried Unlike the Asam brothers, the Zimmerman brothers, Johann Baptist Zimmermann and Dominikus Zimmermann of Bavaria, emphasized white stuccowork under direct lighting blended with fresco painting at St. Peter and Paul Church, Steinhausen St. Peter and Paul Church de Wallfahrtskirche Steinhausen at Steinhausen (1728–31).Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 187–189 An oval resolved the tension between longitudinal and centralized spaces in the dome of Dominikus Zimmermann's church at Steinhausen de Wallfahrtskirche Steinhausen (1727–33).Earls 1971 132 Duchy of Savoy Duchy of Savoy The church of Saint Maria delle Grazie (formerly Saint Caterina) in Casale Monferrato was built by Giovanni Battista Scapitta and Giacomo Zanetti with an oval dome 15 meters by 10 meters, on a 7 m ft mid -tall us drum. It was built in 8 years and finished in 1726.Ceravolo Chiorino Novello Abbiati 2015 86, 90–91 Appointed by the King of Savoy as First Architect to the King in 1714, Filippo Juvarra built the Basilica of Superga at Turin between 1717 and 1731. The apparent lightness of its dome may be attributed to both even lighting and the unusual lack of pendentives, with the dome on its circular entablature above eight columns instead.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 181 Its use of bulbous domes on the lantern and side towers was also unusual in Italy, where bulbous domes remained rare.Born 1944 220 The basilica was built as the official dynastic mausoleum of the House of Savoy, which had governed Piedmont and southeast France since the 15th century. The original intended site of the mausoleum, begun in 1596, was found to have problems with uneven settlement due to the soil and this led to a halt in construction. After efforts to compensate for the settlement, and despite the mausoleum at Superga already being built, construction was resumed to complete the original building as the Sanctuary of Vicoforte.Aoki Chiorino Roccati 2003 203–204, 206 thumb|right|Sanctuary of Vicoforte in Vicoforte, Italy. The Sanctuary of Vicoforte's oval dome, very close to an ellipse, was completed in 1731 and is the largest masonry dome of its kind in the world. It measures 37.15 meters by 24.8 meters at its base and is pierced by eight oval windows and a central oval oculus with a cupola. Although iron rings were used as part of the original construction at three levels to hold the dome together, cracks developed as the foundation settled further over the centuries. Additional reinforcement was added from 1985 to 1987 to halt their spread.Aoki Chiorino Roccati 2003 203, 206, 207 The style of Piedmont spread to Vienna, where Italian architects built oval-plan churches and inspired the building of others.Bagliani 2009 Many decades after Guarino Guarini's buildings used them, the crossed-arch dome was revived by Bernardo Vittone in projects such as the Sanctuary of Valinotto (1738–39) and the Chapel of San Luigi Gonzaga.Robison 1991 401Fuentes Huerta 2010 347Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 181 Vittone was familiar with Guarini's work and his dome over the Church of San Bernardino it Chiesa dei Santi Bernardino e Rocco in Chieri (1740–1744), the original of which had collapse in 1740, has been called "a lofty system of arches" due to the openings for light left in the pendentives and in the vaulting of adjacent bays.Castex 2008 38–41 Republic of Genoa Republic of Genoa Oval domes are found in Liguria, such as the church of San Torpete (1730–33) in Genoa, but the use of stone in this region, rather than the brick predominant in the architecture of Piedmont, limited their size.Bagliani 2009 Electorate of Saxony Electorate of Saxony Bulbous domes gained in popularity in central and southern Germany and in Austria in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly in the Baroque style. Dresden in particular has outstanding examples, including the lantern over the large central dome of the Frauenkirche, Dresden (1726–39).Born 1944 218–220 Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg German Baroque architecture resolved the tension between longitudinal and centralized spaces through the use of ovals. Examples include the domes of Balthasar Neumann's Hofkirche at Würzburg Residence (1733) and Hofkapelle at Schloss Werneck de Werneck (1733).Earls 1971 132 Neumann's more traditional longitudinal churches had domes over their crossings, such as his churches at Etwashausen de Kreuzkapelle (Kitzingen) (1733–45) and Church of the Holy Trinity (Gaibach) de Dreifaltigkeitskirche (Gaibach) Gaibach (1742–45).Earls 1971 133–35 Princely Abbey of St. Blasien The two-shell dome of Saint Blaise Abbey in the Black Forest by French architect Pierre Michel d'Ixnard fr Pierre-Michel d'Ixnard, with an internal span of 33.7 meters, dates from 1768 and rests on a ring of columns. It has been seen as a "landmark in the transition from Italian to French models in South German architecture" and may have been inspired by the Church of St. Genevieve, although the structural system was controversial.Bergdoll 1987 307–308Kurrer 2018 731 The 15.4 m ft mid -wide us center of the inner dome dates is a thin membrane structure that dates from 1910 to 1913.Kurrer 2018 731 Austrian monarchy Habsburg_Monarchy#Austrian_monarchy Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Naples The Church of Saint Agostino it Chiesa di Sant'Agostino (L'Aquila) in L'Aquila was built by Giovanni Battista Contini with an oval dome 21.5 meters by 15.5 meters after a 1703 earthquake destroyed the previous church. The oval dome was built directly on its piers, with no intervening drum. The outer octagonal timburio is non-structural but there are eight structural buttresses that support the dome through those walls. An earthquake in 2009 destroyed the lantern above the dome.Ceravolo Chiorino Novello Abbiati 2015 86, 90–91 Archduchy of Austria Archduchy of Austria The Palais Schwarzenberg for Heinrich Franz von Mansfeld was designed by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, beginning in 1697, but the architect was replaced by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in 1720, who completed the building. It includes a domed vestibule the appears on the exterior only as a drum. The drum-without-dome motif may have been intended to refer to the "open crown" of German counts found on the House of Mansfeld heraldic crest, but may ultimately derive from engravings of the unfinished drum of St. Peter's Basilica published between 1564 and 1588.Berger 1966 165, 174–175, 178–179 The oval dome of St. Peter's Church in Vienna (1702–33) is almost exactly the same as Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach's Church of the Holy Trinity, although it was designed by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt. The dome of von Erlach's Karlskirche (1716–24) is also very similar, but with round windows in the dome itself in addition to the windows of the drum and with dark trim at both the base of the drum and the base of the dome.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 182, 185–187 Empress Maria Theresa commissioned the Gardekirche de as part of a relocated crown-sponsored hospital in Vienna and it was built between 1755 and 1763. Its oval dome was decorated in the rococo style popular among the city's elites and it would serve as a model for the church built in the Nadelburg, which was founded by the Habsburgs.Yonan 2009 288 Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Sicily Although the church of Sant'Ignazio all'Olivella in Palermo was opened in 1622, the dome was not designed until 1731. It was destroyed during World War II and replaced with a dome made of a combination or masonry and reinforced concrete.Cottone Bertorotta 2009 5–6 Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary Because of the imprecision of oval domes in the Rococo period, resting them on drums created problems and the domes instead often rested directly on arches or pendentives.Earls 1971 135–36 The oval dome of the Trinity church in Bratislava was built between 1717 and 1745. It is very similar to that of St. Peter's Church in Vienna, which the architect, Antonio Galli Bibiena, had briefly worked on, but is decorated instead by painting in the trompe-l'œil technique for which the Bibiena family is known. Duchy of Mantua Duchy of Mantua The dome of the Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua, was added to the 15th century church by Filippo Juvarra between 1733 and 1765.Castex 2008 157 The dome of Santa Maria Assumpta (c. 1770) in Sabbioneta, designed by Bibiena, employs a complex trompe-l'œil effect. A double dome, the inner dome is an open latticework through which the outer dome can be seen, which is painted to appear to be a clear sky.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 182–183 Dutch Republic Dutch Republic Dutch colonial architecture The Dome Church id Gereja Belanda (1732-1736), or Nieuwe Hollandsche Kerk (New Dutch Church), was built by the Dutch East India Company in Batavia, Indonesia on the site of an earlier cruciform church. It was an octagonal building made of brick with granite elements, with a slate roof imported from Europe. It was built near the City Hall and contained tombs of important company officials and governors general. The dome included sixteen windows and an oculus under a lantern. Damaged by an earthquake three years after it was finished, it leaned at a slight angle. The tall distinctive building became a landmark for sailors and fishermen. It was sold in 1937 in a ruined state and a new building replaced it that houses the Wayang Museum. The church was included in numerous paintings and a model of the building has survived.Suratminto 2010 23, 27, 30–32, 34, 36–38 Papal States Papal States The church of Madonna di San Luca, situated on a high hill three miles from Bologna, has a Greek cross plan with a dome.Evans 1835 19–20 Republic of Ragusa Republic of Ragusa A crossing dome on Dubrovnik Cathedral (1671–1713) had been part of the original 1671-1673 designs by Italian architect Andrea Bufalini to replace a Romanesque church that likewise had a crossing dome.Horvat-Levaj 2015 1, 6–7 Although the design was revised by architect Tommaso Napoli after 1689, the dome actually constructed by local and final architect Ilija Katičić after 1704 returned to the initial Bufalini design of a circular drum with classical features in the Roman Baroque style.Horvat-Levaj 2015 14, 24–26, 29–30 The church is similar to the earlier San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, which has a 1618 dome by Carlo Maderno.Horvat-Levaj 2015 27 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth A small wooden Greek Catholic church in Równia, the Church of the Protection of the Mother of God pl Cerkiew Opieki Matki Bożej w Równi (1700–1750) is representative of hundreds of wooden Uniate churches in Poland's eastern provinces. It is composed of three domed parts, following the traditional divisions of an Orthodox church building.Krasny 1999 92 Polish churches evidently inspired by the work of Borromini and Guarino Guarini include the oval domed Cistercian Church at Ląd (1728–1735) by Pompeo Ferrari, the Dominican church in Lviv (1745–1759) by Jan de Witte, and the Church of St. Stanislaus the Bishop in Rydzyna pl Kościół św. Stanisława Biskupa w Rydzynie (1746–1750) by Karol Marcin Frantz pl Karol Marcin Frantz.Krasny 1999 90–91 An example of a Polish Roman Catholic wooden dome can be found on a church in Mnichów built between 1765 and 1770.Krasny 1999 92 A mosque in Dovbuchishki be Мячэць з в. Даўбучкі had an unusually large seven-sided wooden dome 11.5 meters high that covered the 7.5 m ft on us width and most of the 11 m ft on us length of the prayer hall.Chervonnaya 2014 182 The dome was painted red with a tin crescent and dates on cemetery gravestones indicate it was built around 1767.Grishin Sharafutdinov Galiullin 2019 851 Russian Empire Russian Empire During the reign of Catherine the Great, Scottish architect Charles Cameron designed the Pavlovsk Palace (1781–1786) after Palladio's Villa Rotonda.Silk Gildenhard Barrow 2017 257 Spanish Empire Spanish Empire History of Spain (1700–1810) In Granada, stuccowork was introduced by Francisco Hurtado Izquierdo and used to embellish classical forms in the dome (c. 1702) and sacristy dome (c. 1713–42) of La Cartuja, in contrast to earlier vaults such as that of San Jerónimo (1523–43), which used diagonal ribs in an idiosyncratic way and had apparent Moorish influences.Stephenson Hammond Davi 2005 185 The church of Santa María Magdalena (1690–1709) in Seville has a nine-meter diameter dome built by Leonardo de Figueroa with an inner brick dome and outer wooden shell, similar to the system used for the Piedad chapel in Seville's Hermandad del Baratillo es Capilla de la Piedad (Sevilla) (1724).Suárez Boothby González 2020 231 Examples of Baroque domes in Naples include Santissima Trinità dei Pellegrini, which has neither drum nor lantern, Santa Maria della Colonna, which has a drum but no lantern, Sant'Angelo a Nilo, which is the only dome in the city to have a lantern but no drum, and Santissima Annunziata Maggiore, which has both a drum and a lantern like most domes of its era.Cennamo Cusano 2020 11 In the Valencian Community, thin brick domes covered in glazed tiles were built using techniques later made famous by Rafael Guastavino.Alonso-Durá 2006 2962 The Church of Sant Roc d'Oliva (1729) in Oliva was built with an ellipsoidal dome over a low drum on a Greek cross plan and a half-dome with lantern over the retrochoir. The ribbed seven meter wide dome was made in a single shell of two layers of brick with a thickness one hundredth of the dome's span. The dome is covered by blue glazed roofing tiles in eight sections separated by lines of white tiles. Other contemporary Valencian examples include those at the Church of Saint Thomas and Saint Philip Neri es Iglesia de Santo Tomás y San Felipe Neri and the Church of Saint Andrew the Apostle es Iglesia de San Andrés Apóstol (Alcalá del Júcar).Alonso-Durá 2006 2945–2946, 2947–2948 thumb|right|The Sanctuary of St. Ignatius of Loyola Resolution of the War of the Spanish Succession allowed work to resume in 1717 on the Sanctuary of St. Ignatius of Loyola, begun in 1689. The dome designed by Carlo Fontana was completed in 1738 by Ignacio Ibero es Ignacio Ibero. The 20 m ft mid -wide us dome was uniquely made of two stone shells about 32 cm apart, connected by eight ribs. The outer stone dome was arched slightly steeper than the inner hemispherical shell, but structural issues required two iron bands to be added at the base for reinforcement immediately upon completion. The inner stone dome was highly decorated with relief carving by Ibero, who had been an apprentice to the Churriguera and their followers.Benincampi 2017 177–180 The Basilica of St. Juan de Dios es Basílica de San Juan de Dios (1734–1757) in Granada was built by José de Bada es José de Bada y Navajas as a mausoleum church for the remains of St. John of God. The otherwise stone-vaulted church has a crossing dome composed of an inner brick shell and an outer wooden shell, following the treatise advice of Fray Lorenzo. The four supporting arches beneath the pendentives were doubled in width after 1738 due to structural concerns. The inner hemispherical shell of the dome, 11.7 meters in diameter, is connected to and supports only the thin inner brick shell of the lantern. The outer wooden shell supports the outer brick shell of the lantern and transfers its weight to the drum. The exterior of the dome is roofed with green and white glazed tiles, as occurs frequently in southeast Spain.Suárez Boothby González 2020 229–232 The Hermitage of San Marcos (1784) in Olocau del Rey was built with a 9.20 m ft on us dome in two shells over a slender brick drum with Mudéjar influences on a Greek cross plan. The inner dome is six centimeters thick on average, using a single layer of brick between eight ribs made of two layers of brick. The higher outer shell is two bricks thick at an average of nine centimeters.Alonso-Durá 2006 2949–2951 The crossing dome of the Archpriestal Church of San Jaime es Iglesia arciprestal de San Jaime (Villarreal) (1779) in Villarreal was 12 meters wide and included a wrought iron chain, discovered during restoration. The octagonal drum has eight windows that penetrate the circular dome with conical vaulting from the lunettes, creating a gothic appearance. Both the inner and outer shells are two bricks thick.Alonso-Durá 2006 2953–2956 The rotunda of the Escola Pía es Iglesia de las Escuelas Pías (Valencia) (last third of the eighteenth century) has a diameter of 24.5 meters and can be considered the culmination of the Valencian classicist domes.Alonso-Durá 2006 2945–2946 The dome of the Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida (1798) in Madrid was unusually painted by Francisco Goya to depict the actions of the saint on Earth, rather than heavenly scenes.Shearman 1992 153 Viceroyalty of New Spain New Spain The domes in Mexico are single shell constructions with few exceptions. Examples include the Convent of San Francisco, the Temple of San Fernando es Templo de San Fernando (México), and La Santísima Church. Domes and lanterns are commonly covered with glazed tiles.Baxter 1902 13–14 The Capilla Real at the San Gabriel Franciscan Convent in Cholula, Mexico, had nine barrel vaults covering its nine naves when completed in 1544 but these collapsed in 1588. A long project to replace the roofing with tiled domes was completed in 1731, giving the chapel an appearance similar to the hypostyle hall of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba.Jeffery 2003 310 The church at the Mission San Xavier del Bac was built by 1797 in the northwestern frontier of Pimería Alta in New Spain, today Arizona. The cruciform church has a dome at the crossing and a dome over the sacristy, built with fired adobe bricks set in lime mortar. The dome is supported on an octagonal base formed by corbelled triangular panels under squinches. The twelve-inch-thick dome was built about 53 ft m flip over the floor, either with an all-wooden centering or with a wooden structure supporting a layer of earth fill to support the dome during construction. The technique of using earth fill above a timber falsework had been used in Europe to build domes since the Romanesque era, and continued to be used in Mexico into the twentieth century.Goss 1972 117, 119, 124–125 Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Sicily#Bourbon rule (1735–1816) The dome of Trapani Cathedral was built from 1734 to 1736 by Giovanni Amico it Giovanni Biagio Amico, following the Palermo earthquake of 1726. It was built with four cylindrical buttresses attached to the drum.Schlimme 2006 2862 The oval dome of the Church of Santa Chiara it Chiesa di Santa Chiara (Noto) in Noto, Sicily, was built by Rosario Gagliardi and completed in 1753. It is a false dome 20.5 meters long and 13.2 meters wide and made of a series of parallel wooden arches hidden with planks and stucco on the inside surface. Unlike similar work elsewhere in Italy, it is self-supporting and unconnected to the earlier truss roof above it. The oval domes of the church of the Addolorata at Niscemi was based on designs by Gagliardi and the 1755 vault over the church of San Giuseppe in Syracuse by Carmelo Bonaiuto is also related. The dome over the crossing of four ribs springing from the centers of it supporting arches and is also a self-supporting false vault made of wood covered in plaster.Nobile Bares 2015 7, 10, 14 After the destruction of the 1693 earthquake in the Val di Noto region of Sicily, churches were rebuilt in the Baroque style, often with tall domes. Because of the high costs involved and the priority for the churches being to reopen, the domes were completed up to a century after the start of reconstruction and used the simplified decorative style popular at that time. In Catania, the domes built included those of Badia di Sant'Agata (1759–1767), 16 meters wide on an octagonal drum, San Michele Arcangelo (1771-1787 or 1779), 11 meters wide on a circular drum with iron chains added in 1850, San Nicolò l’Arena (1778–1780), 13.75 meters wide on a circular drum and reinforced pillars, and the Cathedral (1793–1800), which had a dome completed in 1717 that was replaced with a larger dome 12.5 meters in diameter to compete with the dome of Badia di Sant'Agata. In Caltagirone, the dome of Santa Maria del Monte (1774–1780) was built 8 meters wide on a cylindrical drum. In Piazza Armerina, the dome of the Cathedral (1760–1767) was made 13.75 meters wide over a cylindrical drum.Floriano Liuzzo Margani 2018 692, 694, 696–698, 670 Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of Peru The dome of Iglesia de El Sagrario, Quito (begun 1695), is the highest in Quito and was built both wider and higher than the dome of the earlier Church of Our Lady of Guápulo. The Chapel of the Virgin of the Rosary (1733–1750) in the Church of Santo Domingo in Quito es Iglesia de Santo Domingo (Quito) was built with three segments. The first two are capped with high domes and lanterns. The third segment, behind the sanctuary, has a smaller dome and lantern.Webster 2006 209–210 Churches with timber vaults were built in Peru under the viceroyalty. St. Jerome Cathedral in Ica, representative of churches built along the Peruvian coast, was built with timber vaults over its nave and transept, small timber domes over its aisles, and a large timber crossing dome, supported on timber-framed pillars. It was severely damaged by the 2007 Peru earthquake.Ferreira D’Ayala 2014 2–3 Quincha domes following the 17th century model of the Church of San Francesco in Lima were built in the capital and elsewhere, such as the dome over the imperial staircase of the Mercedarian main cloister that was rebuilt between 1759 and 1762.Rodríguez Čizmar Rajčić 2010 312 Other 18th century examples include the dome of the church of San Francisco in Trujillo (rebuilt after 1759) and the dome of the camarín of the church of La Merced in Lima (1774).Camilloni 2003 1741–1742, 1744–1747 Viceroyalty of New Granada Viceroyalty of New Granada thumb|right|The Church of the Compañía de Jesús in Quito, Ecuador. In Quito, Ecuador, La Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús was built about 100 km away from an active fault line. The dome was built with adobe-concrete and tiles. Although the cruciform arrangement of the church allows it to withstand some horizontal force, the materials used were chosen for their resistance to compression only and the earthquakes it has experienced have required many repairs.Turek Ventura Placencia 2002 1259–1260 Portuguese Empire Portuguese Empire Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Portugal Domes were rare in Portuguese architecture, but can be found in churches associated with the royal court, such as the Palace of Mafra, Igreja da Memória (started in 1760), Estrela Basilica (1779–1790), and N. S. de Ares at Viana do Alentejo pt Nossa Senhora de Aires (1743). The architecture of northern Portugal generally avoided masonry vaulting after the Romanesque period but used wooden ceilings to simulate it.Smith Jr 1939 131 Portuguese America Portuguese America Colonial Brazil After the middle of the seventeenth century, large churches in Minas Gerais and elsewhere included cupolas at the top of their facade towers. Wooden ceilings over oval naves in this region of Brazil imitated cloister vaults or shallow oval domes, which may be an influence of the architecture of northern Portugal. Examples include the churches of N. S. do Carmo (1774), N. S. do Rosário (c. 1785), and S. Francisco de Assis (1763–1794). Other domes include those of the Church of Saint Anne in Belém, Candelária Church in Rio de Janeiro, and the chapels of the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus de Matosinhos.Smith Jr 1939 128–131, 133, 136 United States United States thumb|right|The Old State House in Dover, Delaware. In the United States, most public buildings in the late 18th century were only distinguishable from private residences because they featured cupolas, such as that of the Maryland State House or the smaller, and more typical, example over the Old State House of Delaware.Allen 2001 13 Maryland State House in Annapolis was rebuilt in the 1770s with a pointed octagonal dome designed in 1772, the first over an American state house.Whiffen Koeper 1983 85 The dome was covered with copper sheeting.marylandarchives3 2007 Annapolis served as the capital of the country for ten months beginning in 1783, during which time George Washington resigned his military commission and Congress formally approved the Treaty of Paris, ending the American Revolutionary War.King 2000 84 This dome, which leaked and was criticized as "inadequate, unimpressive, and too small for the building" and constructed "contrary to the rules of architecture", was replaced with the taller present design after 1784.Whiffen Koeper 1983 85marylandarchives1 2007marylandarchives4 2007 The present dome was made of wood held together with wooden pegs and the exterior was completed by 1788; the interior was completed by 1797.marylandarchives1 2007 The dome is similar to that of the Schlossturm in Karlsruhe, Germany.marylandarchives1 2007 It is topped with an original lightning rod to Benjamin Franklin's design, supported by a surrounding copper and gold acorn and pedestal.marylandarchives2 2007 The Massachusetts State House, built in the decade after the Maryland State House dome, included a dome after it was decided that the national capitol building would have one.Seale Oxendorf 1994 14Seale 1975 14 The design for the national capitol building approved by George Washington included a dome modeled on the Pantheon but the design was subsequently revised and construction did not begin until 1822.Allen 2001 146 Several states added prominent domes to their assembly buildings as a result of the choice for the national capitol, and completed them before the national capitol dome was finished.Wallis 2010 4 Architect Charles Bulfinch, following a tour of Europe from 1785 to 1787, designed and built both the Connecticut State House (1793–1796) and the Massachusetts State House (1795–1797) before the national capitol competition concluded. The Connecticut State House appears to have been a simplified version of Liverpool Town Hall (1748–1755).Whiffen Koeper 1983 110–112 Although Bulfinch designed the Connecticut State House with a dome, a dome was not actually built until 1822 and used a different design possibly based upon that of New York City Hall.Place 1925 44 Bulfinch took inspiration from London's Somerset House (1776–1784) for the Massachusetts State House exterior and the domed Great Room of James Wyatt's Pantheon (1772) for the Representative's Hall.Whiffen Koeper 1983 110–112 In Massachusetts, the exterior dome is not visible from the interior of the building. The wooden exterior of the dome was initially painted white, then covered in canvas painted to resemble lead roofing with a gilded pinecone finial. The entire dome was later gilded.King 2000 84 Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, begun in the 1770s, had the first dome to be built on an American home.Palmer 2009 92–93Giordano 2012 169 The octagonal saucer dome with skylight oculus was built with curved wooden ribs made of four layers of short overlapping curved planks joined with iron nails. Wooden purlins braced the ribs in two horizontal rings. The dome was completed after 1796.Harnsberger 1981 1, 4–6 The inspiration for Jefferson's dome seems to have been the similar octagonal dome at Wrotham Park designed in 1754 by Isaac Ware, which has since been removed, rather than the octagonal dome at Chiswick House. Wrotham Park's dome was also positioned directly behind a portico, used round windows, and covered a space that did not extend down to the ground floor.Wilson 2019 22, 24 See also Early and simple domes History of modern period domes References 3 20em Bibliography 35em Allen William C. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CDOC-106sdoc29?null Senate Document 106-29: History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics U.S. Government Printing Office 2001 Alonso-Durá Adolfo The Eighteen Century Brickwork Domes in Valencia 2006 Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History: Queens' College, Cambridge University, 29th March - 2nd April 2006 3 2945–2963 Construction History Society https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280154124_The_eighteen_Century_Brickwork_Domes_in_Valencia Aoki Takayoshi Chiorino Mario Alberto Roccati Roberto Huerta S. January 2003 Structural Characteristics of the Elliptical Masonry Dome of the Sanctuary of Vicoforte Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003 I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados Madrid http://gilbert.aq.upm.es/sedhc/biblioteca_digital/Congresos/CIHC1/CIHC1_021.pdf 203–212 https://web.archive.org/web/20150909040835/http://gilbert.aq.upm.es/sedhc/biblioteca_digital/Congresos/CIHC1/CIHC1_021.pdf 2015-09-09 dead Bagliani Stefano May 2009 The Architecture and Mechanics of Elliptical Domes Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History, Cottbus http://www.bma.arch.unige.it/PDF/CONSTRUCTION_HISTORY_2009/VOL1/Bagliani-Stefano_layouted.pdf 2015-03-10 2013-10-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100046/http://www.bma.arch.unige.it/PDF/CONSTRUCTION_HISTORY_2009/VOL1/Bagliani-Stefano_layouted.pdf dead Baxter Sylvester 1902 Spanish-colonial Architecture in Mexico 1 Gómez de Mora J. B. Millet Boston, MA 236 https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4lAAQAAMAAJ Bellini Federico 2017 8 Vaults and Domes: Statics as an Art Mallgrave Harry Francis Payne Alina Companion to the History of Architecture, Volume I, Renaissance and Baroque Architecture 1–33 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 10.1002/9781118887226.wbcha009 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118887226.wbcha009 978-1-118-88722-6 Benincampi Iacopo 2017 Roman Baroque Models and Local Traditional Construction. 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Dragados Madrid http://www.sedhc.es/biblioteca/actas/CIHC1_163_Rodriguez%20H.pdf March 24, 2019 1741–1752 Casey Christine 2005 Dublin: The City Within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park Yale University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=AQzYxvX_U8MC 978-0-300-10923-8 Castex Jean 2008 Architecture of Italy Greenwood Press Westport, CT Reference Guides to National Architecture https://books.google.com/books?id=i4ZTbNRVWwIC 978-0-313-32086-6 Cavalagli Nicola Gusella Vittorio November 2014 Structural Investigation of 18th-Century Ogival Masonry Domes: From Carlo Fontana to Bernardo Vittone International Journal of Architectural Heritage 9 3 265–276 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271937583 10.1080/15583058.2013.771294 110969076 Cennamo Claudia Cusano Concetta 2020 The “Baroque skyline” in Naples. Structural studies on 16th and 17th century domes in terms of form and stability Architecture and Engineering 5 2 8–16 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7721/37eb7dfea8e412c259bed65f1883d71cf2ae.pdf Ceravolo Rosario Chiorino Mario Alberto Novello Giuseppa Abbiati Giuseppe Fragonara Luca Zanotti 2015 Reconciling geometry and dynamics: models for oval domes Domes and Cupolas 2 1 61–73 https://www.pontecorboli.com/digital/dc-articles/2018/Ceravolo.pdf Chervonnaya Svetlana Mikhailovna 2014 The Architecture of the Wooden Mosques of Lithuanian Tatars Tatarica 2 179–194 Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University https://kpfu.ru/portal/docs/F2069614186/11.pdf Cottone Antonio Bertorotta Simona New Domes for Old Churches (Palermo 1943) 2009 Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History 1 Cottbus, Germany NEUNPLUS1 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Antonio-Cottone/publication/303403250_NEW_DOMES_FOR_OLD_CHURCES_PALERMO_1943/links/58244ff708ae7ea5be723adf/NEW-DOMES-FOR-OLD-CHURCES-PALERMO-1943.pdf Cowan Henry J. 1977 A History of Masonry and Concrete Domes in Building Construction Building and Environment 12 1 Pergamon Press Great Britain 1–24 10.1016/0360-1323(77)90002-6 1977BuEnv..12....1C 2027/mdp.39015041999635 free Cowan Henry J. 1983 Domes: Ancient and Modern Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 131 5320 Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce 41373544 181–198 Denny Mark 2010 Super Structures: The Science of Bridges, Buildings, Dams, and Other Feats of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, Maryland https://books.google.com/books?id=0yEybxQ-e0sC 978-0-8018-9436-7 Earls Michael W. 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Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IETcc-CSIC) Mexico City, Mexico https://www.academia.edu/download/78385730/topic08-fullpaper019.pdf Floriano Laura Liuzzo Mariangela Margani Giuseppe Geometry and construction techniques of late-baroque domes in central-Eastern Sicily 691–701 2018 4th Biennial of Architectural and Urban Restoration, BRAU4 host of the Itinerant Congress Hidden Cultural Heritage: Under Water, Under Ground And Within Buildings 15–30 April, 2018 CICOP Italia Mexico City, Mexico 978-88-909-1165-1 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giuseppe-Margani/publication/325997380_Geometry_and_construction_techniques_of_late-Baroque_domes_in_central-eastern_Sicily/links/5b3265ad4585150d23d577d0/Geometry-and-construction-techniques-of-late-Baroque-domes-in-central-eastern-Sicily.pdf Fuentes P. Huerta S. Chen Baochun Wei Jiangang Islamic Domes of Crossed-arches: Origin, Geometry and Structural Behavior 2010 ARCH'10 – 6th International Conference on Arch Bridges, October 11–13, 2010 346–353 Fuzhou, Fujian, China Fuzhou University http://www.arch-bridges.com.cn/paper2010/pdf/45-Islamic%20domes%20of%20crossed-arches%20Origin,%20geometry%20and%20structural%20behavior.pdf 978-953-7621-10-0 2019-11-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20140427094936/http://www.arch-bridges.com.cn/paper2010/pdf/45-Islamic%20domes%20of%20crossed-arches%20Origin,%20geometry%20and%20structural%20behavior.pdf 2014-04-27 dead Giordano Ralph G. 2012 The Architectural Ideology of Thomas Jefferson McFarland & Company, Inc. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdAxOsdROOQC 978-0-7864-9091-2 Goss Robert C. 1972 The Problem of Erecting the Main Dome and Roof Vaults of the Church of San Xavier del Bac Kiva, Journal of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society, Inc. 37 3 Taylor & Francis 117–127 30247616 Grishin Yakov Yakovlevich Sharafutdinov Denis Radievich Galiullin Marat Zufarovich 2019 The heritage of muslim culture in the history of Lithuania and Poland Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales 35 22 Universidad del Zulia 846–858 https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/8307983.pdf 1012-1587 2477-9385 Hanser David A. 2006 Architecture of France Greenwood Press https://books.google.com/books?id=zojzUU976h0C 978-0-313-31902-0 Harnsberger Douglas 1981 "In Delorme's Manner..." 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The encamonada dome 2020 Journal of Cultural Heritage 44 Elsevier https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1296207419305163 229–238 10.1016/j.culher.2019.12.005 subscription Suratminto Lilie 2010 The Standing and the Collapse of the Dome Church in Batavia in the 18th Century and Early 19th Century TAWARIKH International Journal for Historical Studies 2 1 ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] Bandung, Indonesia http://www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh/article/viewFile/380/378 23–40 2085-0980 2018-05-01 2026-03-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20180501143450/http://www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh/article/viewFile/380/378 bot: unknown Tempesta Giacomo Paradiso Michele Galassi Stefano Pieroni Eva Maurice Lévy's original contribution to the analysis of masonry domes 2015 Domes and Cupolas 2 2 Angelo Pontecorboli Editore Florence, Italy https://flore.unifi.it/retrieve/handle/2158/1039031/130837/Maurice%20L%C3%A9vy%E2%80%99s%20original%20contribution%20to%20the%20analysis%20of%20masonry%20domes.pdf December 21, 2017 85–91 Turek Martin Ventura Carlos Placencia Patricio Dynamic Characteristics of a 17th Century Church in Quito, Ecuador January 2002 Proceedings of the International Society of Optical Engineering https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267563631 December 31, 2018 1259–1264 Tyack Geoffrey A Pantheon for Horses: The Prince Regent's Dome and Stables at Brighton 2015 Architectural History SAHGB Publications Limited 58 26406256 141–158 10.1017/S0066622X00002616 Vondráčková Terezie Nývlt Vladimír Plachý Jan The Significance of Baroque Gothic Architecture in the Czech Republic 2016 Procedia Engineering 161 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705816330016/pdf?md5=65800a74aebab6bde70d392457f76809&pid=1-s2.0-S1877705816330016-main.pdf 1757–1762 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.772 free Wallis Kendall 2010 Bearing Bandmann's Meaning: A Translator's Introduction by Kendall Willis Bandmann Günter Kendall Wallis Early Medieval Architecture as Bearer of Meaning Columbia University Press https://books.google.com/books?id=mUzMRLjJEe0C 978-0-231-50172-9 Webster Susan Verdi 2006 Confraternities as Patrons of Architecture in Colonial Quito, Ecuador Black Christopher F. Gravestock Pamela Early Modern Confraternities in Europe and the Americas: International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. https://books.google.com/books?id=plpgIR7kPjsC 978-0-754-65174-1 Whiffen Marcus Koeper Frederick Koeper Frederick 1983 American Architecture: 1607-1860, Volume 1 MIT Press reprint https://books.google.com/books?id=_4URzmqgJfIC 978-0-262-73069-3 Marcus Whiffen Wilson Mabel O. 2019 Thomas Jefferson, Architect: Palladian Models, Democratic Principles, and the Conflict of Ideals Yale University Press unabridged https://books.google.com/books?id=wk6_DwAAQBAJ 978-0-300-24620-9 Yonan Michael Ornament's Invitation: The Rococo of Vienna's Gardekirche Winter 2009 The Eighteenth Century 50 4 10.1353/ecy.0.0043 285–308 145205597 History of the State House and Its Dome 2007 Maryland State Archives September 7, 2020 https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/dome1.html marylandarchives1 2007 The Dome and Lightning Rod 2007 Maryland State Archives September 7, 2020 https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/dome1.html marylandarchives2 2007 The Dome and Lightning Rod; The First Dome: 1769 - 1774 2007 Maryland State Archives September 7, 2020 https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/dome1.html marylandarchives3 2007 The Dome and Lightning Rod; The Second Dome: 1785-1794 2007 Maryland State Archives September 7, 2020 https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/dome1.html marylandarchives4 2007 Category:Domes Category:Arches and vaults Category:Church architecture Category:Mosque architecture Category:Baroque architectural features Category:Roofs Domes