1860 in science

none 1860 science 1860 The year 1860 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy July 18 – Total solar eclipse. Warren De La Rue's photographs of this event, taken in Spain, together with those of Angelo Secchi, demonstrate the solar character of the prominences or red flames seen around the limb of the Moon during such an eclipse.Bakerian Lecture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) 152 pp. 333–416. Biology thumb|Oxford University Museum June 30 – Debate about evolution at the new Oxford University Museum of Natural History. John Curtis publishes Farm Insects, being the natural history and economy of the insects injurious to the field crops of Great Britain and Ireland... with suggestions for their destruction in Glasgow. Botany Joseph Dalton Hooker concludes publication of The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror ... 1839–1843 with issue of the final part of Flora Tasmaniae in London.F. Bruce Sampson Botany of the Antarctic Voyage https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-SamEarl-t1-body1-d5-d5-d5.html Early New Zealand Botanical Art Reed Methuen 1985 Auckland 76 2011-04-05 Chemistry September 3–5 – Karlsruhe Congress, the first international meeting of chemists. Marcellin Berthelot rediscovers and names acetylene. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, using their newly improved spectroscope, discover and name caesium in mineral water from Bad Dürkheim, Germany.The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some spectroscopic discoveries 1413–1434 Weeks Mary Elvira Mary Elvira Weeks 10.1021/ed009p1413 Journal of Chemical Education 9 8 1932 1932JChEd...9.1413W Stanislao Cannizzaro, resurrecting Avogadro's ideas regarding diatomic molecules, compiles a table of atomic weights and presents it at the 1860 Karlsruhe Congress, ending decades of conflicting atomic weights and molecular formulas, and leading to Mendeleev's discovery of the periodic law.Eric R. Scerri,The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2006. Albert Niemann makes a detailed analysis of the coca leaf, isolating and purifying the crystalline alkaloid which he calls cocaine.Niemann, Albert. On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves ("Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern", published version of Ph.D. dissertation); 153 2 129–256 1860 Ueber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern 10.1002/ardp.18601530202 Archiv der Pharmazie Niemann Albert https://zenodo.org/record/1424541 The Erlenmeyer flask is created by German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer. Mathematics Carl Wilhelm Borchardt first discovers and proves Cayley's formula in graph theory. Medicine July 9 – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London. Psychology Gustav Fechner publishes Elemente der Psychophysik, establishing the discipline of psychophysics and introducing the Weber–Fechner law on the intensity of stimuli.Fancher Raymond E. 1996 Pioneers of Psychology 3rd New York W. W. Norton & Co 978-0-393-96994-815171801 Sheynin Oscar Fechner as a statistician 57 1 British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 53–72 10.1348/000711004849196 May 2004 Technology Au Clair de la Lune (1860).ogg Au Clair de la Lune This 1860 phonautogram by Leon Scott is the earliest known recorded sound. Ogg April 9 – Earliest known decipherable sound recording of the human voice, a phonautogram, produced by Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville. Playback is impossible at this time.https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison Jody Rosen March 27, 2008 The New York Times December 29 – Launch of HMS Warrior by the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, the first all-iron warship, for the first time combining steam engines delivering high speed, rifled breech-loading guns, iron frames and armoured cladding, and the propeller, in the largest naval ship built to this date.Warrior: the First Modern Battleship Walter Brownlee Cambridge University Press 1985 978-0-521-27579-8Walter Brownlee HMS Warrior Scientific American 257 6 1987 130–136 10.1038/scientificamerican1287-130 1987SciAm.257f.130BThe immortal Warrior, Britain's first and last battleship Wells John 1987 Kenneth Mason Emsworth 978-0-85937-333-3 Benjamin Tyler Henry patents the Henry rifle, a 16-shot .44 caliber rimfire breech-loading lever action tubular magazine model, predecessor of the Winchester.Butler, David F. (1971). United States Firearms The First Century 1776-1875 New York: Winchester Press. p.229. Edward Samuel Ritchie, considered to be the most innovative instrument maker in nineteenth-century America, receives a U.S. patent for the first successful and practicable liquid-filled marine compass suitable for general use. Awards Copley Medal: Robert Wilhelm BunsenCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for geology: Searles Valentine Wood Births February 29 – Herman Hollerith (died 1929), American statistician, punched card data processing inventor. May 2 John Scott Haldane (died 1936), Scottish physiologist. D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (died 1948), Scottish biologist. May 25 – James McKeen Cattell (died 1944), American psychologist. June 8 – Alicia Boole Stott (died 1940) Anglo-Irish mathematician. December 31 – John T. Thompson (died 1940), American inventor. Deaths January 27 – János Bolyai (born 1802), Hungarian mathematician. January 27 – Thomas Brisbane (born 1773), British astronomer. April 1 – Joseph Guislain (born 1797), Belgian psychiatrist. June 29 – Thomas Addison (born 1793), English physician and scientist (suicide). July 1 – Charles Goodyear (born 1800), American inventor of the vulcanization process. December 3 – Joseph Marie Élisabeth Durocher (born 1817), French geologist. References 30em Category:19th century in science