1922 Bodmin by-election

UK parliamentary by-election November 2019 1922 Bodmin by-election United Kingdom by-election Popular Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)#Elections in the 1910s 1918 1922 02 23 yes Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)#Elections in the 1920s 1922 32,578 74.8% File:Isaac Foot Plymouth Sutton by-election (cropped).jpg Isaac Foot Liberal Party (UK) Labour Party (UK) 13,751 56.4% 14.8% File:Frederick Poole.jpeg Frederick Poole Unionist Party (UK) Coalition 10,610 43.6% 14.8% File:Bodmin 1918-45.PNG 250px MP Charles Hanson Unionist Party (UK) Subsequent MP Isaac Foot Liberal Party (UK) The 1922 Bodmin by-election was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons. The constituency of Bodmin in Cornwall polled on 23 February 1922.John Ault John Ault The Inter-War Cornish By-Elections: Microcosm of 'Rebellion'? Cornish Studies 1 May 2012 20 1 241–259 10.1386/corn.20.1.226_1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263726899 10 September 2021 The by-election was notable for the opposition Liberal Party gaining a seat from the Coalition-supporting Conservative Party. Vacancy The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Coalition Conservative MP, Sir Charles Hanson on 17 January 1922.The Times, 18 January 1922, p12 Hanson had been MP for Bodmin since himself winning the seat in a by-election on 15 August 1916. Electoral history The constituency was a traditional Unionist/Liberal marginal. The last Liberal win came in January 1910. In December 1910 a Liberal Unionist narrowly gained the seat. In 1918 the Coalition Government of Lloyd George chose to endorse the incumbent Unionist candidate. The result at the general election in 1918 was; 1918 general election: BodminBritish Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig Unionist Party (UK) Charles Hanson 12,228 58.4 +8.2 Liberal Party (UK) Isaac Foot 8,705 41.6 -8.2 3,523 16.8 +16.4 20,933 69.1 -17.5 30,279 Unionist Party (UK) +8.2 Candidates The Bodmin Unionists had already selected Major-General Frederick Poole as the Coalition candidate to replace Sir Charles Hanson who had indicated he was standing down at the next election.The Times, 5 September 1921, p5 Poole was Hanson's son-in-law.The Times, 11 February 1922, p7 Poole has usually been described as a Coalition Conservative but The Times newspaper did refer to him as a Coalition Liberal in its report on the by-election polling day.The Times, 24 February 1922 The Bodmin Liberals re-adopted 41-year-old Plymouth solicitor Isaac Foot who had fought Bodmin twice before,The Times, 30 January 1922, p12 including at the last election. He had also stood as Liberal candidate in the 1919 Plymouth Sutton by-election when he was beaten by Nancy Astor. Foot was seen as a direct opponent of Lloyd George. The Labour Party had never before contested Bodmin and did not put forward a candidate this time. Campaign The Coalition campaigned on its record of winning the war and negotiating the peace, appealing to the electorate for a mandate continue steering the country through difficult domestic and international challenges. Sir Austen Chamberlain, in a letter to General Poole, asked for the support of the electors for the giving of peace to Ireland and the restoration of that economic and financial stability necessary for good trade and prosperity.The Times, 21 February 1922, p10 Poole was supported by almost all the local press except the previously pro-Coalition Western Morning News, which had supported Foot due to the Coalition government's "reckless expenditure." For the Independent Liberals, Foot attacked the government's record in waste and inefficiency. He said that the electorate had recognized the 1918 general election as a fraud and resented having been tricked by 'delusive promises' and 'crooked politics'.The Times, 27 February 1922, p10 As well as being endorsed by the Western Morning News, Foot gained the formal support of the constituency Labour Party and was supported by Arthur Quiller-Couch, who served as one of his nominators. The campaign also took on a distinctly Cornish aspect: there was significant local disillusion over the perceived failure of the government to support the Cornish tin mining industry after the war. An election song at the time had the lines "The Coalition would not help the miners poor", sung to the tune of Trelawny.Garry Tregidga Garry Tregidga 'A Shrewd Choice': Isaac Foot and Cornish politics in the General Election of 1910 Cornish Studies 1 May 2012 20 1 226–240 10.1386/corn.20.1.226_1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263726898 28 August 2021 Lib-Lab co-operation One question which was raised during the round of by-elections being fought at this time, as the date of the next general election neared, was if there was some kind of electoral arrangement between the Asquithian Liberals and the Labour Party. Foot had no Labour opponent in Bodmin but Labour had not contested the seat at the 1918 general election either. The executive committee of the Labour Party in Bodmin did however issue a strong attack on the government's record, especially what it described as 'its wanton waste of the country's resources' and it recommended that Labour supporters should vote for Foot.Michael Foot & Alison Highet, Isaac Foot: a Westcountry boy – Apostle of England; Politico’s Publishing, 2006 p138 The endorsement led Poole's campaign to try and paint Foot as a radical socialist and the constituency party to later be censured by the national party. The local Labour Party's active help during Foot's campaign caused the Cornish Times to say that he had "the open blessing of the Socialists". By-elections were taking place at Manchester Clayton, Camberwell North and Wolverhampton West in this period as well as at Bodmin. In the other three seats the Independent Liberals did not stand candidates, allowing Labour to take on the Coalition in straight fights with the result that Manchester and Wolverhampton were Labour gains. The Coalition leadership regarded this as evidence that understandings, formal or unofficial, were being entered into by the opposition parties in anticipation of a similar but formal arrangement for the next general election, but that was denied by Labour and Liberal spokesmen. The Times tended to accept these denials, given the difficulty of imposing national arrangements on independently minded local Liberal and Labour constituency organisations, but clearly it was then in the interests of the opposition parties to avoid fighting each other as far as possible, as it made it easier to for the government candidate to win. Result The by-election turnout was up on the last general election. The result was a gain for the Liberal Party from the Coalition Unionist. Foot obtained a swing of 14.8%. Bodmin by-election, 1922: Bodmin Liberal Party (UK) Labour Party (UK) Isaac Foot 13,751 56.4 +14.8 Unionist Party (UK) Frederick Poole 10,610 43.6 -14.8 3.141 12.8 N/A 24,361 74.8 +5.7 32,578 Liberal Party (UK) Unionist Party (UK) +14.8 The size of the Liberal victory has been described by one historian as a 'landslide'. The result was said to have turned the tide for the Liberals in the region restoring the party as the true heir of the old Radical tradition Garry Tregidga, The Liberal Party in South West-Britain since 1918: Decline, Dormancy and Rebirth; University of Exeter Press, 2000 p27 and that as a result Cornish Methodism now had a charismatic spokesman at Westminster.Garry Tregidga (ed.) Killerton, Camborne and Westminster: The Political Correspondence of Sir Francis and Lady Acland, 1910-1929; Devon and Cornwall Record Society, 2006 p42 Aftermath Foot and Poole were to face off again at the general election later in the year. On this occasion Foot again won, though his majority was halved; General election, 1922: BodminF W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1949, p310 Liberal Party (UK) Isaac Foot 14,292 53.4 +11.8 Conservative Party (UK) Frederick Poole 12,467 46.6 –11.8 1,825 6.8 -6.0 26,759 80.4 +5.6 33,265 Liberal Party (UK) Unionist Party (UK) +11.8 References See also Cornwall List of United Kingdom by-elections United Kingdom by-election records Category:1922 elections in the United Kingdom Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Cornish constituencies Category:1922 in England Category:Bodmin Category:1920s in Cornwall Category:February 1922 in the United Kingdom