2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak

Disease outbreak in Africa 2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak 220px|border As of 28 October 2016Yellow fever situation report 28 October 2016 https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/28-october-2016/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20161219060155/http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/28-october-2016/en/ dead December 19, 2016 World Health Organization 8 December 2016 Angola 884 confirmed cases 121 deaths among confirmed cases (case fatality rate, 13.7%) 4347 suspected cases 377 deaths among suspected cases (case fatality rate, 8.7%) DR Congo 78 confirmed cases (57 imported from Angola, 8 sylvatic, 13 autochthonous) 16 deaths among confirmed cases (case fatality rate, 21.1%) 2987 suspected cases 121 deaths among suspected cases (case fatality rate, 4.0%) (Sylvatic cases are not considered part of the outbreak.)Kenya 2 confirmed cases China (not on map) 11 confirmed cases thumb|Yellow fever cases by age group in Angola, from 5 December 2015 to 4 August 2016.Situation Report: Yellow fever outbreak in Angola, 5 August 2016 http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8885-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-5-august-2016.html 15 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160815114427/http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8885-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-5-august-2016.html 15 August 2016 dead dmy-all thumb|Confirmed cases and deaths (cumulative) in the 2016 epidemic of yellow fever in Angola as of 21 July 2016Yellow fever situation report 21 July 2016 https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/21-july-2016/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160722114854/http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/21-july-2016/en/ dead July 22, 2016 World Health Organization 23 July 2016 On 20 January 2016, the health minister of Angola reported 23 cases of yellow fever with 7 deaths among Eritrean and Congolese citizens living in Angola in Viana municipality, a suburb of the capital of Luanda. The first cases (hemorrhagic fever suspected as being yellow fever) were reported in Eritrean visitors beginning on 5 December 2015 and confirmed by the Pasteur WHO reference laboratory in Dakar, Senegal in January.Situation report: Yellow fever outbreak in Angola, 14 March 2016 http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8440-sitrep-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-14-march-2016.html www.afro.who.int 5 April 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160407042615/http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8440-sitrep-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-14-march-2016.html 7 April 2016 dead dmy-allYellow fever - Africa (16): Angola 2016-02-27 10:11:59 Archive Number: 20160227.4053826 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4053826 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 The outbreak was classified as an urban cycle of yellow fever transmission, which can spread rapidly.Yellow fever - Africa (18): Angola http://www.promedmail.org/post/4090378 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 15 April 2016 A preliminary finding that the strain of the yellow fever virus was closely related to a strain identified in a 1971 outbreak in Angola was confirmed in August 2016.Grobbelaar AA Weyer J Moolla N Jansen van Vuren P Moises F Paweska JT Resurgence of Yellow Fever in Angola, 2015-2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 October 2016 22 10 27536787 10.3201/eid2210.160818 5038398 1854–1855 Moderators from ProMED-mail stressed the importance of initiating a vaccination campaign immediately to prevent further spread. The CDC classified the outbreak as Watch Level 2 (Practice Enhanced Precautions) on 7 April 2016.Yellow Fever in Angola http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/yellow-fever-angola Traveler's Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8 April 2016 The WHO declared it a grade 2 event on its emergency response framework having moderate public health consequences.Yellow fever - Africa (40): Angola, WHO http://www.promedmail.org/post/4158727 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 15 April 2016 At an emergency committee meeting in Geneva, Switzerland on 19 May 2016, the WHO declared that the outbreak was serious and might continue to spread, but decided not to declare a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).Meeting of the Emergency Committee under the International Health Regulations (2005) concerning Yellow Fever https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/ec-yellow-fever/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160520142926/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/ec-yellow-fever/en/ dead May 20, 2016 World Health Organization 19 May 2016 en-GBMcNeil Donald G. Jr. W.H.O. Calls Yellow Fever in Africa 'Serious Concern' https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/health/who-yellow-fever-africa.html The New York Times 19 May 2016 19 May 2016 On 30 May, Margaret Chan, director-general of WHO published a commentary on the bold action needed to prevent further spread of this important communicable disease that caused many historically significant epidemics that took many lives in previous centuries.Chan Margaret Yellow fever: the resurgence of a forgotten disease 387 10034 2165–6 http://who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/yellow-fever/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160531113852/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/commentaries/yellow-fever/en/ dead May 31, 2016 Lancet 4 June 2016 en-GB 27229187 2016 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30620-1 41390168 subscription On 8 June the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies called for a scale-up in the response because of the lack of vaccine and other limitations amid the continuing spread of the outbreak.Red Cross calls for immediate scale-up in response to deadly yellow fever outbreak in Angola - IFRC http://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/press-releases/africa/angola/red-cross-calls-for-immediate-scale-up-in-response-to-deadly-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola/ www.ifrc.org 12 June 2016 On 12 August 2016, Daniel R. Lucey, a ProMED mail consultant, wrote an open letter to Dr. Chan requesting that the WHO emergency committee be reconvened to consider a PHEIC because of the continued spread of the disease in Democratic Republic of the Congo, the lack of sufficient vaccine, and concern that it may be spreading into the Republic of the Congo.Yellow fever - Africa (92): WHO, Angola, Congo DR, letter to WHO http://www.promedmail.org/post/4415083 www.promedmail.org International Society for Infectious Diseases 15 August 2016 On 31 August, the decision to not declare a PHEIC was re-confirmed.Second meeting of the Emergency Committee under the International Health Regulations (2005) concerning yellow fever https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/yellow-fever-second-ec/en/ World Health Organization 1 September 2016 By 2 September 2016, WHO announced there had been no new cases in either Angola or DR Congo in over a month due to a massive vaccination campaign.Millions protected in Africa's largest-ever emergency yellow fever vaccination campaign https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/africa-yellowfever-vaccination/en/ World Health Organization. 2 September 2016 3 September 2016 On 25 November 2016, WHO announced that four months had passed without a new case. The last case in Angola was on 23 June and the last case in DR Congo was on 12 July. Dr Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa, stated: "The current battle against yellow fever in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo is coming to a close, ... But the broader war against the disease is just getting started."Winning the war against yellow fever https://www.who.int/features/2016/winning-the-war-against-yellow-fever/en/ World Health Organization 28 November 2016 ProMED-mail moderator Tom Yuill noted that maintaining vaccination coverage in the two countries will be the next challenge. Approximately 30 million people were vaccinated in the two countries.Yellow fever - Africa (110): Angola, Congo DR, WHO http://www.promedmail.org/post/4657067 www.promedmail.org International Society for Infectious Diseases 28 November 2016 Spread within Angola By early February, suspected cases were being reported from southern Huila province, about a 1000 kilometers south, and the provinces of Bié, Benguela, Cunene, Cabinda, Hula, Huambo, Malange, Kwanza Sul, Uige, Zaire and Kwanza Norte.Yellow fever - Africa (16): Angola 2016-02-27 10:11:59 Archive Number: 20160227.4053826 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4053826 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 As of 9 March 2016, the WHO reported that there were 65 confirmed cases, 813 suspected cases, and 138 deaths in Angola.Angola immunizes 6.7 million people against yellow fever http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8413-angola-immunizes-67-million-people-against-yellow-fever.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235837/http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8413-angola-immunizes-67-million-people-against-yellow-fever.html dead March 18, 2016 WHO Regional Office for Africa World Health Organization 17 March 2016 On 22 March, WHO reported that cases had occurred in 6 of the 18 provinces of Angola, and that transmission was ongoing. Suspected and confirmed cases totaled 1,132, with 375 cases laboratory confirmed and 168 deaths.Yellow Fever – Angola https://www.who.int/csr/don/22-march-2016-yellow-fever-angola/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160326092813/http://www.who.int/csr/don/22-march-2016-yellow-fever-angola/en/ dead March 26, 2016 Emergencies preparedness, response World Health Organization 23 March 2016Angola grapples with worst yellow fever outbreak in 30 years http://who.int/features/2016/angola-worst-yellow-fever/en/ World Health Organization 25 March 2016 The situation report of 28 October 2016 reported the most recent number of suspected cases and laboratory-confirmed cases; total deaths and case fatality rates, with suspected and confirmed cases.Yellow fever situation report https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/28-october-2016/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20161219060155/http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/28-october-2016/en/ dead December 19, 2016 World Health Organization 17 December 2016 Local, or autochthonous, transmission had been reported in 12 provinces as of 28 October. Confirmed cases had been reported in 16 of 18 provinces. No new cases were reported during July.Yellow fever - Africa (92): WHO, Angola, Congo DR, letter to WHO http://www.promedmail.org/post/4415083 www.promedmail.org International Society for Infectious Diseases 15 August 2016 The WHO congratulated the Angolan government on its effort to contain the outbreak.Angola: WHO Congratulates Angola On Its Commitment to Yellow Fever Control http://allafrica.com/stories/201607170196.html 17 July 2016 Allafrica 17 July 2016 Spread to neighboring African countries On 22 March 2016, the WHO was notified of 21 deaths from yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, some in a province that borders Angola.Congo Records 21 Yellow Fever Deaths https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/congo-records-21-yellow-fever-deaths/ 6 April 2020 Associated Press 12 April 2016 CTV News As of 31 May, 700 suspected cases and 63 deaths had been reported to WHO through the national surveillance system.Yellow fever – Democratic Republic of the Congo https://www.who.int/csr/don/02-june-2016-yellow-fever-drc/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160603152138/http://www.who.int/csr/don/02-june-2016-yellow-fever-drc/en/ dead June 3, 2016 World Health Organization 4 June 2016 en-GB As of 31 May, 52 cases were laboratory confirmed by the National Institute for Biomedical Research in Kinshasa and the Pasteur Institute in Dakar. Forty-six of the 52 cases were imported from Angola; 2 were classified as autochthonous. Local transmission was still ongoing in urban areas in Angola and DR Congo. WHO classified the outbreak in DR Congo as a Grade 2 Emergency. On 30 May, the GAVI Alliance announced the launch of a mass vaccination campaign in DR Congo,Yellow fever - Africa (59): DR Congo, vaccination http://www.promedmail.org/post/4254548 www.promedmail.org International Society for Infectious Diseases but as of 22 June, vaccine was in short supply.Congo almost runs out of yellow fever vaccine amid epidemic http://news.trust.org/item/20160622123734-1sjfq/ news.trust.org 30 June 2016 On 20 June, the health minister declared the outbreak of yellow fever in three provinces, including the capital of DR Congo, Kinshasa.A yellow fever epidemic has broken out in the Congo http://uk.businessinsider.com/r-congo-declares-yellow-fever-epidemic-67-recorded-cases-2016-6?r=US&IR=T https://web.archive.org/web/20160809054956/http://uk.businessinsider.com/r-congo-declares-yellow-fever-epidemic-67-recorded-cases-2016-6?r=US&IR=T dead August 9, 2016 22 June 2016 Business Insider Transmission within Kinshasa is of concern because of the large and densely packed population. As of 8 July, WHO was notified of 1798 suspected cases, with 68 confirmed cases (59 imported from Angola) and 85 deaths.Yellow fever situation report 15 July 2016 https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/15-july-2016/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160716003621/http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/15-july-2016/en/ dead July 16, 2016 World Health Organization 17 July 2016 In the WHO situation report of 23 September, the last confirmed non-sylvatic or urban case had symptom onset on 12 July.Yellow fever situation report 23 September 2016 https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/23-september-2016/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160924162420/http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/23-september-2016/en/ dead September 24, 2016 World Health Organization 25 September 2016 On 17 March, two cases, including one death, were reported in Kenya, imported from Angola.Yellow fever - Africa (24): Kenya ex Angola 2016-03-18 18:40:36 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4104819 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 On 28 March, a rapid response team was deployed into Uganda, where there was ongoing transmission unrelated to the Angola outbreak.Yellow fever – Uganda - WHO Regional Office for Africa http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4921-yellow-fever-uganda.html www.afro.who.int 8 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160508084407/http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4921-yellow-fever-uganda.html 8 May 2016 dead dmy-all According to WHO, cases had been exported from Angola to China, DR Congo, and Kenya, as of 4 May 2016. One case had been reported in Namibia.Yellow fever https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160501171407/http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/en/ dead May 1, 2016 World Health Organization 8 May 2016 en-GB ProMED mail reported that as of 3 Aug 2016, 193 cases of yellow fever were suspected in the Republic of the Congo, with 4 cases having tested positive for yellow fever IgM.Yellow fever - Africa (92): WHO, Angola, Congo DR, letter to WHO http://www.promedmail.org/post/4415083 www.promedmail.org International Society for Infectious Diseases 15 August 2016 Spread to China via air travel On 13 March 2016, the Chinese government confirmed that a 32-year-old male Chinese citizen who had been in Angola had developed yellow fever on return.Yellow fever - China: ex Angola, 1st case in Asia 2016-03-13 16:14:53 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4089857 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 19 March 2016Yellow Fever – China https://www.who.int/csr/don/29-march-2016-yellow-fever-china/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160402075415/http://www.who.int/csr/don/29-march-2016-yellow-fever-china/en/ dead April 2, 2016 World Health Organization 30 March 2016 The case was the first imported yellow fever case in China in history. Yellow fever has never appeared in Asia even though the mosquito vector is present.Wilder-Smith A. Massad E. 17 April 2018 Estimating the number of unvaccinated Chinese workers against yellow fever in Angola BMC Infectious Diseases 18 1 185 10.1186/s12879-018-3084-y 1471-2334 5905133 29665797 free Vainio J Cutts F Yellow Fever 1998 World Health Organization 10665/64455 Additional cases were later reported in people who first had symptoms while in Luanda.Yellow fever - China (03): ex Angola 2016-03-19 22:06:08 20160319.4106312 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4106312 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 19 March 2016 ProMED-mail moderator Jack Woodall warned that "spread could make the Ebola and Zika epidemics look like picnics in the park!" and that "international action should start now."Yellow fever - China: ex Angola, 1st case in Asia 2016-03-13 16:14:53 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4089857 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 Chinese authorities strengthened thermal imaging at airports to detect passengers with elevated body temperatures.Guangdong strengthens monitoring of body temperature on passengers (2) http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/0216/c90882-9017479-2.html 20 March 2016 Xinhua/Liu Dawei 16 February 2016 A Chinese medical team deployed to Angola vaccinated 120 Chinese nationals as part of epidemic research.Yellow fever - Africa (32): Angola 2016-03-29 20:31:42 Archive Number http://www.promedmail.org/post/4126331 International Society for Infectious Diseases 30 March 2016 More than 250,000 Chinese nationals live in Angola. On 8 April 2016, ten North Korean workers in Angola were reported to have died of yellow fever.Herald The Korea N. Korean workers die of yellow fever in Angola: RFA http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160408000773 www.koreaherald.com 8 April 2016 10 April 2016 On 25 March 2016, a case was reported in Fujian Province, in a woman who returned from Angola on 12 March.Yellow fever - China (05) ex Angola 2016-03-25 17:56:49 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160325.4119422 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4119422 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 Fujian is within the predicted distribution of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the yellow fever virus to humans. Mosquito-borne diseases can become endemic in a new geographic area when local mosquitoes become infected by feeding on an imported case.Zika Virus Spreads to New Areas — Region of the Americas, May 2015–January 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e1.htm MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10.15585/mmwr.mm6503e1er 26 March 2016 Hennessey Morgan Fischer Marc Staples J. Erin 65 3 1–4 26820163 subscription Between 18 March and 22 April, the WHO was notified of 11 imported cases in China.Yellow Fever – China https://www.who.int/csr/don/22-april-2016-yellow-fever-china/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160423124811/http://www.who.int/csr/don/22-april-2016-yellow-fever-china/en/ dead April 23, 2016 World Health Organization 1 May 2016 en-GB Officials in Asia were concerned about the threat of yellow fever.Yellow Fever: Southeast Asia's next great outbreak? GovInsider https://govinsider.asia/digital-gov/yellow-fever-southeast-asias-next-great-outbreak/ 4 July 2016 4 July 2016 In June 2016, the genetic sequence of a virus from a yellow fever infected Chinese traveler to Angola was posted to GenBank by the Chinese CDC.http://virological.org/t/yellow-fever-virus-in-angola/184 Yellow fever virus in Angola 2016-06-13 Virological en-US 2020-01-12 The strain closely matched a 1971 strain, indicating that the yellow fever virus may have been circulating in the region for at least 45 years. The finding was consistent with earlier phylogenetic analyses performed during the outbreak.Grobbelaar Antoinette A. Weyer Jacqueline Moolla Naazneen Vuren Petrus Jansen van Moises Francisco Pawęska Janusz T. Resurgence of Yellow Fever in Angola, 2015–2016 Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 10 1854–5 en-us 10.3201/eid2210.160818 27536787 5038398 2016 Potential for further international spread On 28 March, ProMED-mail moderators Jack Woodall and Tom Yuill issued a strongly worded warning on the threat of yellow fever for countries that have endemic dengue fever (and thus the mosquito vector of yellow fever and dengue fever, Aedes aegypti), and particularly for countries in Asia, where until recently yellow fever has never appeared. Urban populations and mosquito-infested slums in Asia and Africa are much larger than in the past.Butler Declan Fears rise over yellow fever's next move Nature 532 7598 155–156 10.1038/532155a 27075072 14 April 2016 2016Natur.532..155B free A commentary and accompanying article published in May stressed the potential for spread to Asia by international air travel.Woodall J.P. Yuill T.M. Why is the yellow fever outbreak in Angola a 'threat to the entire world'? International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.001 27163382 http://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(16)31044-X/fulltext English 1201-9712 96–97 2016 48 free subscriptionWasserman Sean Tambyah Paul Anantharajah Lim Poh Lian Yellow fever cases in Asia: primed for an epidemic International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.025 27156836 http://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(16)31043-8/fulltext English 1201-9712 98–103 2016 48 free 10220/47081 free Other parts of the world where yellow fever is present but usually in the quiescent jungle cycle, and where there is regular air travel, such as Brazil, may also be vulnerable.Opinion: Who's Afraid of Yellow Fever? Why We Should Be http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/opinion-editorial/opinion-whos-afraid-of-yellow-fever-why-we-should-be/ The Rio Times 22 April 2016 24 April 2016 They stressed that world stocks of 7 million doses of vaccine have been exhausted in the vaccination campaign against the outbreak in Angola. If yellow fever spread to the 18 countries in Asia where the mosquito vector is present, more than 2 billion people would be at risk. They stated: "Apocalyptic forecasts of the numbers of fatalities from Ebola turned out to be wildly wrong, and we can hope that will again be the case here, but given the way Zika has exploded in the Western hemisphere, we can't count on it."Yellow fever - countries with dengue: alert 2016-03-28 20:39:56 Archive Number: Archive Number: 20160328.4123983 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4123983 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 29 March 2016 CDC said they could not assist as much in the outbreak because all its experts were involved in efforts against the Zika virus outbreak in the Americas.McNeil Donald G. Jr. Yellow Fever Outbreak in Angola Strains Health Organizations https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/05/health/yellow-fever-outbreak-angola-who.html 7 April 2016 The New York Times 4 April 2016 Starting on 26 April, ProMED-mail issued a series of posts on pre-planning information for countries at risk of importation of yellow fever, covering vaccination, mosquito control, quarantine and personal protection measures.Yellow fever - pre-planning for at-risk countries: vaccine http://www.promedmail.org/post/4182666 www.promedmail.org International Society for Infectious Diseases 26 April 2016Yellow fever - pre-planning for at-risk countries (02): mosquito control http://www.promedmail.org/post/4183615 www.promedmail.org International Society for Infectious Diseases 27 April 2016 In an article in JAMA on 9 May 2016, the Georgetown University Law Center called for the WHO to form an emergency committee to determine whether a public health emergency of international concern should be declared.A yellow fever epidemic: A new global health emergency? JAMA 315 24 2661–2 10.1001/jama.2016.6606 27158803 9 May 2016 Lucey Daniel Gostin Lawrence O. On 12 May, the European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection of the European Union announced plans to send a team of the European Medical Corps to Angola on a two-week mission to help control the outbreak and assess the risk of further spread outside Angola.EU sends new medical corps team to Angola yellow fever outbreak http://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/eu-sends-new-medical-corps-team-to-angola-yellow-fever-outbreak/ EurActiv.com 12 May 2016 13 May 2016 en-GB The medical corps was formed after the Ebola outbreak in West Africa that began in 2013, and the mission to Angola was its first deployment. The team included "emergency medical teams, public health and medical coordination experts, mobile biosafety laboratories, medical evacuation planes and logistical support teams".European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - EU launches new European Medical Corps to respond faster to emergencies http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-263_en.htm europa.eu 13 May 2016Mobile labs deliver faster yellow fever test results https://www.who.int/features/2016/yellow-fever-labs/en/ World Health Organization 15 August 2016 Efforts to prevent international spread are confounded by the practice of selling falsified yellow fever vaccination certificates.Yellow fever - Africa (06): Nigeria, fake cards http://www.promedmail.org/post/3977690 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 The fake cards are sold to people who are required to have proof of vaccination after travel to areas where yellow fever is endemic. On 11 February 2016, the Pasteur Institute (WHO) in Senegal warned of fake yellow fever vaccine on the international market. Yellow fever - Africa (15): Angola, fake vaccine, SE Asia, WHO alert 2016-02-24 13:32:43 Archive Number: 20160224.4047041 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4047041 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 Vaccination campaign With help from the World Health Organization (WHO), the Angolan Ministry of Health began a campaign of preventive measures including vector control and vaccination in Viana in the first week of February.Yellow fever - Africa (09): Angola 2016-02-08 09:32:03 Archive Number 20160208.4003005 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4003005 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 However, the minister reported that the government had enough vaccine for routine vaccination, but not enough to contain an outbreak.Yellow fever - Africa (07): Angola (LU) RFI 2016-02-01 14:32:42 Archive Number: 20160201.3984228 http://www.promedmail.org/post/3984228 Pro-MED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 17 March 2016 The WHO was supporting the Angolan government in immunization of 6.7 million people in Luanda province with the aim of vaccinating at least 80% of the population at risk of infection.Angola immunizes 6.7 million people against yellow fever http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8413-angola-immunizes-67-million-people-against-yellow-fever.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235837/http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8413-angola-immunizes-67-million-people-against-yellow-fever.html dead March 18, 2016 WHO Regional Office for Africa World Health Organization 17 March 2016 The vaccine supply began to run low by late March, with the director of the CDC, Tom Friedman, warning that "It's possible we could run out of vaccine."Yellow fever vaccine shortage as outbreak in Angola spreads 25 March 2016 https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/25/health/yellow-fever-vaccine-shortage-angola/ CNN 29 March 2016 The goal of the vaccination campaign in Luanda province was to vaccinate 88 percent of the population (5 804 475 of 6 583 216); ProMED reported that the total national stock of yellow fever vaccine as of 29 Mar 2016 was 1 032 970 doses. Yellow fever - Africa (34): Angola, WHO 2016-04-04 12:10:59 09:32:03 Archive Number 20160404.4137096 http://www.promedmail.org/post/4137096 ProMED-mail International Society for Infectious Diseases 5 April 2016 As of 10 April 2016, almost 6 million people had been vaccinated in Luanda.Situation Report: Yellow fever outbreak in Angola, 10 April 2016 http://www.afro.who.int/pt/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8508-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-11-april-2016.html www.afro.who.int 15 April 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160415135743/http://www.afro.who.int/pt/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8508-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-11-april-2016.html 15 April 2016 dead dmy-all On 19 April, the WHO reported that the campaign had been extended into the provinces of Huambo and Benguela where local transmission was reported.Angola extends yellow fever vaccination campaign to Huambo and Benguela provinces http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8528-angola-extends-yellow-fever-vaccination-campaign-to-huambo-and-benguela-provinces.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160420213113/http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8528-angola-extends-yellow-fever-vaccination-campaign-to-huambo-and-benguela-provinces.html dead April 20, 2016 www.afro.who.int 21 April 2016 On 23 May, the WHO reported that 7.8 million people (91.1%) had been vaccinated in the three provinces.Situation Report: Yellow fever outbreak in Angola, 23 May 2016 http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8660-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-23-may-2016.html www.afro.who.int 28 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160617040253/http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8660-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-23-may-2016.html 17 June 2016 dead dmy-all On 23 May, the WHO announced that coverage of an additional 2.7 million people in 5 provinces had reached 55% after 6 days of vaccination.Situation Report: Yellow fever outbreak in Angola, 23 May 2016 http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8660-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-23-may-2016.html www.afro.who.int 28 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160617040253/http://www.afro.who.int/en/yellow-fever/sitreps/item/8660-situation-report-yellow-fever-outbreak-in-angola-23-may-2016.html 17 June 2016 dead dmy-all If the epidemic were to spread, particularly into Asia, the global supply of vaccine would have been insufficient to protect the millions of people that would need to be vaccinated to curb an epidemic.Merelli Annalisa The world was running short of yellow fever vaccines—and millions were at risk http://qz.com/539417/the-world-is-running-short-of-yellow-fever-vaccines-and-millions-are-at-risk/ 17 April 2016 Quartz 4 November 2015 en-US As an emergency measure, experts suggested the dose-sparing strategy to extend existing supplies of vaccine, which the WHO could provide under the Emergency Use Assessment and Listing procedure.Monath Thomas P Woodall Jack P Gubler Duane J Yuill Thomas M Mackenzie John S Martins Reinaldo M Reiter Paul Heymann David L 2016 Yellow fever vaccine supply: a possible solution The Lancet 387 10028 1599–1600 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30195-7 27116054 13106004 The WHO agreed to the recommendation in June 2016, authorizing one-fifth the usual dose during the ongoing outbreak in Angola and DR Congo, but international health regulations still apply to travelers, who must obtain the full dose to quality for the certificate of vaccination.Lower doses of yellow fever vaccine could be used in emergencies https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/yellow-fever-vaccine/en/ 19 June 2016 World Health Organization On June 22, the WHO announced plans to launch a pre-emptive emergency vaccination campaign beginning in July in highly trafficked borders areas of Angola and DR Congo and in densely populated Kinshasa.Launch of emergency vaccination campaigns on the DR Congo and Angola border http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8753-launch-of-emergency-vaccination-campaigns-on-the-dr-congo-and-angola-border.html https://web.archive.org/web/20160624112531/http://www.afro.who.int/en/media-centre/pressreleases/item/8753-launch-of-emergency-vaccination-campaigns-on-the-dr-congo-and-angola-border.html dead June 24, 2016 25 June 2016 On 20 July, the DR Congo government launched a campaign to deliver 1 million doses of yellow fever vaccine over 10 days.Democratic Republic of Congo launches yellow fever vaccination drive https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-yellowfever-congo-idUSKCN1001TL 21 July 2016 Reuters 20 July 2016 In August, the WHO with partners including Médecins sans Frontières, International Federation of the Red Cross and UNICEF launched another campaign to vaccinate more than 14 million people in Angola and DR Congo.Mass vaccination campaign to protect millions against yellow fever in Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo https://www.who.int/features/2016/yellow-fever-mass-vaccination-campaign/en/ World Health Organization 20 August 2016 On 2 September, WHO announced that the campaign to vaccinate the 7.7 million residents of Kinshasa, the capital of DR Congo, had been completed in record time and before the beginning of the rainy season in September when the mosquito population expands.Millions protected in Africa's largest-ever emergency yellow fever vaccination campaign https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/africa-yellowfever-vaccination/en/ World Health Organization. 2 September 2016 3 September 2016 The campaign required 10 million specialized syringes and training of 40,000 vaccinators, using the dose sparing strategy of 1/5 the usual dose. Later studies found that the one-fifth-dose vaccine was just as protective as the full dose, even 10 years after the vaccination.Soucheray Stephanie 2018-11-26 Study affirms fractional dosing with yellow fever vaccine https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2018/11/study-affirms-fractional-dosing-yellow-fever-vaccine 2022-06-08 CIDRAP News en In August it was reported that of the 6 million vaccine doses shipped by WHO to Angola in February, one million doses went missing, resulting in shortages to fight the spreading epidemic in DR Congo.2016-08-05 UN bungles response to Africa's yellow fever outbreak http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c5be7d71b0cb4c99a05940f5adfc7166/ap-investigation-1-million-vaccines-vanished-angola dead 5 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160806005011/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c5be7d71b0cb4c99a05940f5adfc7166/ap-investigation-1-million-vaccines-vanished-angola 6 August 2016 Vaccine and syringes might have been diverted for sale in private markets.Times Los Angeles 2016-08-04 Amid worst yellow fever outbreak in decades, 1 million vaccines go missing Los Angeles Times http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-yellow-fever-vaccines-disppear-20160804-snap-story.html 15 August 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20211006121741/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-yellow-fever-vaccines-disppear-20160804-snap-story.html 2021-10-06 In the situation report of 23 September, the WHO announced a second phase of the vaccination campaign in Angola and a planned pre-emptive vaccination campaign for the Republic of Congo.Yellow fever situation report 23 September 2016 https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/23-september-2016/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160924162420/http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/situation-reports/23-september-2016/en/ dead September 24, 2016 World Health Organization 25 September 2016 Response to the epidemic In June 2016, a WHO representative in Luanda said that the initial investigation of the outbreak was thrown off course because the first cases in December 2015—the sick Eritrean visitors—had what were later identified as fake yellow fever vaccination certificates. All had been to the same restaurant, so food poisoning was initially suspected as the cause of the mystery illness.Times Los Angeles Yellow fever outbreak: Health officials to weigh declaring global emergency http://www.latimes.com/world/global-development/la-fg-global-yellow-fever-snap-story.html Los Angeles Times 18 May 2016 12 June 2016 It was more than a month before blood samples from the Eritreans reached the Pasteur Institute lab and yellow fever was recognized. Public health experts identified that as one factor that delayed the response to the outbreak, which came close to being a much larger disaster, if vaccine supplies had not been successfully raised in time, or the disease had spread to other countries and continents.John P. Woodall Charles Calisher Calisher CH Woodall JP Yellow Fever-More a Policy and Planning Problem than a Biological One. Emerging Infectious Diseases October 2016 22 10 1859–60 27479749 10.3201/eid2210.160875 5038394 The concurrent Zika outbreak drew attention away from a potentially far more serious epidemic of yellow fever.McNeil Donald G. Jr. Yellow Fever Epidemic in Africa Shows Gaps in Vaccine Pipeline https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/health/yellow-fever-africa-vaccine.html The New York Times 7 December 2016 5 December 2016 References 30em External links Medicine Viruses Yellow fever Supercourse: Epidemiology, the Internet and Global Health http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/ University of Pittsburgh 29 March 2016 YELLOW FEVER in ASIA http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec54261/index.htm Supercourse University of Pittsburgh 29 March 2016 Timeline: Yellow fever outbreak 2016 https://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/mediacentre/timeline/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160618075301/http://who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/mediacentre/timeline/en/ dead June 18, 2016 World Health Organization 15 June 2016 Fighting yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo – in pictures The Guardian 26 August 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2016/aug/26/fighting-yellow-fever-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-in-pictures 28 August 2016 Wohlwender Mark Resetting the yellow fever strategy https://www.who.int/csr/disease/yellowfev/eye-strategy/en/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160917132937/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/yellowfev/eye-strategy/en/ dead September 17, 2016 18 September 2016 Category:2016 in Angola Category:2016 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:2016 disasters in Africa Category:21st-century disasters in Angola Category:2010s disasters in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:2016 disease outbreaks Category:Yellow fever outbreaks Category:2010s epidemics Category:Disease outbreaks in Angola Category:Disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo