1906 Manasi earthquake

Earthquake in China 1906 Manasi earthquake 1906-12-22 18:21:11 16957935 iscgem16957935 1906 12 23 China w y 8.0–8.3 20 km 44.284 N 85.572 E Blind thrust X 280+ deadCHINA: XINJIANG PROVINCE https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2794 NGDC NCEI National Centers for Environmental Information 17 March 2021 The 1906 Manasi earthquake (玛纳斯地震), also known as the Manas earthquake occurred in the morning of December 23, 1906, at 02:21 UTC+8:00 local time or December 22, 18:21 UTC. It measured 8.0–8.3 on the moment magnitude scale and 8.3 on the surface-wave magnitude scale. The epicenter of this earthquake is located in Manas County, Xinjiang, China. An estimated 280–300 people died and another 1,000 more were injured by the earthquake. Tectonic setting The Tien Shan mountains in Central Asia formed as a result of thrusting and folding of the continental crust during the Late Cenozoic era. Around this time, the Indian subcontinent is colliding with Asia along a 2,500 km long convergent boundary known as the Main Himalayan Thrust. The ongoing collision of India into the Eurasian plate has resulted in extreme internal deformation of the continental crust. Deformation has induced large-scale intraplate shear and thrust faulting far from the plate boundary. Thrusting along the Tien Shan mountains has shortened the crust by an average velocity of 13 ± 7 mm/yr. In some areas such as the Western Tien Shan, the shortening rate is as high as 23 mm/yr, however in the northern region, that rate is much slower at just 6 mm/yr. Earthquake The earthquake occurred as a result of thrust faulting within the fold and thrust belt beneath the northern flanks of the Tien Shan range. Specifically, it occurred on the Southern Junggar Thrust, a 45° south-dipping thrust fault that becomes a detachment fault, and later a steep reverse structure as it dips further beneath the Borohoro Mountains, a subrange of the Tien Shan.Wang Xiaohang Xu Caijun Wen Yangmao Wang Shuai Xu Guangyu Xiao Zhuohui Fang Lihua 2019 The 2016 Mw 6.0 Hutubi earthquake: A blind thrust event along the northern Tian Shan front https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136791201930015X Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 173 79–87 10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.01.011 2019JAESc.173...79W 134197752 1367-9120 subscription The fault is part of the Huoerguosi-Manas-Tugulu fold and thrust belt, and breaches the surface with three segments, laterally offset by 5 to 10 km.Stockmeyer J. M. Shaw J. H. Guan S. Seismic Hazards of Multisegment Thrust-Fault Ruptures: Insights from the 1906 Mw 7.4–8.2 Manas, China, Earthquake Seismological Research Letters 2014 85 4 801–808 10.1785/0220140026 2014SeiRL..85..801S Modern interpretation of the rupture believes it broke all three segments of the fault.Stockmeyer Joseph M. Shaw John H. Brown Nathan D. Rhodes Edward J. Richardson Paul W. Wang Maomao Lavin Leore C. Guan Shuwei Active thrust sheet deformation over multiple rupture cycles: A quantitative basis for relating terrace folds to fault slip rates GSA Bulletin 2017 129 9–10 1337–1356 10.1130/B31590.1 https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/117582/1/Stockmeyer_etal_2017_GOA_v1.pdf Research suggests that the Manasi earthquake had a 150 km by 75 km rupture area and an average fault slip of 3.5 ± 2 meters at depth. This would correspond to a moment magnitude in the range 7.8–8.3, the most plausible magnitude for the event.Avouac J. P. Tapponnier P. Bai M. You H. Wang G. 10 April 1993 Active Thrusting and Folding Along the Northern Tien Shan and Late Cenozoic Rotation of the Tarim Relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth https://authors.library.caltech.edu/33965/1/92JB01963.pdf 98 B4 6755–6804 10.1029/92JB01963 1993JGR....98.6755A 17 March 2021 The International Seismological Centre updated its catalog and placed the magnitude of the earthquake at 8.0.ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/overview.php ISC 2022 International Seismological Centre Version 9.0 The earthquake's focal depth is not well known due to the lack of local seismic instrumentation at the time; values from Chinese earthquake catalogs give a range from 12 to 30 km depth. An analysis of focal depths for other earthquakes in the area published in 2004 obtained an average figure of 20 km, therefore the 1906 earthquake likely nucleated at this depth.Chun-Yong Wang Zhu-En Yang Hai Luo W.D. Mooney 2004 Crustal structure of the northern margin of the eastern Tien Shan, China, and its tectonic implications for the 1906 M~7.7 Manas earthquake https://escweb.wr.usgs.gov/share/mooney/2004_EPSL_TienShan.pdf Earth and Planetary Science Letters 223 1–2 187–202 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.015 2004E&PSL.223..187W 0012-821X The same research also proposed that the earthquake rupture initiated on the steep reverse fault and later onto the detachment. Paleoseismology has revealed that very few earthquakes on the scale of the 1906 event has occurred in the past. The average recurrence interval for large earthquakes is estimated at 5,000–6,000 years.Li Yiquan Wei Dongtao Tian Hao Jia Dong Fang Lihua Yan Bing Luo Ao The 3-D Structural Model of an Out-of-Sequence Earthquake in China: Implication for the Reactivation of Positive Inversion Structures Along the Northern Tianshan Fold-and-Thrust Belt Tectonics 2018 37 12 4359–4376 10.1029/2018TC005075 2018Tecto..37.4359L 134006905 free The deep blind reverse fault responsible for the rupture triggered small surface scarps with heights 0.2–0.5 meters to form at the surface.Yang Ying-Hui Hu Jyr-Ching Chen Qiang Wang Ze-Gen Tsai Min-Chien 2019 A Blind Thrust and Overlying Folding Earthquake of the 2016 Mw 6.0 Hutubi Earthquake in the Northern Tien Shan Fold-and-Thrust Belts, China https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/109/2/770/568496/A-Blind-Thrust-and-Overlying-Folding-Earthquake-of Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109 2 770–779 10.1785/0120180150 2019BuSSA.109..770Y 135288492 subscription These surface breaks are associated with the Huoerguosi-Manas-Tugulu fold and anticline zone. During the deep earthquake rupture process, then fold and anticline zone began picking up motions, resulting in a surface rupture. In addition to the surface scarps, zones of uplift and folding were also observed 45 km away from the epicenter. Impact The earthquake had a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. In the villages of Shizijie, Bajiahu, Niujuanzi, Zhuanglangmiao, Xidatang, Shichang, in Boluotonggu, and the mountain areas around Dazimiao and Reshuiquanzi, many wood and mud houses collapsed while those that remained intact were tilted. More than 2,000 homes were destroyed, resulting in over 280 people killed. Many temples were also completely destroyed. Surface fissures tore through the ground, ranging from 0.2 meter to one meter in width, and up to several kilometers long. The earthquake also triggered landslides and opened wide cracks near the mountains. The earthquake also caused slumping channel banks some 5–15 km long. In Shawan County, an estimated 30% of all residential infrastructures collapsed but there were no fatalities. The nearby city of Changji reported some damage to its temples during the shaking. In Wusu, many homes constructed of mud and wooden beams also collapsed. The walls of some old homes cracked as a result. See also List of earthquakes in 1906 List of earthquakes in China References Category:1906 earthquakes Category:December 1906 in Asia Category:Earthquakes in Xinjiang Category:1906 in China Category:Buried rupture earthquakes Category:20th century in Xinjiang Category:1906 disasters in China