1945 Mongolian independence referendum

none Referendum on the independence of the Mongolian People's Republic from China Mongolian People's Republic 20 October 1945 487,409 0 487,409 494,960An independence referendum was held in the Mongolian People's Republic on 20 October 1945.Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p490. 0-19-924959-8. It was approved by 100% of voters, with no votes against, according to official statistics. Voter turnout was 98%.Nohlen et al., p491. Background Outer Mongolia had gained de facto independence from the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. The independence of Outer Mongolia was supported by the Russian Empire, and later in 1915, the Treaty of Kyakhta was signed between the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, the Russian Empire, and the newly founded Republic of China (ROC). The 1915 Treaty recognized Mongolia's autonomy within the ROC. Following the outbreak of the Russian Civil War in 1917, Chinese troops entered and occupied Mongolia in 1919, effectively abolishing its autonomy and the reign of the Bogd Khan.May 2026 In February 1921, the last Chinese troops in Mongolia had been expelled by the White Russian general Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, prompting Soviet intervention in Mongolia. On 18 March 1921, Chinese troops in Urga were routed by Baron Ungern-Sternberg's White Russian (Buryats, Willard Sunderland The Baron's Cloak: A History of the Russian Empire in War and Revolution https://books.google.com/books?id=82KGAwAAQBAJ&q=stalin+buryat+ungern&pg=PA224 9 May 2014 Cornell University Press 978-0-8014-7106-3 224– Russians, etc.) and Mongolian forces. Alfred J. Rieber Stalin and the Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia https://books.google.com/books?id=WhB4CgAAQBAJ&q=stalin+buryat+ungern&pg=PA83 25 August 2015 Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-35219-9 83– Consequently, the Bogd Khanate and its government were restored by Ungern-Sternberg. Revolutionaries opposing the Chinese occupation and the White Russians founded the Mongolian People's Party (MPP) in June 1920. The MPP, allied with the Red Army, defeated the White Russians by June 1921 and entered Urga in July. Subsequently, the People's Provisional Government declared victory of the People's Revolution and crowned the Bogd Khan as a limited monarch.May 2026 After the death of the Bogd Khan in 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was established following the ratification of a new constitution. The Mongolian People's Republic was effectively an unrecognized satellite state of the Soviet Union (USSR), having participated in the liberation of Manchuria. Towards the end of World War II, the USSR pushed China for formal recognition of the status quo, threatening to stir up Mongolian nationalism within China. In the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, signed on 14 August 1945, the ROC agreed to recognize Mongolian independence after a successful referendum.May 2026 thumb|Pro-independence leaflet (left) and a ballot paper (right)|300x300px Results 487409 0 0 494960 Nohlen et al. Reactions thumb|300x300px|Map of the Republic of China and the Mongolian People's Republic published in 1947 In January 1946, the Nationalist government of China officially recognized the "independence of Outer Mongolia" based on the referendum results.Eric A. Hyer HAUNTED BY HISTORY: CHINA AND ITS NORTHWESTERN NEIGHBOURS Historia Actual Online 2005 7 87 https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1210496.pdf 1696-2060 Analysis At the scientific conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the referendum, Zandaakhüügiin Enkhbold, speaker of the State Great Khural, said that the 1945 referendum was the first democratic vote in Mongolia and of great historical significance to the independence of the country.Scientific conference runs on 70th anniversary of Public Referendum https://montsame.mn/ru/read/120922 2023-07-18 MONTSAME News Agency en Sergey Radchenko, a professor of East China Normal University, noted that the "referendum was regarded by both sides as political theatre, due to the peculiarity of a supposed unanimous 100% vote in favour."Sergey Radchenko (22 October 2015), "The Truth About Mongolia's Independence 70 Years Ago", The Diplomat. Retrieved 3 December 2019. See also Republic of China125px Modern Mongolian history Outer Mongolia References Category:Mongolian People's Republic Mongolia Mongolia Independence Mongolia Category:Referendums in Mongolia Mongolia Category:China–Mongolia relations