1965 in science

none 1965 science 1965 The year 1965 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space exploration February 20 – Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts. March 23 – NASA launches Gemini 3, the United States' first two-person space flight (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young). August 21 – NASA launches Gemini 5 (Gordon Cooper, Pete Conrad) on the first 1-week space flight, as well as the first test of fuel cells for electrical power on such a mission. November 16 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus. (On March 1, 1966, it becomes the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet). November 26 – At the Hammaguira launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant-A rocket with its first satellite, Astérix-1 on board, becoming the third country to enter space. Discovery of NML Cygni, a red hypergiant and the largest star known, at about 1,650 times the Sun's radius. Biology February 4 – Trofim Lysenko is removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union and Lysenkoist theories subjected to criticism as pseudoscience.The descent of Lysenko Cohen Barry M. The Journal of Heredity 56 229–233 1965 5 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107425Joravsky David The Lysenko Affair https://archive.org/details/lysenkoaffair0000jora registration Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1970 Russian Research Center studies, 61 0-674-53985-0 Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling name their concept of the molecular clock.Zuckerkandl E. L. Pauling Bryson, B. Vogel, H. Evolving Genes and Proteins 1965 Academic Press New York 97–166 Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in ProteinsGregory J. Morgan Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965 Journal of the History of Biology 31 1998 2 155–178 10.1023/A:1004394418084 11620303 5660841 The Parma wallaby, thought for around 70 years to be extinct, is rediscovered on Kawau Island (near Auckland). W. Keble Martin publishes The Concise British Flora in Colour. The "brain-eating amoeba" Naegleria fowleri is detected for the first time. Chemistry Kevlar high-strength para-aramid synthetic fiber is developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont.Stephanie Kwolek Hiroshi Mera Tadahiko Takata High-Performance Fibers Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002 Wiley-VCH Weinheim 10.1002/14356007.a13_001 3527306730http://ip.com/patent/US3819587 Wholly Aromatic Carbocyclic Polycarbonamide Fiber 1974-06-25 2012-03-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20120308180247/http://ip.com/patent/US3819587 2012-03-08 live US patent #3819587. Wang Yinglai and colleagues perform the first successful synthesis of insulin. Peter Hirsch, Archibald Howie, Robin Nicholson, D. W. Pashley and Michael Whelan publish Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals. Climatology November 5 – US president Lyndon Johnson's science advisory committee sends him a report entitled Restoring the Quality of Our Environment, the introduction to which states: "Pollutants have altered on a global scale the carbon dioxide content of the air and the lead concentrations in ocean waters and human populations."https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/nov/05/scientists-warned-the-president-about-global-warming-50-years-ago-today Scientists warned the US president about global warming 50 years ago today The Guardian 2015-11-05 2015-11-06 Computer science January 14 – CDC 6600 supercomputer delivered to CERN in Geneva.The CDC 6600 arrives at CERN https://timeline.web.cern.ch/cdc-6600-arrives-cern Timeline – Computing at CERN CERN Geneva 1965-01-14 2019-10-20 March 22 – Digital Equipment Corporation launch the 12-bit PDP-8, the first successful commercial minicomputer, which will sell more than 50,000 systems, the most of any computer up to this date.http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/ The Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 Douglas W. Jones Douglas W Jones 2012-05-08 April 19 – Gordon Moore describes the exponential growth trend in computing power which will become known as Moore's law.Gordon E. Moore 19 April 1965 ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf Cramming more components onto integrated circuits Electronics 38 8 https://web.archive.org/web/20080218224945/http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf 2008-02-18 dead 2012-01-20 2005 ftp://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Video-Transcripts/Excepts_A_Conversation_with_Gordon_Moore.pdf Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore's Law Intel https://web.archive.org/web/20080218225540/http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Video-Transcripts/Excepts_A_Conversation_with_Gordon_Moore.pdf 2008-02-18 dead 2012-01-20 2007 http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1965-Moore.html 1965 – "Moore's Law" Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits Computer History Museum 2012-01-20https://www.economist.com/news/business/21648683-microchip-pioneers-prediction-has-bit-more-life-left-it-ever-more-moore Ever more from Moore The Economist 18 April 2015 19 April 2015 History of science and technology Ralph Lapp publishes The New Priesthood: The Scientific Elite and the Uses of Power in the United States. Thomas Telford's Conwy Suspension Bridge in north Wales (1822–26), superseded as a vehicle crossing, is placed in the care of Britain's National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. Mathematics James Ax and Simon B. Kochen make the first proof of the Ax–Kochen theorem.James Ax Simon Kochen Diophantine problems over local fields, I American Journal of Mathematics 87 605–630 1965 3 10.2307/2373065 2373065 James Cooley and John Tukey publish the general version of the Fast Fourier transform which becomes known as the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithmAn algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series https://www.ams.org/mcom/1965-19-090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1/ Mathematics of Computation 1965 0025-5718 297–301 19 90 10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1 James W. Cooley John W. Tukey 2017-12-30 free subscription and significant in digital signal processing. Lotfi Zadeh develops fuzzy logic.Tony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 65 Physics January – Mathematician Roger Penrose publishes a key paper on gravitational collapse and space-time singularities.Penrose Roger Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities Physical Review Letters January 1965 14 3 57–59 10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57 http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57 1965PhRvL..14...57P free Physiology and medicine English paediatrician Harry Angelman first describes Angelman syndrome.10.1111/j.1469-8749.1965.tb07844.x Angelman Harvey 1965 'Puppet' Children: A report of three cases Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 7 681–688 6 53730099 English neurologist Victor Dubowitz first describes Dubowitz syndrome. Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator, in a Belfast ambulance. Psychology Konrad Lorenz publishes Evolution and Modification of Behavior. Technology January – Bryan Whitby and S. C. Cummins file a United Kingdom patent application for mobile ice cream producing equipment with the soft serve units powered off the ice cream van's drive mechanism (rather than a separate generator), which becomes a global standard.History Whitby Morrison http://www.whitbymorrison.com/Company/History.php Crewe 2012-07-12 2016-03-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025315/http://www.whitbymorrison.com/Company/History.php deadFifty Years of Ice Cream Vehicles, 1949–99 Stuart Whitby Alan Earnshaw Appleby Trans-Pennine 1999 978-1-903016-08-4 March 4 – Patent for the lava lamp filed.3387396 July 20 – Owen Finlay Maclaren files a UK patent application for the modern collapsible baby buggy. December 25 – American engineer Sherm Poppen invents the snurfer, predecessor of the snowboard.https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/793893510/ Stoked for competition The Herald-Sun Durham, North Carolina 1998-02-08 2024-04-27 48 Newspapers.com Sherman "Sherm" Poppen https://mashf.com/hall-of-fame/it-traditional/?srch=Sherm+Poppen Muskegon Area Sports Hall of Fame 2025-01-01 Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman Chemistry – Robert Burns Woodward Medicine – François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod Order of Merit: Dorothy Hodgkin Births February 9 – Omar M. Yaghi, Jordanian-born chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2025. March 3 – Tedros Adhanom, Ethiopian public health authority. March 7 – Ottoline Leyser, English plant biologist and science administrator. June 4 – Adi Utarini, Indonesian public health researcher. June 5 – Michael E. Brown, American astronomer. June 16 – Andrea M. Ghez, American astronomer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2020. June 21 – Yang Liwei, Chinese astronaut. October 11 – Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain, Spanish physicist. Deaths March 30 – Philip Showalter Hench (born 1896), American physician, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950. July 9 – Louis Harold Gray (born 1905), English physicist, inventor of the field of radiobiology. August 28 – Giulio Racah (born 1909), Israeli physicist. September 4 – Albert Schweitzer (born 1875), Alsatian medical missionary. September 20 – Arthur Holmes (born 1890), English geologist. October 12 – Paul Hermann Müller (born 1899), Swiss chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948. November 11 – Ronald Hatton (born 1886), English pomologist. December 11 – George Constantinescu (born 1881), Romanian-born engineer. References Category:20th century in science Category:1960s in science