2008 Atlantic hurricane season

none July 2023 Atl 2008 2008 Atlantic hurricane season summary.png 2008 05 31 2008 11 10 Gustav 135 941 Ike 935 125 1 17 16 8 5 145.7 ≥ 49530 1,073 total 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season 2008 Pacific typhoon season 2008 Pacific hurricane season 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was the most destructive Atlantic hurricane season since 2005, causing over 1,000 deaths and nearly $50 billion (2008 USD) in damage.All damage figures are in 2008 USD, unless otherwise noted "nb" It was an above-average season, featuring sixteen named storms, eight of which became hurricanes, and five which further became major hurricanes.A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale May 23, 2013 National Hurricane Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration July 1, 2019 Miami, Florida "nb" It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur caused the season to start one day early. It was the only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November in the North Atlantic. Bertha became the longest-lived July tropical cyclone on record for the basin, the first of several long-lived systems during 2008. The season was devastating for Haiti, where nearly 800 people were killed by four consecutive tropical cyclones (Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike), especially Hurricane Hanna, in August and September. These four storms caused about $1 billion in damage in Haiti alone. The precursor to Kyle and the outer rain bands of Paloma also impacted Haiti. Cuba also received extensive impacts from Gustav, Ike, and Paloma, with Gustav and Ike making landfall in the country at major hurricane intensity and Paloma being a Category 2 when striking the nation. More than $10 billion in damage and 8 deaths occurred there. Ike was the most destructive storm of the season, as well as the strongest in terms of minimum barometric pressure, devastating Cuba as a major hurricane and later making landfall near Galveston, Texas, as a large high-end Category 2 hurricane. One very unusual feat was a streak of tropical cyclones affecting land, with all but one system impacting land in 2008. The unusual number of storms with impact led to one of the deadliest and destructive seasons in the history of the Atlantic basin, especially with Ike, as its overall damages made it the second-costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, although it has since been surpassed by several hurricanes. Seasonal forecasts +Predictions of tropical activity in the 2008 seasonSourceDateNamedstormsHurricanesMajorhurricanesCSUAverage (1950–2000)9.65.92.3NOAAAverage (1950–2005)11.06.22.7Record high activityNorth Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northatlantic Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado July 19, 202330157Record low activity100CSUDecember 7, 20071373TSRDecember 10, 200715.48.33.7WSIJanuary 3, 20081473TSRApril 7, 200814.87.83.5CSUApril 9, 20081584WSIApril 23, 20081484NOAAMay 22, 200812–166–92–5CSUJune 3, 20081584TSRJune 5, 200814.47.73.4UKMOJune 18, 200815*N/AN/AWSIJuly 2, 20081484TSRJuly 2, 200814.67.93.5WSIJuly 23, 20081594CSUAugust 5, 20081795TSRAugust 5, 200818.29.74.5NOAAAugust 7, 200814–187–103–6WSIAugust 27, 20081594Actual activity 16 8 5* July–November only: 15 storms observed in this period. Dr. Philip J. Klotzbach, Dr. William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University (CSU) – as well as forecasters at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Met Office (UKMO), Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), Weather Services International (WSI) – issued forecasts of hurricane activity prior to the start of the season. Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) defines the average number of storms per season (1950 to 2000) as 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9 to 12 named storms, with 5 to 7 of those reaching hurricane strength, and 1 to 3 major hurricanes.Philip J. Klotzbach and William M. Gray December 7, 2007 Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2008 Colorado State University September 29, 2021 https://tropical.colostate.edu/Forecast/Archived_Forecasts/2000s/2007-12.pdfClimate Prediction Center Background information: the North Atlantic hurricane season National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 8, 2006 February 27, 2020 http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml#NOAADEF https://web.archive.org/web/20100826053605/http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml#NOAADEF August 26, 2010 dead Pre-season forecasts The first forecast for the 2008 hurricane season was released by CSU on December 7, 2007. In its report, the organization predicted 13 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an annual Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of 115 units. The odds of a major hurricane landfall in the Caribbean and along the United States were projected to be above average. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph km/h on, which is the threshold for tropical storm strength.Christopher W. Landsea Hurricane Research Division National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2019 Subject: E11) How many tropical cyclones have there been each year in the Atlantic basin? What years were the greatest and fewest seen? July 2, 2019 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E11.html The odds of a major hurricane landfall in the Caribbean and along the United States were projected to be above average in the CSU forecast. Three days later, TSR—a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management, and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London—called for a very active season featuring 15.4 (±4.7) named storms, 8.3 (±3.0) hurricanes, 3.7 (±1.8) major hurricanes, and a cumulative ACE index of 149 (±66) units. Mirroring CSU, the group assigned high probabilities that the United States and Lesser Antilles landfalling ACE index would be above average.Mark Saunders Dr. Adam Lea Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2008 https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRATLForecastDec2008.pdf Tropical Storm Risk December 10, 2007 February 12, 2018 London, England On January 3, 2008, WSI projected 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.Seven Atlantic Hurricanes This Year, WSI Says http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/76872-seven-atlantic-hurricanes-this-year-wsi-says Natural Gas Intelligence January 3, 2008 February 12, 2018 In April, CSU slightly raised their values owing to a favorable Atlantic sea surface temperature configuration during the preceding month, upping the projected numbers to 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.William M. Gray Phillip J. Klotzbach Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2008 https://tropical.colostate.edu/Forecast/Archived_Forecasts/2000s/2008-04.pdf Colorado State University April 9, 2008 February 12, 2018 Fort Collins, Colorado TSR, in contrast, slightly reduced their numbers on April 7 due to cooler projections for Atlantic Ocean temperatures compared to their December forecast.Mark Saunders Dr. Adam Lea April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2008 https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRATLForecastApr2008.pdf Tropical Storm Risk April 7, 2008 February 12, 2018 London, England WSI on April 23 raised the expected number of hurricanes from 7 to 8 and major hurricanes from 3 to 4 while leaving the number of named storms unchanged.WSI Adds Another Intense Hurricane to Tropical Forecast http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/77784-wsi-adds-another-intense-hurricane-to-tropical-forecast Natural Gas Intelligence April 23, 2008 February 12, 2018 On May 22, the NOAA's Climate Prediction Center announced their first seasonal outlook for the 2008 season, highlighting 65 percent odds of an above-normal season, 25 percent odds for a near-normal season, and 10 percent odds of a below-average season. A range of 12 to 16 named storms, 6 to 9 hurricanes, and 2 to 5 major hurricanes was provided, each with 60 to 70 percent probability. The CPC, alongside TSR and CSU, highlighted the ongoing multi-decadal period of enhanced Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, the ongoing La Niña in the Pacific, and warmer than average ocean temperatures across the eastern tropical Atlantic as the basis for their predictions.Carmeyia Gillis David Miller NOAA Predicts Near Normal or Above Normal Atlantic Hurricane Season http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20080522_hurricaneoutlook.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration May 22, 2008 February 12, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180325100210/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20080522_hurricaneoutlook.html March 25, 2018 dead Midseason outlooks On June 3, CSU released an updated outlook for the season but left their values from April unchanged. Examining conditions in April and May, the organization compiled a list of hurricane seasons with similar conditions: 1951, 1961, 2000, and 2001.William M. Gray Phillip J. Klotzbach Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2008 https://tropical.colostate.edu/Forecast/Archived_Forecasts/2000s/2008-06.pdf Colorado State University June 3, 2008 September 29, 2021 Fort Collins, Colorado TSR slightly lowered their numbers in their June 5 update but continued to predict an above-average season.Mark Saunders Dr. Adam Lea June Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2008 https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRATLForecastJun2008.pdf Tropical Storm Risk June 5, 2008 February 12, 2018 London, England Meanwhile, on June 18, the UKMO released their seasonal forecast, assessing a 70 percent probability the number of tropical storms would fall between 10 and 20, with 15 tropical storms noted as the most likely value in 2008. No projections for the number of hurricanes, major hurricanes, or ACE were given.North Atlantic tropical storm seasonal forecast 2008 https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/weather/tropical-cyclones/seasonal/northatlantic2008/ Met Office June 18, 2008 February 12, 2018 On July 2, WSI held firm to their April forecast;WSI Still Sees 'Active' Hurricane Season Ahead http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/78369-wsi-still-sees-active-hurricane-season-ahead Natural Gas Intelligence July 2, 2008 February 12, 2018 the organization was forced to slightly increase the number of named storms and hurricanes later that month.WSI Ups Forecast: Nine Hurricanes This Year http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/78539-wsi-ups-forecast-nine-hurricanes-this-year Natural Gas Intelligence July 23, 2008 February 12, 2018 On July 4, TSR slightly raised their forecast.Mark Saunders Dr. Adam Lea July Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2008 https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRATLForecastJul2008.pdf Tropical Storm Risk July 4, 2008 February 12, 2018 London, England Following an active start to the season, CSU upped their predictions in an August 5 update, calling for 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 175 units.William M. Gray Phillip J. Klotzbach Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity, August Monthly Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2008 https://tropical.colostate.edu/Forecast/Archived_Forecasts/2000s/2008-08.pdff Colorado State University August 5, 2008 September 29, 2021 Fort Collins, Colorado TSR released their final outlook for the season that day, raising their values to 18.2 (±2.9) named storms, 9.7 (±1.7) hurricanes, 4.5 (±1.4) major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 191 (±42) units.Mark Saunders Dr. Adam Lea August Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2008 https://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRATLForecastAug2008.pdf Tropical Storm Risk August 5, 2008 February 12, 2018 London, England On August 7, NOAA's CPC raised their probability of an above-average season from 65 percent to 85 percent. The final outlook yielded a 67 percent chance of 14 to 18 named storms, 7 to 10 hurricanes, and 3 to 6 major hurricanes.Carmeyia Gillis Strong Start Increases NOAA's Confidence for Above-Normal Atlantic Hurricane Season http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20080807_hurricaneoutlook.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 7, 2008 February 12, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20080808114229/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20080807_hurricaneoutlook.html August 8, 2008 WSI, meanwhile, issued their final seasonal outlook on August 27, reaffirming their numbers from the previous month.WSI Stands by 'Active' Hurricane Season Forecast http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/78836-wsi-stands-by-active-hurricane-season-forecast Natural Gas Intelligence August 27, 2008 February 12, 2018 Seasonal summary thumb|right|300px|Four tropical cyclones active simultaneously in the Atlantic on September 2; featuring Gustav (left), Hanna (middle), Ike (right), and Josephine (far right). All but one were either affecting or threatening landmasses at the same time. The 2008 hurricane season officially began on June 1,https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/2008_rainfall.html 2008 Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Rainfall National Aeronautics and Space Administration February 21, 2020 though Tropical Storm Arthur formed one day earlier. The season was above-average, featuring 16 named storms, 8 of which intensified into hurricanes, while 5 of the hurricanes reached major hurricane status. Despite a La Niña dissipating early in the summer months, atmospheric conditions remained favorable for tropical cyclogenesis, including abnormally low wind shear between 10°N and 20°N. Additionally, sea surface temperatures in the deep tropics and the Caribbean Sea were fifth warmest since 1950.Daniel P. Brown John L. Beven James L. Franklin Eric S. Blake May 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008 10.1175/2009MWR3174.1 2010MWRv..138.1975B 138 1975 5 Monthly Weather Review https://zenodo.org/record/1234547 June 9, 2021 free The season saw the first occurrence of major hurricanes in the months of July through November.https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/hurricane-season-of-2008-draws-to-a-close.html Hurricane season of 2008 draws to a close Jeff Masters November 26, 2008 Weather Underground February 21, 2020 Four storms formed before the start of August,https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWSAT/2008/TWSAT.200812011402.txt Monthly Tropical Weather Summary December 1, 2008 National Hurricane Center February 21, 2020 and the season also had the earliest known date for three storms to be active on the same day: Hurricane Bertha, and Tropical Storms Cristobal and Dolly were all active on July 20.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tropical-cyclones/200813 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms - Annual 2008 January 2009 National Climatic Data Center February 21, 2020 This season was also one of only ten Atlantic hurricanes seasons on record to have a major hurricane form before August,https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/earlyseason.asp Major May–June–July Hurricanes Weather Underground February 22, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20190731230357/https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/earlyseason.asp July 31, 2019 as well as one of only seven Atlantic seasons to feature a major hurricane in November.https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/lateseason.asp Late Season Major Hurricanes Weather Underground February 22, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20190731230358/https://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/lateseason.asp July 31, 2019 The final tropical cyclone, Hurricane Paloma, degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area over Cuba on November 9, three weeks before the season officially ended on November 30. The season was devastating for Haiti, where four consecutive tropical cyclones – Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike – killed at least 793 people and caused roughly $1 billion in damage.https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/0E0D292358774C55852577C1006E38C6-Full_Report.pdf Haiti: Hurricane Season 2008 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies October 19, 2010 3 February 27, 2020 Hurricane Ike was the most destructive storm of the season, as well as the strongest, devastating Cuba as a major hurricane and later making landfall near Galveston, Texas, at Category 2 (nearly Category 3) intensity. The cyclone caused a particularly devastating storm surge along the western Gulf Coast of the United States due to in part to its large size. Ike was the second-costliest hurricane in the Atlantic at the time, but has since dropped to sixth following Sandy, Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Hanna was the deadliest storm of the season, killing 533 people, mostly in Haiti. Gustav was another very destructive storm, causing up to $8.31 billion in damage to Haiti, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and the United States. Dolly caused up to $1.6 billion in damage to south Texas and northeastern Mexico.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events.pdf "U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather & Climate Disasters 1980-2019" Adam Smith Neal Lott Tamara Houston Karsten Shein Jake Crouch Jesse Enloe National Climatic Data Center 9 February 22, 2020https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aPBFIvVpm43k&refer=home Dolly Makes Landfall in Texas; Downgraded to Storm (Update3) Demian McLean July 23, 2008 Bloomberg September 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092922/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aPBFIvVpm43k&refer=home October 22, 2012 Bertha was an early season Cape Verde-type hurricane that became the longest-lived July North Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, though it caused few deaths and only minor damage. The Atlantic basin tropical cyclones of 2008 collectively caused roughly $49.4 billion in damage and at least 1,074 fatalities. New Jersey Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=124477 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 June 28, 2017 https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aPBFIvVpm43k&refer=home Dolly Makes Landfall in Texas; Downgraded to Storm (Update3) Demian McLean July 23, 2008 Bloomberg September 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092922/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aPBFIvVpm43k&refer=home October 22, 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/200807#tropical Global Hazards - July 2008 National Climatic Data Center March 6, 2020 http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2008/07/23/hallan-muerto-a-pescador-extraviado-en-yucatan-tras-paso-de-dolly Hallan muerto a pescador extraviado en Yucatán tras paso de Dolly July 24, 2008 La Jornada es February 22, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20080725063131/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2008/07/23/hallan-muerto-a-pescador-extraviado-en-yucatan-tras-paso-de-dolly July 25, 2008 Richard J. Pasch Todd B. Kimberlain Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dolly https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL042008_Dolly.pdf National Hurricane Center January 22, 2009 February 11, 2018 Miami, Florida National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tallahassee, Florida Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=127679 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tallahassee, Florida Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=127671 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tallahassee, Florida Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=127674 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Mobile, Alabama Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=130839 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Mobile, Alabama Alabama Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=130841 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 James L. Franklin Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Edouard https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL052008_Edouard.pdf National Hurricane Center November 14, 2008 May 13, 2019 Miami, Florida Dr. Debarati Guha-Sapir Disasters in Numbers 2009 and the Decade https://www.emdat.be/sites/default/files/PressConference_Presentation.pdf Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters Emergency Events Database January 28, 2010 May 13, 2019 Killer storm Fay may become hurricane before hitting Florida https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-08-19/killer-storm-fay-may-become-hurricane-before/481256 ABC News August 18, 2008 May 13, 2019 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45650306/florida-today/ Jim Ash Central, South Fla. brace for Ike's rain September 9, 2008 Florida Today February 26, 2020 Newspapers.com Boy Drowns in Cairo: Funeral Set https://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/27316264.html WCTV News August 23, 2008 September 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20190514012216/https://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/27316264.html May 14, 2019 Brendan Kirby Death blamed on Fay http://blog.al.com/live/2008/08/death_blamed_on_fay.html AL.com August 25, 2008 May 13, 2019 Tropical Storm Gustav OCHA Situation Report No. 3 https://reliefweb.int/report/cayman-islands/tropical-storm-gustav-ocha-situation-report-no-3 ReliefWeb August 30, 2008 May 13, 2019 John L. Beven II Todd B. Kimberlain Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gustav https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL072008_Gustav.pdf National Hurricane Center January 22, 2009 May 13, 2019 Miami, Florida Government of Cuba Review of the Past Hurricane Season: Reports of Hurricanes, Tropical Storms, Tropical Disturbances and Related Flooding during 2008 https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Meetings/HC31/documents/Doc.4.2.8_Cuba.doc April 2009 World Meteorological Organization May 14, 2019 DOC Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf National Hurricane Center January 26, 2018 May 14, 2019 Miami, Florida National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Wilmington, North Carolina North Carolina Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=129975 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 14, 2019 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Wilmington, North Carolina North Carolina Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=129975 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 14, 2019 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=136034 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 14, 2019 Daniel P. Brown Todd B. Kimberlain Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hanna https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL082008_Hanna.pdf National Hurricane Center December 17, 2008 February 11, 2018 Miami, Florida Robbie J. Berg Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ike https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092008_Ike.pdf National Hurricane Center January 23, 2009 February 11, 2018 Miami, Florida David F. Zane etal Tracking Deaths Related to Hurricane Ike, Texas, 2008 Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness Cambridge University Press 10.1001/dmp.2011.8 5 1 March 2011 23–28 21402823 34372746 7:43 a.m.: Hurricane Ike deaths, state by state https://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/a-m-hurricane-ike-deaths-state-by-state/article_3897186d-0095-56f7-bdbb-94b3c2873273.html Associated Press The Herald Bulletin September 15, 2008 February 22, 2020 Lixion A. Avila Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kyle https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112008_Kyle.pdf National Hurricane Center December 5, 2008 February 9, 2018 Miami, Florida https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=ALL&beginDate_mm=09&beginDate_dd=15&beginDate_yyyy=2008&endDate_mm=09&endDate_dd=30&endDate_yyyy=2008&county=ALL&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=99%2CPUERTO+RICO 2009 Storm Events Database National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico National Centers for Environmental Information February 27, 2020 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=136057 Event Details: Flash Flood 2009 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico National Centers for Environmental Information February 27, 2020 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=137027 Event Details: High Surf 2009 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norton, Massachusetts National Centers for Environmental Information February 27, 2020 Jack L. Beven II Christopher W. Landsea Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Omar https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152008_Omar.pdf National Hurricane Center February 3, 2009 February 10, 2018 Miami, Florida Government of Saint Lucia April 2009 Review of the Past Hurricane Season: Reports of Hurricanes, Tropical Storms, Tropical Disturbances and Related Flooding during 2008 https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Meetings/HC31/documents/Doc4.2.6_StLucia.doc World Meteorological Organization May 15, 2019 DOC Daniel P. Brown Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Depression Sixteen https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162008_Sixteen.pdf National Hurricane Center November 19, 2008 February 10, 2018 Miami, Florida Government of Jamaica Jamaica's Report on the 2008 Hurricane Season http://www.cmo.org.tt/docs/CMC48/Country%20Reports%202008/Jamaica.doc Caribbean Meteorological Organization 2008 May 16, 2019 Macro Socio-Economic Assessment of the Damage and Losses Caused by Hurricane Paloma http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/10312108.PDF United Nations April 2, 2009 May 16, 2019 At the time, the season ranked as the third costliest on record, behind only 2004 and 2005.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45743910/great-falls-tribune/ NASA reports 2008 is ninth warmest year since 1880 December 17, 2008 McClatchy-Tribune News Service Great Falls Tribune 5A February 27, 2020 Newspapers.com However, it has since fallen to eighth. Other notable storms included Tropical Storm Fay, which became the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to make landfall in the same U.S. state on 4 occasions; Tropical Storm Marco, the smallest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record; Hurricane Omar, a powerful late-season major hurricane which caused moderate damage to the ABC islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands in mid-October; and Hurricane Paloma, which became the third-strongest November hurricane in recorded history and caused about $454.4 million in damage to the Cayman Islands and Cuba. The only storm of the season to not reach tropical storm status, Tropical Depression Sixteen, contributed to a significant flooding event in Central America, with the cyclone itself directly blamed for at least nine deaths. Overall, the season's activity was reflected with a total cumulative ACE rating of 145.7.2008 Atlantic Hurricane Season https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?season=2008&basin=atl August 26, 2025 www.nhc.noaa.gov This was well above the normal average, and nearly double the rating given to each of the two preceding seasons (792006; 742007).Hurricane Research Division National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 2019 Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html February 27, 2020 Systems Tropical Storm Arthur Atl Arthur 2008-05-31 1623Z.jpg May 31 June 1 40 1004 Arthur 2008 path.png Tropical storms Alma and Arthur In late May, a westward-moving tropical wave and the mid-level remnants of Tropical Storm Alma from the East Pacific combined over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. This led to the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur by 00:00 UTC on May 31. The cyclone reached its peak intensity with winds of 45 mph km/h on six hours after development, and it made landfall at 09:00 UTC on June 1 about halfway between Belize City, Belize, and Chetumal, Yucatán Peninsula, at that strength. Once inland, Arthur quickly lost organization and degenerated to a remnant area of low pressure around 00:00 UTC on June 2. It dissipated six hours later. In conjunction with Alma, Tropical Storm Arthur dropped over 12 in mm on of rainfall across portions of Belize, destroying roads, washing out bridges, and damaging 714 homes. Total damage was estimated at $78 million, and five deaths were recorded.Eric S. Blake Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Arthur https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL012008_Arthur.pdf National Hurricane Center July 28, 2008 May 16, 2019 Miami, Florida Hurricane Bertha Atl Bertha 2008-07-07 1630Z.jpg July 3 July 20 110 952 Bertha 2008 path.png Hurricane Bertha (2008) A well-defined tropical wave left Africa on July 1 and organized into a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on July 3. Six hours later, it intensified into Tropical Storm Bertha, the easternmost tropical storm on record in the Atlantic during July. Steered on a west-northwest or northwest course, Bertha reached hurricane strength around 06:00 UTC on July 7. The cyclone then underwent a period of rapid intensification that brought it to its peak as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph km/h on later that day. Structural changes and a more hostile environment caused the storm to fluctuate in intensity as it passed east of Bermuda. By July 19, however, the storm began to undergo extratropical transition, a process it completed by 12:00 UTC the next morning. The post-tropical storm continued northeast and merged with a larger extratropical low near Iceland on July 21. Lasting a duration of 17 days, Bertha became the longest-lived Atlantic tropical cyclone on record during the month of July.Jamie R. Rhome Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Bertha https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL022008_Bertha.pdf National Hurricane Center October 15, 2008 February 11, 2018 Miami, Florida As the cyclone passed east of Bermuda, it produced strong wind gusts peaking at 91 mph km/h on. Power lines were downed, cutting electricity to about 7,500 homes, and tree branches were snapped.Tropical Storm Bertha speeds away from Bermuda http://uk.reuters.com/article/storm-bertha-idUKN1528480620080715 https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160529/http://uk.reuters.com/article/storm-bertha-idUKN1528480620080715 dead September 15, 2017 Reuters July 15, 2008 June 28, 2017 Heavy rainfall, reaching 4.77 in mm on at L.F. Wade International Airport, flooded roadways. Meanwhile, Bertha produced large waves and rip currents along the U.S. East Coast, resulting in 3 deaths offshore New Jersey and 57 water rescues in Atlantic City alone.New Jersey Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=124477 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 June 28, 2017 Fifty-five people were injured off the coast of Delaware while an additional four individuals were injured off North Carolina.Delaware Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=124472 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 June 28, 2017 At Wrightsville Beach in particular, officials estimated at least 60 water rescues over a 48-hour span.North Carolina Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=122740 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 June 28, 2017 Over a seven-day period beginning on July 9, the storm contributed to 1,500 ocean rescues in Ocean City, Maryland. Tropical Storm Cristobal Atl Cristobal 2008-07-22 1745Z.jpg Cristobal 2008 path.png July 19 July 23 55 998 A dissipating frontal boundary extended along the East Coast of the United States on July 15. A day later, a low pressure area formed near southern Florida, which moved across the state into the western Atlantic. The system became better organized to the east of Georgia, producing a concentrated area of thunderstorms by July 17. Around 00:00 UTC on July 19, a tropical depression formed about 70 miles (110 km) east of the Georgia/South Carolina border.Lixion A. Avila Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Cristobal https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL032008_Cristobal.pdf National Hurricane Center December 15, 2008 February 12, 2018 Miami, Florida Located between a ridge to its southeast and northwest, the depression moved slowly northeastward, quickly strengthening into Tropical Storm Cristobal. The storm passed close to the Outer Banks of North Carolina on July 21 while its strongest winds remained offshore.Blake & Knabb Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 4 2008 National Hurricane Center July 23, 2008 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al03/al032008.discus.004.shtml? Dry air disrupted the storm's developmental stage, but the warm waters of the Gulf Stream allowed for steady intensification.Knabb & Blake Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 7 2008 National Hurricane Center July 23, 2008 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al03/al032008.discus.007.shtml?Blake Tropical Storm Cristobal Discussion Number 11 2008 National Hurricane Center July 23, 2008 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al03/al032008.discus.011.shtml? Early on July 21, the storm reached peak winds of 65 mph km/h on, when an eye feature was evident on microwave imagery. Progressively cooler waters began to weaken Cristobal the next day. The storm was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone south of Newfoundland on July 23. The precursor disturbance to Cristobal produced up to 6 in mm on of rain in Florida, blocking storm drains and causing street flooding.Bill Bair System Likely to Deliver More Rain to Polk https://www.theledger.com/news/20080718/system-likely-to-deliver-more-rain-to-polk# The Ledger July 18, 2008 May 12, 2019 Some 35–40 cars were pulled from submerged streets in Marco Island, with some vehicles submerged in as much as 2 ft m on of water.National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Miami, Florida Florida Event Report: Flash Flood https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=125888 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 12, 2019 Rainfall reached 5.56 in mm on in Wilmington, North Carolina. There was minor flooding in the city.Tropical Storm Cristobal weakens along N.C. coast http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/storms/2008-07-19-cristobal_N.htm USA Today July 20, 2008 May 12, 2019 January 12, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160112150649/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/storms/2008-07-19-cristobal_N.htm dead Moisture from the tropical cyclone became intertwined with an approaching frontal system, producing a maximum rainfall total of 6.5 in mm on in Baccaro, Nova Scotia. Basements were flooded and roads were washed out along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia.Canada Review of the Past Hurricane Season: Reports of Hurricanes, Tropical Storms, Tropical Disturbances and Related Flooding during 2008 https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Meetings/HC31/documents/Doc4.2.2_Canada.doc World Meteorological Organization May 12, 2019 DOC A sailor from Connecticut was rescued 250 km mi on to the southeast of Halifax when his ship capsized in stormy seas.CBC News Sailor rescued from Cristobal's stormy wrath July 23, 2008 May 19, 2009 https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sailor-rescued-from-cristobal-s-stormy-wrath-1.771933 Hurricane Dolly Atl File:Dolly 2008-07-21 1415Z.png Dolly 2008 path.png July 20 July 25 85 963 Hurricane Dolly (2008) A tropical wave emerged off Africa on July 11. As the wave moved west into the Caribbean, it produced gale-force winds and its satellite presentation resembled that of a tropical storm at times. However, the system did not develop a well-defined circulation until around 12:00 UTC on July 20, at which time it was designated as Tropical Storm Dolly about 310 mi km on 5 east of Chetumal, Quintana Roo. On a northwest course, the cyclone failed to organize initially; however, a more conducive environment in the Gulf of Mexico allowed Dolly to attain hurricane strength by 00:00 UTC on July 23 and reach its peak as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph km/h on twelve hours later. Dry air and cooler waters eroded the storm's eyewall after peak intensity, but Dolly still harbored winds of 85 mph km/h on at its landfall on South Padre Island, Texas, at 18:20 UTC. It made a second landfall on the Texas mainland at a slightly reduced strength two hours later. Once inland, Dolly weakened to a tropical storm early on July 24 and ultimately degenerated to a remnant low around 00:00 UTC on July 26. The remnant low turned north and crossed the Mexico–United States border before losing its identity over New Mexico early on July 27.Richard J. Pasch Todd B. Kimberlain Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dolly https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL042008_Dolly.pdf National Hurricane Center January 22, 2009 February 11, 2018 Miami, Florida In its early stages, mudslides generated by heavy rainfall from the storm caused 21 deaths in Guatemala.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/200807#tropical Global Hazards - July 2008 National Climatic Data Center March 6, 2020 As the storm progressed across the Yucatán Peninsula, it produced significant beach erosion in Cancún.Adriana Varillas Tormenta 'Dolly' se llevó la arena de playas de Cancún http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/69114.html El Universal July 23, 2008 May 12, 2019 es Offshore, the body of a fisherman was recovered while three others were purported missing.Dos muertos y tres desaparecidos en México por el paso de "Dolly" https://www.ultimahora.com/dos-muertos-y-tres-desaparecidos-mexico-el-paso-dolly-n137973.html Última Hora July 24, 2008 May 12, 2019 es Offshore the Florida Panhandle, one person drowned in rough surf. In Texas, the hurricane caused moderate structural damage to the roofs of homes on South Padre Island, where maximum sustained winds of 78 mph km/h on, gusting to 107 mph km/h on, were recorded. Some buildings of lesser construction were severely damaged as well. Extensive damage to trees and utility poles occurred throughout Cameron and Willacy counties. Six weak tornadoes or waterspouts were recorded, but generally minor damage was observed. Widespread heavy rainfall occurred throughout southern Texas, with a concentration of 15 in mm on near Harlingen; this rainfall caused severe inland flooding. Farther south in Mexico, a hurricane research team east of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, recorded sustained winds of 96 mph km/h on, gusting to 119 mph km/h on. In the city itself, downed power lines fell into floodwaters, electrocuting a man.Roberto Aguilar Grimaldo Reportan un muerto por Dolly en Matamoros http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/524923.html El Universal July 24, 2008 May 12, 2019 es The remnants of the storm heavy impacted Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, where five homes and a historic church were collapsed and about 2,840 acre ha off of corn and barley were ruined.Un deceso en Juárez por los remanentes de Dolly https://www.jornada.com.mx/2008/07/29/index.php?section=estados&article=036n1est La Jornada July 29, 2008 May 12, 2019 es Farther north in New Mexico, an estimated 350–500 structures were damaged, roads and bridges were washed out, and one man was swept away by the swollen Rio Ruidoso river.Alicia Caldwell Body found in debris from N.M. flash flooding https://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Jul28/0,4670,NewMexicoFlooding,00.html Fox News July 28, 2008 May 12, 2019 In nearby El Paso, Texas, homes and streets were flooded, and one indirect death occurred when a driver rolled over after hitting a puddle.Hurricane Dolly remnants bring downpour to El Paso http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-07-26-3619337133_x.htm USA Today July 26, 2008 May 12, 2019 Overall, Dolly caused at least $1.6 billion in damage, with $1.3 billion in the United States and $300 million in Mexico. Tropical Storm Edouard Atl Edouard 2008-08-04 1703Z.jpg Edouard 2008 path.png August 3 August 6 55 996 Tropical Storm Edouard (2008) A trough developed across the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 2 and quickly developed into a tropical depression about 85 mi km southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River around 12:00 UTC on August 3. The depression moved westward and intensified into Tropical Storm Edouard on August 4. The impacts of northerly wind shear initially curtailed intensification; the following day, however, a more favorable environmental regime allowed the storm to attain maximum winds of 65 mph km/h on. Edouard made landfall near the McFaddin and Texas Point National Wildlife Refuges at 12:00 UTC on August 5 at peak strength. The system quickly weakened once inland and was downgraded to a tropical depression early on August 6 before degenerating into a remnant low at 06:00 UTC that day. It continued to move northwestward across Texas and dissipated around 00:00 UTC on August 7.James L. Franklin Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Edouard https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL052008_Edouard.pdf National Hurricane Center November 14, 2008 May 13, 2019 Miami, Florida Rough surf and rip currents led to the deaths of three men in Panama City Beach, Florida,National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tallahassee, Florida Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=127679 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tallahassee, Florida Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=127671 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tallahassee, Florida Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=127674 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 a fourth man in Perdido Key,National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Mobile, Alabama Florida Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=130839 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 a fifth man at Orange Beach, Alabama,National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Mobile, Alabama Alabama Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=130841 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 and a sixth man near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Wind gusts in Louisiana peaked at 62 mph km/h on, ripping the roofs of mobile homes, downing numerous trees, and toppling power lines across Cameron, Calcasieu, and Vermilion parishes. Along the coastline, storm tides generally varied between 4 – 5 ft m on, with a peak of 5.09 ft m on near Intracoastal City. This contributed to minor inland flooding.National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Lake Charles, Louisiana Louisiana Event Report: Tropical Storm https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=133452 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 In Texas, rainfall peaked at 6.48 in mm on near Baytown, leading to the inundation of dozens of homes. Several roadways, including a portion of Interstate 10, were closed across Chambers and Harris counties. Sustained winds of 56 mph km/h on, gusting to 71 mph km/h on, brought down trees and power lines while inflicting minor roof damage to hundreds of homes.National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Lake Charles, Louisiana Texas Event Report: Tropical Storm https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=133458 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 13, 2019 Overall Edouard caused about $1.1 million in damage, with about $350,000 in Louisiana, $450,000 in Texas, and $300,000 in New Mexico.Cameron County Tropical Storm Event Report https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=133454 January 15, 2026 www.ncei.noaa.govJefferson County Tropical Storm Event Report https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=133458 January 15, 2026 www.ncei.noaa.govGalveston County Storm Surge/Tide Event Report https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=132884 January 15, 2026 www.ncei.noaa.govBernalillo County Flash Flood Event Report https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=111922 January 15, 2026 www.ncei.noaa.gov Tropical Storm Fay Atl Fay 2008-08-19 1615Z (large).jpg Fay 2008 path.png August 15 August 27 60 986 Tropical Storm Fay (2008) 2008 Tropical Storm Fay tornado outbreak A tropical wave emerged from Africa on August 6 and moved swiftly across the Atlantic, developing into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on August 15 while near the northwestern tip of Puerto Rico. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Fay as it struck the coastline of Haiti, and it maintained its status as a minimal tropical storm while progressing through the Cayman Trough and into south-central Cuba. Fay curved north and zigzagged across Florida, making a record four separate landfalls in the state. The first occurred near Key West on August 18 and the second just east of Cape Romano on August 19. While inland over Lake Okeechobee, Fay developed a well-defined eye and reached peak winds of 70 mph km/h on. The third landfall occurred near Flagler Beach on August 21 and the final southwest of Carrabelle on August 23. The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression in the Florida Panhandle on August 24 and moved northwest into Mississippi before making an abrupt turn to the northeast the following day. It merged with a frontal boundary and became extratropical around 06:00 UTC on August 27. The low was ultimately absorbed by a larger extratropical system over Kentucky early the next morning.Stacy R. Stewart John L. Beven II Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Fay https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL062008_Fay.pdf National Hurricane Center February 8, 2009 May 13, 2019 Miami, Florida Throughout the Caribbean, Fay contributed to at least 16 deaths: 10 in Haiti,Dr. Debarati Guha-Sapir Disasters in Numbers 2009 and the Decade https://www.emdat.be/sites/default/files/PressConference_Presentation.pdf Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters Emergency Events Database January 28, 2010 May 13, 2019 5 in the Dominican Republic, and 1 in Jamaica.Killer storm Fay may become hurricane before hitting Florida https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-08-19/killer-storm-fay-may-become-hurricane-before/481256 ABC News August 18, 2008 May 13, 2019 Many of these deaths were resultant from the storm's prolific rainfall, with numerous weather stations across the Dominican Republic and Cuba reporting accumulations of 7 – 10 in mm on; Agabama, Cuba, recorded a localized maximum of 18.23 in mm on. The combination of heavy rainfall and gusty winds resulted in over 2,400 homes being damaged across the Dominican Republic. Similar destruction was reported in Haiti, particularly on Gonâve Island. As Fay meandered across Florida, it produced widespread torrential rainfall there, with accumulations peaking at a record 27.65 in mm on in the city of Melbourne. While run-off ultimately helped replenish Lake Okeechobee and surrounding reservoirs, the immediate impact of the rain event was more destructive. Thousands of residences were inundated,Satta Sarmah Fay led unrelenting barrage of storms https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2008-11-30-hurricane30-story.html Orlando Sentinel November 30, 2008 May 13, 2019 some with as much as 5 ft m on of water, and sewage systems were congested. Numerous trees were felled, and downed power lines cut electricity to tens of thousands of homes.Tropical Storm Fay floods hundreds of homes https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26226503 NBC News August 20, 2008 May 13, 2019 Fay was a prolific tornado producer, with 81 confirmations across 5 states: 19 in Florida, 17 in Georgia, 16 in North Carolina, 15 in Alabama, and 14 in South Carolina. A majority were short-lived and weak. Overall, Fay caused seventeen deaths in the United States: fifteen in Florida,https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45650306/florida-today/ Jim Ash Central, South Fla. brace for Ike's rain September 9, 2008 Florida Today February 26, 2020 Newspapers.com one in Georgia,Boy Drowns in Cairo: Funeral Set https://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/27316264.html WCTV News August 23, 2008 September 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20190514012216/https://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/27316264.html May 14, 2019 and one in Alabama.Brendan Kirby Death blamed on Fay http://blog.al.com/live/2008/08/death_blamed_on_fay.html AL.com August 25, 2008 May 13, 2019 Throughout all areas impacted, Fay caused about $560 million in damage. Hurricane Gustav Atl File:Gustav 2008-08-30 1603Z.jpg Gustav 2008 path.png August 25 September 4 135 941 Hurricane Gustav Meteorological history of Hurricane Gustav A tropical wave departed Africa on August 13, coalescing into a tropical depression south of Puerto Rico by 00:00 UTC on August 25 and intensifying into Tropical Storm Gustav twelve hours later. With a small inner core, the system rapidly strengthened to a hurricane early on August 26 before striking the southwestern peninsula of Haiti later that day. Gustav weakened while traversing Haiti and Jamaica but quickly restrengthened over the northwestern Caribbean, reaching winds of 145 mph km/h on before making landfall on the Isle of Youth, and striking the mainland just east of Los Palacios, Cuba, with winds of 155 mph km/h on later on August 30. Plagued by wind shear and dry air, the hurricane did not re-intensify over the Gulf of Mexico, instead making a final landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana, at 15:00 UTC on September 1 with winds of 105 mph km/h on. Gustav continued northwest, weakening to a tropical depression over northern Louisiana before merging with a cold front over northern Arkansas around 12:00 UTC on September 4. The remnants accelerated northeast and merged with another extratropical low over the Great Lakes later on September 5.John L. Beven II Todd B. Kimberlain Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Gustav https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL072008_Gustav.pdf National Hurricane Center January 22, 2009 May 13, 2019 Miami, Florida Throughout the Dominican Republic, over 1,239 homes were damaged, of which 12 were destroyed, and about 50 communities were isolated. Eight people were killed in a mudslide.Tropical Storm Gustav OCHA Situation Report No. 3 https://reliefweb.int/report/cayman-islands/tropical-storm-gustav-ocha-situation-report-no-3 ReliefWeb August 30, 2008 May 13, 2019 In neighboring Haiti, some 10,250 homes were damaged, including about 2,100 that were destroyed.Haiti: IOM aids hurricane Gustav victims https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/haiti-iom-aids-hurricane-gustav-victims ReliefWeb September 2, 2008 May 13, 2019 Eighty-five people were killed. The storm caused $210 million in damage across Jamaica and resulted in 15 deaths. The impact of Gustav was ruinous across the Isle of Youth and mainland Cuba, where sustained winds of 155 mph km/h on and gusts up to 211 mph km/h on resulted in damage to 120,509 structures (about 21,941 beyond repair). The 211 mph km/h on wind gust, observed at Paso Real de San Diego weather station in Pinar del Río Province, was the second highest wind gust ever recorded on land in a tropical cyclone, behind only Cyclone Olivia's 253 mph km/h on gust on Barrow Island, Australia.https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/a-new-world-record-wind-gust-253-mph-in-australias-tropical-cyclone-.html A new world record wind gust: 253 mph in Australia's Tropical Cyclone Olivia Jeff Masters January 27, 2010 Weather Underground March 6, 2020 A total of 140 electrical towers were destroyed, laying waste to 809 mi km on of power lines and cutting power to much of the area. Dozens of residents were injured but no deaths occurred. The estimated cost of the storm fell just shy of $2.1 billion.Government of Cuba Review of the Past Hurricane Season: Reports of Hurricanes, Tropical Storms, Tropical Disturbances and Related Flooding during 2008 https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Meetings/HC31/documents/Doc.4.2.8_Cuba.doc April 2009 World Meteorological Organization May 14, 2019 DOC Upon striking the United States, Gustav produced strong winds that damaged the roofs and windows of many structures,Ben Lundin Matthew Pleasant Robert Zullo Picture begins to emerge of Gustav's damage https://www.houmatoday.com/news/20080901/picture-begins-to-emerge-of-gustavs-damage The Houma Courier September 1, 2008 May 14, 2019 as well as a large storm surge along the coastline of Louisiana which overtopped levees and floodwalls in New Orleans. Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas. Tornadoes were confirmed throughout the region, including 21 in Mississippi, 11 in Louisiana, 6 in Florida, 2 in Arkansas, and 1 in Alabama. In total, Gustav cost $6 billion in the United States and killed 53 people: 48 in Louisiana, 4 in Florida, and 1 at sea.Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf National Hurricane Center January 26, 2018 May 14, 2019 Miami, Florida Hurricane Hanna Atl Hanna 2008-09-01.jpg Hanna 2008 path.png August 28 September 7 75 977 Hurricane Hanna (2008) A tropical wave entered the Atlantic on August 19, leading to the formation of a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on August 28 approximately 315 mi km 5 on east-northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands. Twelve hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Hanna. Interaction between the cyclone and an upper-level low kept Hanna fairly steady-state for several days, with its appearance briefly resembling that of a subtropical storm. Meanwhile, a building ridge over the eastern United States forced the storm to dive south. A reprieve in upper-level winds allowed Hanna to attain hurricane strength at 18:00 UTC on September 1 and reach peak winds of 85 mph km/h on six hours later. However, the aforementioned ridge soon began to impart northerly wind shear, and the cyclone weakened accordingly. A second upper-level low caused Hanna to conduct a counter-clockwise loop north of Haiti before reaching the western periphery of the subtropical ridge, sending the storm ashore near the North Carolina–South Carolina border at 07:20 UTC on September 6 with winds of 70 mph km/h on. It curved northeast once inland, merging with one cold front over southern New England and a second near Newfoundland.Daniel P. Brown Todd B. Kimberlain Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Hanna https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL082008_Hanna.pdf National Hurricane Center December 17, 2008 February 11, 2018 Miami, Florida Hanna produced heavy rainfall across mountainous sections of Puerto Rico, leading to mudslides that damaged bridges and roads. Strong winds downed trees and power lines. Damage across the Turks and Caicos Islands in the wake of the storm was presumed to have been minor—confined to some roof damage to homes—but damage assessments were limited given the impact of Hurricane Ike less than a week later. Across Hispaniola, torrential rainfall exacerbated flooding that had already occurred during Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricane Gustav. While the exact death toll is indiscernible due to the quick succession of tropical cyclones, Hanna is believed to have killed at least 529 people in Haiti, most in the commune of Gonaïves, as well as 1 person in the Dominican Republic. Along the coastline of the United States, rip currents killed one person at Kure Beach, North Carolina and another in Spring Lake, New Jersey.National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Wilmington, North Carolina North Carolina Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=129975 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 14, 2019National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Event Report: Rip Current https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=136034 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 14, 2019 Gusty winds downed trees and power lines that cut electricity along the Eastern seaboard. Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire. One person drowned in a South Carolina drainage ditch.National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Wilmington, North Carolina South Carolina Event Report: Heavy Rain https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=136443 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 14, 2019 Total damage was estimated at $160 million. Hurricane Ike Atl Ike 2008-09-04 1440Z.jpg Ike 2008 path.png September 1 September 14 125 935 Hurricane Ike Effects of Hurricane Ike in Texas Effects of Hurricane Ike in inland North America At 06:00 UTC on September 1, the season's ninth tropical depression developed from a well-defined tropical wave that left Africa on August 28. A strong subtropical ridge to the depression's north directed it on a west-northwest path for several days, while environmental conditions allowed for quick intensification. It intensified into Tropical Storm Ike six hours after formation and, on September 3, began a 24-hour period of rapid intensification that saw its winds increase from 85 mph km/h on to a peak of 145 mph km/h on. The ridge to Ike's north soon amplified, forcing the hurricane on an unusual, prolonged southwest track while also imparting increased wind shear. After briefly weakening below major hurricane strength, a relaxation in the upper-level winds allowed Ike to reattain Category 4 strength while entering the Turks and Caicos Islands; it then made several landfalls at a slightly reduced intensity. Winds again increased to 130 mph km/h on as Ike moved ashore near Cabo Lucrecia, Cuba. Land interaction prompted structural changes to the storm's core, and Ike only slowly rebounded to an intensity of 110 mph km/h on before its landfall on the northern end of Galveston Island, Texas, early on September 13. Ike curved northeast once inland, interacting with a front the next morning and merging with another low near the Saint Lawrence River on the afternoon of September 15.Robbie J. Berg Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ike https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092008_Ike.pdf National Hurricane Center January 23, 2009 February 11, 2018 Miami, Florida In Haiti, Ike compounded the flooding disaster imparted by previous storms Fay, Gustav, and Hanna. The country's food supply, shelter, and transportation networks were ruined. At least 74 deaths were attributed to the hurricane in Haiti, and an additional 2 occurred in the Dominican Republic. In the Turks and Caicos Islands, about 95 percent of all houses on Grand Turk Island were damaged, 20 percent of which severely so. An equal proportion of homes were damaged in South Caicos, including over one-third that were significantly damaged or destroyed. The agricultural and fishing industries suffered significant losses too. The highest concentration of damage in the Bahamas occurred on Inagua, where 70–80 percent of houses sustained roof damage, of which approximately 25 percent saw major damage or were destroyed. Throughout both archipelagos, damage climbed to between $50–200 million. In Cuba, nearly a quarter of the island's population, 2.6 million people, was evacuated in advance of the storm; as a result, only seven deaths were reported. However, structural damage was catastrophic, with 511,259 homes damaged (about 61,202 of which were total losses). About 4,000 metric tons (4,410 st) of foodstuffs were ruined in storage facilities while the island's crops as a whole sustained serious damage. Floodwaters cut off several communities as roads were inundated and bridges were swept away. Ike was estimated to have caused about $7.3 billion in damage across Cuba, making it the costliest hurricane on record there until Hurricane Irma in 2017.Cuba: Hurricane Irma - Revised Emergency appeal (MDRCU004) https://reliefweb.int/report/cuba/cuba-hurricane-irma-revised-emergency-appeal-mdrcu004 ReliefWeb June 5, 2018 May 20, 2019 While progressing across the Gulf of Mexico, Ike's slow movement and unusually large wind field led to a huge storm surge, upwards of 15 – 20 ft m on, that devastated the Texas coastline. The storm's destruction was most complete on the Bolivar Peninsula, where nearly all homes were wiped off their foundations and demolished. Numerous trees and power lines were downed, cutting power to some 2.6 million customers across Texas and Louisiana. Roads were obstructed by both floodwaters and fallen objects. As Ike transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, it produced extensive wind damage across the Ohio River Valley. In Ohio alone, 2.6 million people lost power. Insured losses climbed to $1.1 billion, comparable to the Xenia tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak in terms of being the costliest natural disaster in the history of Ohio. Throughout the United States, Ike killed 74 people in Texas,David F. Zane etal Tracking Deaths Related to Hurricane Ike, Texas, 2008 Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness Cambridge University Press 10.1001/dmp.2011.8 5 1 March 2011 23–28 21402823 34372746 28 people across the Ohio River Valley, 6 people in Louisiana,7:43 a.m.: Hurricane Ike deaths, state by state https://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/a-m-hurricane-ike-deaths-state-by-state/article_3897186d-0095-56f7-bdbb-94b3c2873273.html Associated Press The Herald Bulletin September 15, 2008 February 22, 2020 and 1 person in Arkansas. Damage reached $30 billion. Farther north in Canada, the remnants of Ike produced record rainfall and high winds across portions of Ontario and Québec. Tropical Storm Josephine Atl Josephine 2008-09-03 1220Z.jpg Josephine 2008 path.png September 2 September 6 55 994 A strong tropical wave accompanied by a surface low departed Africa late on August 31. The system began to organize almost immediately after entering the Atlantic, developing into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on September 2 and intensifying into Tropical Storm Josephine six hours later. On a west to west-northwest heading, the cyclone steadily intensified and attained peak winds of 65 mph km/h on early on September 3. An exceptionally strong upper-level trough, aided by outflow from nearby Hurricane Ike, prompted a weakening trend thereafter. Despite intermittent bursts of convection, Josephine weakened to a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on September 6 and degenerated to a remnant low six hours later. The low ultimately dissipated on September 10.Eric S. Blake Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Josephine https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL102008_Josephine.pdf National Hurricane Center December 5, 2008 February 10, 2018 Miami, Florida The storm's remnants impacted Saint Croix early on September 12, producing localized heavy rainfall that flooded roadways.National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Event Report: Heavy Rain https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=137163 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 15, 2019 Hurricane Kyle Atl Kyle 2008-09-27 1800Z.jpg Kyle 2008 path.png September 25 September 29 75 984 Hurricane Kyle (2008) A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 12. The westward-moving feature crossed the Windward Islands on September 19 and began to interact with a strong upper-level trough, leading to an increase in convection and a more evident circulation center. Steering currents directed the disturbance into the southwest Atlantic, where a decrease in wind shear led to the formation of a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on September 25 and organization into Tropical Storm Kyle six hours later. Gradual intensification occurred as the cyclone passed well west of Bermuda; it attained hurricane strength around 12:00 UTC on September 27 and reached peak winds of 85 mph km/h on a day later. After making landfall just north of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, at 00:00 UTC on September 29, Kyle accelerated northeastward. The storm developed a frontal structure as convection became elongated and asymmetric, leading to its extratropical transition by 06:00 UTC on September 29. A larger extratropical low absorbed it about a day later.Lixion A. Avila Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Kyle https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112008_Kyle.pdf National Hurricane Center December 5, 2008 February 9, 2018 Miami, Florida The precursor disturbance to Kyle produced up to 30.47 in mm on of rainfall in Puerto Rico, resulting in numerous flash floods and mudslides that killed six people. About $48 million in damage occurred in Puerto Rico.https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=ALL&beginDate_mm=09&beginDate_dd=15&beginDate_yyyy=2008&endDate_mm=09&endDate_dd=30&endDate_yyyy=2008&county=ALL&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=99%2CPUERTO+RICO 2009 Storm Events Database National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico National Centers for Environmental Information February 27, 2020https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=136057 Event Details: Flash Flood 2009 National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico National Centers for Environmental Information February 27, 2020 In rain-stricken Haiti, heavy rainfall caused the Orangers River to overflow its banks, resulting in severe damage to homes in Jacmel.Caribbean Hurricane Season OCHA Situation Report No. 18 https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/caribbean-hurricane-season-ocha-situation-report-no-18 ReliefWeb September 25, 2008 May 15, 2019 In the Northeastern United States, two people were killed by large waves in Rhode Island. Heavy rainfall across Massachusetts and Connecticut led to significant flooding.National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Boston, Massachusetts Rhode Island Event Report: High Surf https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=137027 National Centers for Environmental Information 2008 May 15, 2019 Kyle produced hurricane-force winds along the southwestern coastline of Nova Scotia that uprooted trees while damaging boats, docks, wharves, and a building under construction. More than 40,000 customers were left without electricity at the height of the storm. Coastal locales were inundated by a combination of storm surge, large waves, and high tides, particularly in Shelburne, where streets were flooded. Kyle and its remnants caused roughly $9 million in damage in Canada. Tropical Storm Laura Atl Laura 2008-09-30 0300Z.jpg Laura 2008 path.png September 29 October 1 50 994 On September 26, a large extratropical area of low pressure developed along a frontal system west of the Azores. The low intensified into the equivalent of a hurricane with winds of 80 mph km/h on at 12:00 UTC on September 27. Over the following days, the low lost its frontal features and weakened as it traveled westward. By September 29, the low developed sufficient convection around the center, and the NHC classified it as Subtropical Storm Laura at 06:00 UTC. The subtropical designation was due to the storm's proximity to an upper-level low. At the time, Laura had peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), based on estimates from satellite imagery. The storm's wind field contracted as it moved northward, steered by the remnants of Hurricane Kyle over Atlantic Canada. On September 30, Laura's structure transitioned into a tropical cyclone, based on more organized convection, and the storm's distance from the upper-level low. This was despite the storm moving over colder waters at a relatively high latitude. Cold air and increasingly colder water temperatures caused Laura to lose tropical characteristics on October 1, as it became a remnant low to the southeast of Newfoundland. On October 2, the remnants of Laura became extratropical and re-intensified, attaining hurricane-force winds the next day to the southeast of Greenland. The storm turned to the east and was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone on October 4 to the west of the British Isles.Richard J. Pasch Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Laura https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122008_Laura.pdf National Hurricane Center February 4, 2009 February 7, 2018 Miami, FloridaStacy Stewart Subtropical Storm Laura Discussion One September 29, 2008 National Hurricane Center September 29, 2008 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al12/al122008.discus.001.shtml?Robbie Berg and Richard Pasch Tropical Storm Laura Discussion Six September 30, 2008 National Hurricane Center September 30, 2008 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al12/al122008.discus.006.shtml?Robbie Berg and Richard Pasch Tropical Storm Laura Discussion Seven September 30, 2008 National Hurricane Center October 1, 2008 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/al12/al122008.discus.007.shtml? The remnants of Laura produced heavy rainfall on already-saturated ground across the northwestern United Kingdom, overflowing drainage systems and closing roads.Tropical storm brings floods http://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/3728628.Tropical_storm_brings_floods/ The Westmorland Gazette October 4, 2008 May 15, 2019 One person had to be rescued from her car after driving into a flooded street. The UK Environment Agency issued 76 flood watches and 21 severe flood warnings as a result of the rainfall.Kaya Burgess The Times October 6, 2008 May 18, 2009 Met Office issues warning of more rain and floods http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/uk_and_roi/article4887694.ece LondonSeptember 2024 medicmedic On October 8, the remnants of Laura contributed to heavy rainfall in the Netherlands reaching 113 mm in on,Rob Sluijter 5 oktober 2008: Wateroverlast in het noordwesten. 2008 KNMI October 8, 2008 http://www.knmi.nl/klimatologie/nieuws/wateroverlast_051008.html nl dead https://web.archive.org/web/20121115094616/http://knmi.nl/klimatologie/nieuws/wateroverlast_051008.html November 15, 2012Meteo Consult De Noord-Hollandse 'zondvloed' nader bekeken. 2008 Meteo Consult October 8, 2008 http://www.weer.nl/nl/home/weer/weer_in_het_nieuws/weernieuws/archive/2008/october/ch/f2d584b038/article/de_noord_hollandse_zondvloed_nader_bekeken.html nl dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173418/http://www.weer.nl/nl/home/weer/weer_in_het_nieuws/weernieuws/archive/2008/october/ch/f2d584b038/article/de_noord_hollandse_zondvloed_nader_bekeken.html July 24, 2011 Streets and homes in the village of Hippolytushoef were inundated. The large amounts of precipitation broke the daily and monthly rainfall records for October, which were previously set in 2006. In eastern Norway, strong winds downed trees onto roadways and cut power to 10,000 households.Agnes Svalastog Kraftig uvær på Østlandet https://www.nrk.no/norge/kraftig-uvaer-pa-ostlandet-1.6247956 NRK October 5, 2008 May 15, 2019 no Tropical Storm Marco Atl Marco 6 oct 2008.jpg Marco 2008 path.png October 6 October 7 55 998 Tropical Storm Marco (2008) A broad area of low pressure persisted across the northwestern Caribbean Sea through the end of September. A tropical wave reached the southwestern Caribbean on October 4, aiding in the formation of a circulation center near Belize. The low tracked across Yucatán Peninsula and, following an increase in convection while over the Laguna de Términos, organized into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on October 6. The newly formed cyclone entered the Bay of Campeche a few hours later and quickly intensified into a tropical storm—the smallest on record in the entire World. Favorable anticyclonic flow aloft aided in continued development of the tightly coiled storm, and Marco attained peak winds of 65 mph km/h on early on October 7, an intensity it maintained through landfall east of Misantla around 12:00 UTC that day. Marco's tiny circulation quickly weakened once inland, dissipating by 00:00 UTC on October 8. Impacts from the storm were generally minor,James L. Franklin Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Marco https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL132008_Marco.pdf National Hurricane Center November 14, 2008 February 7, 2018 Miami, Florida though some low-lying cities were flooded by heavy rainfall.Miguel Angel Hernandez Tropical Storm Marco hits Mexico's Gulf coast https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/2008-10-07-tropical-storm-marco_N.htm USA Today October 7, 2008 May 15, 2019 Tropical Storm Nana Atl Nana 12 oct 2008 1535Z.jpg Nana 2008 path.png October 12 October 14 35 1004 A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on October 6, accompanied by a broad area of low pressure. The system organized as bands of convection coalesced around the center, leading to the formation of a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on October 12. On a west-northwest course, the depression quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Nana and attained peak winds of 40 mph km/h on. The effects of strong wind shear mitigated further organization, weakening the storm back to tropical depression intensity by 12:00 UTC on October 13 and causing it to degenerate to a remnant low a day later. The low turned northwest and dissipated on October 15.Stacy R. Stewart Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Nana https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL142008_Nana.pdf National Hurricane Center November 28, 2008 February 10, 2018 Miami, Florida Hurricane Omar Atl Omar 2008-10-16 0550Z.jpg Omar 2008 path.png October 13 October 18 115 958 Hurricane Omar A tropical wave moved off Africa on September 30 and failed to organize appreciably until reaching the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 9. There, an increase in convection led to the formation of a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on October 13; it intensified into Tropical Storm Omar eighteen hours later. A broad upper-level trough to the cyclone's northwest caused it to conduct a counter-clockwise turn and accelerate northeast while also aiding in the onset of an extended period of rapid intensification. Omar attained hurricane strength around 00:00 UTC on October 15 before ultimately reaching peak winds of 130 mph km/h on a little over a day later shortly after passing near Saint Croix. Uncharacteristically, the cyclone was plagued by moderate wind shear during its rapid intensification phase, and a further increase in upper-level winds caused Omar to abruptly weaken. The storm continued northeast through the Anegada Passage and into the central Atlantic. Omar weakened to a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on October 18 and degenerating to a remnant low twelve hours later. The low persisted for two days before dissipating.Jack L. Beven II Christopher W. Landsea Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Omar https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152008_Omar.pdf National Hurricane Center February 3, 2009 February 10, 2018 Miami, Florida Omar first impacted the Netherlands Antilles, where large waves caused severe damage to coastal facilities. Winds just shy of tropical storm intensity damaged the roofs of homes and downed several trees. The island of Aruba saw significant flooding from heavy rains. Throughout the United States Virgin Islands, only the eastern sections of Saint Croix received hurricane-force winds, with tropical storm-force winds in surrounding locales. These strong winds nonetheless downed trees and power lines and capsized 94 vessels. Landslides damaged roadways. Overall damage was estimated around $5 million in Saint Croix. Across the Lesser Antilles, the combination of strong winds and frequent lightning caused widespread power outages. Ships were run aground, structures were damaged, and some communities were isolated. Storm surge was severe in western sections of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, causing significant damage to coastal property and businesses.Hurricane Omar Situation Report #2 https://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/hurricane-omar-situation-report-2 ReliefWeb October 16, 2008 May 15, 2019 One man died in Puerto Rico after going into cardiac arrest while installing storm shutters.Hurricane Omar Spares Northern Caribbean https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-omar-spares-northern-caribbean/ CBS News October 16, 2008 May 15, 2019 Total damage was estimated at $19 million in Saint Kitts and Nevis,Press Release: IMF Executive Board Approves US$3.4 Million in Emergency Natural Disaster Assistance for St. Kitts and Nevis https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/14/01/49/pr09167 International Monetary Fund May 15, 2009 May 15, 2019 $54 million in Antigua and Barbuda,https://www.antiguaobserver.com/similar-but-different/ Similar but different August 22, 2015 Antigua Observer September 29, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20150823155104/https://antiguaobserver.com/similar-but-different/ August 23, 2015 and $2.6 million in Saint Lucia.Government of Saint Lucia Review of the Past Hurricane Season: Reports of Hurricanes, Tropical Storms, Tropical Disturbances and Related Flooding during 2008 https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/Meetings/HC31/documents/Doc4.2.6_StLucia.doc World Meteorological Organization April 2009 May 15, 2019 DOC Tropical Depression Sixteen Atl 16L 2008-10-15 1620Z.jpg 16L 2008 path.png October 14 October 15 25 1004 October 2008 Central America floods A tropical wave left Africa on September 27 and moved into the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 10, where a broad area of low pressure formed. The low paralleled the coastline of Nicaragua for a few days while associated convection became better organized; this ultimately led to the development of a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on October 14. The storm maintained a poorly-organized structure throughout its duration, with the low-level center embedded within a larger gyre and little central thunderstorm activity. A reconnaissance aircraft measured peak winds of 30 mph km/h on, and the depression maintained these winds as it made landfall just west of Punta Patuca, Honduras, at 12:30 UTC on October 15. It moved west-southwest and ultimately degenerated over mountainous terrain around 06:00 UTC the next day.Daniel P. Brown Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Depression Sixteen https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162008_Sixteen.pdf National Hurricane Center November 19, 2008 February 10, 2018 Miami, Florida In mid-to-late October, the tropical depression combined with another area of low pressure as well as a cold front to produce torrential rainfall across Central America. In what was described as the region's worst flooding disaster since Hurricane Mitch, crops suffered catastrophic losses, tens of thousands of homes were destroyed, and dozens of people were killed.Honduras and Central America: Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 9 https://reliefweb.int/report/honduras/honduras-and-central-america-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-9 ReliefWeb November 11, 2008 May 16, 2019 At least nine deaths were directly attributed to the depression itself. Hurricane Paloma Atl Paloma 2008-11-08 0315Z.jpg Paloma 2008 path.png November 5 November 10 125 944 Hurricane Paloma A broad area of disturbed weather developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 1, ultimately coalescing into a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC on November 5. It moved north amid a favorable environment, becoming Tropical Storm Paloma twelve hours after formation and attaining hurricane intensity by 00:00 UTC on November 7. An impinging upper-level trough directed Paloma toward the northeast while enhancing outflow, prompting a period of rapid intensification that brought the storm to its peak as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 145 mph km/h on around 12:00 UTC on November 8, the third strongest November hurricane on record in the Atlantic. An increase in wind shear soon began to take a toll on the cyclone, weakening Paloma to Category 2 strength as it made landfall near Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, and further to a tropical storm around 06:00 UTC on November 9. It ultimately degenerated to a remnant low early the next day. The low meandered around Cuba before entering the Gulf of Mexico, and it dissipated south of the Florida Panhandle on November 14.Michael J. Brennan Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Paloma https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL172008_Paloma.pdf National Hurricane Center January 26, 2009 February 10, 2018 Miami, Florida Paloma caused significant impacts on Cayman Brac in the Cayman Islands, where nearly every structure was damaged or destroyed. On nearby Little Cayman, a fewer number of buildings were destroyed while trees and power lines were downed. Damage across the island chain was estimated at $124.5 million.Macro Socio-Economic Assessment of the Damage and Losses Caused by Hurricane Paloma http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/10312108.PDF United Nations April 2, 2009 May 16, 2019 In Cuba, the combination of hurricane-force winds, torrential rainfall, and significant storm surge along the coastline resulted in damage to 12,159 homes; 1,453 of these were destroyed. Hundreds of businesses were impacted, dozens of electrical poles were toppled, and over a dozen bridges were damaged. The island's agricultural sector suffered significant loss. Overall, Paloma inflicted about $300 million in damage there. In Jamaica, rainfall contributed to one death.Jamaica Jamaica's Report on the 2008 Hurricane Season http://www.cmo.org.tt/docs/CMC48/Country%20Reports%202008/Jamaica.doc Caribbean Meteorological Organization 2008 May 16, 2019 The storm's remnants moved northward into Florida, resulting in a daily rainfall record in Tallahassee and localized heavy rainfall in surrounding locales.Scott Bachmeier Remnants of Hurricane Paloma http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/1350 CIMSS Satellite Blog November 14, 2008 May 16, 2019 Storm names The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2008.National Hurricane Center Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Names 2008 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 4, 2008 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtml https://web.archive.org/web/20080804225453/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames.shtml August 4, 2008 dead This was the same list used in the 2002 season,https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/HOPs-P12-2002.pdf 37 NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research Washington, D.C. National Hurricane Operations Plan May 2002 January 21, 2024 with the exceptions of Ike and Laura, which replaced Isidore and Lili, respectively.https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/NHOP-FCM-P12-2003.pdf 38 NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research Washington, D.C. National Hurricane Operations Plan May 2003 January 21, 2024https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/HOPs-P12-2004.pdf 39 NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research Washington, D.C. National Hurricane Operations Plan May 2004 January 21, 2024 Storms were named Ike, Omar, and Paloma for the first (and in the cases of Ike and Paloma, only) time in 2008. The name Laura was previously used under the old naming convention.Simpson R. H. Hope John Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1971 Monthly Weather Review 100 4 256–267 1972 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1971.pdf 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0256:AHSO>2.3.CO;2 1972MWRv..100..256S 119771736 February 8, 2024 Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gustav Hanna Ike Josephine Kyle Laura Marco Nana Omar Paloma Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred Retirement List of retired Atlantic hurricanes On April 22, 2009, at the 31st Session of the RA IV Hurricane Committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Gustav, Ike, and Paloma from its rotating North Atlantic basin name lists due to the number of deaths and damage they caused, and they will no longer be used again in the future. They were replaced with Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette, respectively, for the 2014 season.RA IV Hurricane Committee Thirty-First Session Final Report 11 https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/FINALREPORT_HC-31.pdf World Meteorological Organization 2009 September 30, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214851/https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/FINALREPORT_HC-31.pdf March 3, 2016Press Release From The Meteorological Service Netherlands Antilles & Aruba http://pearlfmradio.sx/2009/05/28/press-release-from-the-meteorological-service-netherlands-antilles-aruba/ May 28, 2009 Pearl FM Radio Sint Maarten April 12, 2024Gustav, Ike retired as hurricane names NBC News Associated Press May 1, 2009 https://www.nbcnews.com/news/wbna30523207 April 12, 2024 Season effects This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2008 USD. center 2008 North Atlantic tropical cyclone center storm Arthur May 31 – June 2 45 (75) 1004 Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Southwestern Mexico $78 million 5 cat3 Bertha July 3–20 125 (205) 952 Cape Verde, Bermuda, East Coast of the United States Minimal 3 storm Cristobal July 19–23 65 (100) 998 Southeastern United States, Atlantic Canada $10,000 None cat2 Dolly July 20–25 100 (155) 963 Guatemala, Yucatán Peninsula, Northeastern Mexico, South Central United States $1.6 billion 26 storm Edouard August 3–6 65 (100) 996 Gulf Coast of the United States $1.1 million 6 storm Fay August 15–27 70 (110) 986 Leeward Islands, Greater Antilles, Southeastern United States $560 million 33 cat4 Gustav August 25 – September 4 155 (250) 941 Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Gulf Coast of the United States, Midwestern United States $8.31 billion 161 cat1 Hanna August 28 – September 7 85 (140) 977 Greater Antilles, Lucayan Archipelago, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada $160 million 537 cat4 Ike September 1–14 145 (230) 935 Lucayan Archipelago, Greater Antilles, South Central United States, Great Lakes region $38 billion 214 storm Josephine September 2–6 65 (100) 994 Cape Verde, Leeward Islands Minimal None cat1 Kyle September 25–29 85 (140) 984 Greater Antilles, Atlantic Canada $57.1 million 8 storm Laura September 29 – October 1 60 (95) 994 Northern Europe Minimal None storm Marco October 6–7 65 (100) 998 Eastern Mexico Minimal None storm Nana October 12–14 40 (65) 1004 None None None cat4 Omar October 13–18 130 (215) 958 South America, Leeward Antilles, Greater Antilles $80 million 1 depression Sixteen October 14–15 30 (45) 1004 Central America $230 million 9 cat4 Paloma November 5–10 145 (230) 944 Central America, Greater Antilles, Southeastern United States $454.5 million 1 17 May 30 – November 10 155 (250) 935 49.53 billion 1,074The number of deaths in the table do not add up to 1,074. This is because Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike combined caused 793 fatalities in Haiti, but the highest confirmed totals for each storm in Haiti are 10 from Fay, 85 from Gustav, 529 from Hanna, and 74 from Ike. "nb" See also Tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones in 2008 2008 Pacific hurricane season 2008 Pacific typhoon season 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2007–08, 2008–09 Australian region cyclone seasons: 2007–08, 2008–09 South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2007–08, 2008–09 Footnotes nb References 30em External links Satellite movie of 2008 Atlantic hurricane season HPC rainfall page for 2008 Tropical Cyclones National Hurricane Center Website National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook 2000 Atlantic hurricane 2008 Category:Atlantic hurricane seasons Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines 2008 Atl