1989 Polish parliamentary election

none gov May 2024 Wybory parlamentarne w Polsce w 1989 roku Polish People's Republic 1980 1985 Polish parliamentary election 1985 1991 Polish parliamentary election 1991 4 June 1989 (first round)18 June 1989 (second round) parliamentary First round: 27,362,313Second round: 27,026,146 (Sejm), 3,104,127 (Senate) yes Sejm All 460 seats in the Sejm161 seats up for free election 231 yes First round: 17,156,170 (62.70%) Second round: 6,843,872 (25.32%) yes Seats reserved for the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth (299) Wojciech Jaruzelski Polish United Workers' Party 173 Roman Malinowski United People's Party 76 Jerzy Jóźwiak (politician) Jerzy Jóźwiak pl Jerzy Jóźwiak Alliance of Democrats 27 #a9313e Zenon Komender pl PAX Association 10 Kazimierz Morawski (1929–2012)Kazimierz Morawski pl Kazimierz Morawski (1929–2012) Christian-Social Union pl Unia Chrześcijańsko-Społeczna (Polska) #00FFFF 8 Wiesław Gwiżdż pl Polish Catholic Social Association pl Polski Związek Katolicko-Społeczny #1465A4 5 Freely-contested seats (161) Lech Wałęsa Solidarity Citizens' Committee 71.29 161 yes Senate All 100 seats in the Senate 51 yes yes yes First round: 17,156,170 (62.70%) Second round: 1,320,816 (42.55%) Solidarity Citizens' Committee 99 Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth #CC0000 1 400px Sejm — results by constituency 400px Sejm — results by constituency in "non-partisan" contested seats only Government Rakowski cabinet PZPR—ZSL—SD Government after election Mazowiecki cabinetFollowing the election, Czesław Kiszczak of PZPR was designated Prime Minister by President Wojciech Jaruzelski, however, the bloc parties ZSL and SD, together forming 1/5th of the Sejm, broke away and gave support to Solidarity which won 1/3rd of seats in the Sejm - all it was allowed to contest - and Tadeusz Mazowiecki was designated and sworn in as Prime Minister. Solidarity—ZSL—SD Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 4 June 1989 to elect members of the Sejm and the recreated Senate, with a second round on 18 June. They were the first free and fair elections in the country since the communist government abandoned its monopoly of power in April 1989 and the first elections in the Eastern Bloc that resulted in the communist government losing power. Not all seats in the Sejm were allowed to be contested, but the resounding victory of the Solidarity opposition in the freely contested races (the rest of the Sejm seats and all of the Senate) paved the way to the end of communist rule in Poland. Solidarity won all of the freely contested seats in the Sejm, and all but one seat in the Senate, which was scored by a government-aligned nonpartisan candidate.Paulina Codogni (2012). Wybory czerwcowe 1989 roku. Polish Institute of National Remembrance. p. 297. ISBN 978-83-7629-342-4. Most crucially, the election served as evidence of widespread dissatisfaction with the government. In the aftermath of the election, Poland became the first country of the Eastern Bloc in which democratically elected representatives gained real power. Although the elections were not entirely democratic, they led to the formation of a non-communist government led by Tadeusz Mazowiecki and a peaceful transition to democracy in Poland and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe.Geoffrey Pridham Democratization in Eastern Europe: domestic and international perspectives https://books.google.com/books?id=EEUzNW3NYowC&pg=PA176 4 June 2011 1994 Psychology Press 978-0-415-11063-1 176Olav Njølstad The last decade of the Cold War: from conflict escalation to conflict transformation https://books.google.com/books?id=w0w31Yq5BYsC&pg=PA59 4 June 2011 2004 Psychology Press 978-0-7146-8539-7 59Atsuko Ichijō Willfried Spohn Entangled identities: nations and Europe https://books.google.com/books?id=nWl4w5aetrEC&pg=PA166 4 June 2011 2005 Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 978-0-7546-4372-2 166 Background In May and August 1988 massive waves of workers' strikes broke out in the Polish People's Republic. The strikes, as well as street demonstrations, continued throughout spring and summer, ending in early September 1988. These actions shook the communist regime of the country to such an extent that it decided to begin talking about recognising Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność), an "unofficial" labor union that subsequently grew into a political movement.Andy Zebrowski Turning the tables? As a result, later that year, the regime decided to negotiate with the opposition,Pushing back the curtain. BBC News, Poland 1984 - 1988 which opened the way for the 1989 Round Table Agreement. The second, much bigger wave of strikes (August 1988) surprised both the government and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the communists.Andrzej Grajewski, Second August An agreement was reached by the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and the Solidarity movement during the Round Table negotiations. The final agreement was signed on 4 April 1989, ending communist rule in Poland. As a result, real political power was vested in a newly created bicameral legislature (the Sejm, with the recreated Senate), whilst the office of president was re-established. Solidarity became a legitimate and legal political party: On 7 April 1989 the existing parliament changed the election law and changed the constitution (through the April Novelization), and on 17 April, the Supreme Court of Poland registered Solidarity.Norman Davies God's Playground: 1795 to the present https://books.google.com/books?id=EBpghdZeIwAC&pg=PA503 4 June 2011 May 2005 Columbia University Press 978-0-231-12819-3 503–504 Soon after the agreement was signed, Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa travelled to Rome to be received by the Polish Pope John Paul II. thumb|right|Constituencies used in the election Perhaps the most important decision reached during the Round Table talks was to allow for partially free elections to be held in Poland. (A fully free election was promised "in four years"). All seats in the newly recreated Senate of Poland were to be elected democratically, as were 161 seats (35 percent of the total) in Sejm. The remaining 65% of the seats in the Sejm were reserved for the PZPR and its satellite parties (United People's Party (ZSL), Alliance of Democrats (SD), and communist-aligned Catholic parties). These seats were still technically elected, but only government-sponsored candidates were allowed to compete for them. In addition, all 35 seats elected via the national electoral list were reserved for the PZPR's candidates provided they gained a certain quota of support. This was to ensure that the most notable leaders of the PZPR were elected. The outcome of the election was largely unpredictable, and pre-electoral opinion polls were inconclusive.Marjorie Castle Triggering Communism's Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland's Transition https://books.google.com/books?id=N3qIKK1zuzEC&pg=PA154 4 June 2011 28 November 2005 Rowman & Littlefield 978-0-7425-2515-3 154–115 After all, Poland had not had a truly fair election since the 1920s, so there was little precedent to go by. The last contested elections were those of 1947, in the midst of communist-orchestrated violent oppression and electoral fraud.Marjorie Castle Triggering Communism's Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland's Transition https://books.google.com/books?id=N3qIKK1zuzEC&pg=PA146 4 June 2011 28 November 2005 Rowman & Littlefield 978-0-7425-2515-3 146–148 This time, there would be open and relatively fair competition for many seats, both between communist and Solidarity candidates, and, in some cases, between various communist candidates. Although censorship was still in force, the opposition was allowed to campaign much more freely than before, thanks to a new newspaper, Gazeta Wyborcza, and the reactivation of Tygodnik Solidarność.pl Wojciech Roszkowski: Najnowsza historia Polski 1980–2002. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2003, 83-7391-086-7 p.102 Solidarity was also given access to televised media, being allocated 23% of electoral time on Polish Television. There were also no restrictions on financial support. Although the Communists were clearly unpopular, there were no hard numbers as to how low support for them would actually fall. A rather flawed survey carried out in April, days after the Round Table Agreement was signed, suggested that over 60% of the surveyed wanted Solidarity to cooperate with the government. Another survey a week later, regarding the Senate elections, showed that 48% of the surveyed supported the opposition, 14% supported the communist government, and 38% were undecided. In such a situation, both sides faced another unfamiliar aspect - the electoral campaign. The communists knew they were guaranteed 65% of the seats, and expected a difficult but winnable contest; in fact they were concerned about a possibility of "winning too much" - they desired some opposition, which would serve to legitimize their government both internally and internationally. The communist government still had control over most major media outlets and employed sports and television celebrities as candidates, as well as successful local personalities.Marjorie Castle Triggering Communism's Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland's Transition https://books.google.com/books?id=N3qIKK1zuzEC&pg=PA146 4 June 2011 28 November 2005 Rowman & Littlefield 978-0-7425-2515-3 168–169 Some members of the opposition were worried that such tactics would gain enough votes from the more politically-disinterested segment of the population to give the communists the legitimacy that they craved. Only a few days before June 4, the party Central Committee was discussing the possible reaction of the Western world should Solidarity not win a single seat. At the same time, the Solidarity leaders were trying to prepare some set of rules for the non-party MPs in a communist-dominated parliament, as it was expected that the party would not win more than 20 seats. Solidarity was also complaining that the way electoral districts were drawn was not favourable towards it; indeed, the Council of State allocated more open seats beyond the minimum of one to constituencies where Solidarity was expected to lose.Wygłosowana niepodległość, polityka.pl Participating parties Member parties of the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth Party Ideology Leader(s) Leader since Leader's seat Candidates Sejm (constituency) Sejm (national list) Senate PZPR Polish United Workers' PartyPolska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza Communism Wojciech Jaruzelski 18 October 1981 Did not run (candidate for President) 680Paulina Codogni (2012). Wybory czerwcowe 1989 roku. Polish Institute of National Remembrance. pp 189-90. ISBN 978-83-7629-342-4. 17 178Wybory czerwcowe (June elections), Antoni Dudek pl, encyklopedia-solidarnosci.pl ZSL United People's PartyZjednoczone Stronnictwo Ludowe Agrarian socialism Roman Malinowski 1981 Ran under the National list (lost) 284 9 87 SD Alliance of DemocratsStronnictwo Demokratyczne Democratic socialism Jerzy Jóźwiak (politician) Jerzy Jóźwiak pl Jerzy Jóźwiak 18 April 1989 Ran under the National list (lost) 84 3 67 Opposition groups As the "leading role" of the Communist Party was not abolished at this time, all opposition candidates formally stood as independents. Party Ideology Leader(s) Leader since Leader's seat Candidates Sejm Senate KO "S" Solidarity Citizens' CommitteeKomitet Obywatelski "Solidarność" Liberal democracyAnti-communism Lech Wałęsa 18 December 1988(of political organization) Did not run 161 100 KPN Confederation of Independent PolandKonfederacja Polski Niepodległej SanationismAnti-communism Leszek Moczulski 1 September 1979 Ran in Kraków-Podgórze (Sejm constituency) Kraków-Podgórze pl Okręg wyborczy nr 50 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991) (lost) 161989-05-20 Gazeta Polska https://www.earchiwumkpn.pl/czytelnia_bibuly/gazeta-polska/gazeta-polska-58-1988.pdf 6 SP Christian-Democratic Labour PartyChrześcijańsko-Demokratyczne Stronnictwo Pracy Christian democracyPolitical Catholicism Władysław Siła-Nowicki pl 12 February 1989 Ran in Warszawa-Żoliborz (Sejm constituency) Warsaw-Żoliborz pl Okręg wyborczy nr 5 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991) (lost) GRKK "S" Working Group of the National Commission of Solidarity pl Grupa Robocza Komisji Krajowej NSZZ „Solidarność”Grupa Robocza Komisji Krajowej NSZZ „Solidarność” Liberal democracyAnti-communism Andrzej Gwiazda April 1987 Did not run UPR Real Politics UnionUnia Polityki Realnej Classical liberalismLibertarianism Janusz Korwin-Mikke 14 November 1987 Ran for Senator in Wrocław Voivodeship (lost) Electoral system The Sejm was elected using a two-round system, with multiple seats per constituency; however, this was not a true multiple non-transferable vote system due to the unusual system of reserving seats to parties in advance.https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/28/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet Archive The Council of State was responsible for drawing out constituencies, which would have between two and five seats.https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/20/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet Archive Each voter had multiple votes, one for each seat in the constituency, and each seat was elected on its own separate ballot.https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/25/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet ArchiveJakub Karpiński (2001). Trzecia niepodległość. Najnowsza historia Polski. Świat Książki pl. p 48. ISBN 83-7311-156-5. In addition, up to 10% of the seats in the Sejm would be reserved to the national list;https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/19/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet Archive the final settled number of national list seats was 35. In the constituencies, only the PZPR and its satellite parties were allowed to nominate candidates in their own name; Solidarity candidates had to formally run as independents.https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/24/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet Archive The seats in each constituency would be reserved to candidates of one of the PRON member parties or to independent candidates (a category which de facto also included opposition parties), based on an allocation predetermined by the Council of State "pursuant to the concluded roundtable agreement".https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/23/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet ArchiveDocument Details https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19890210111 2024-08-20 isap.sejm.gov.plDocument Details https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19890220116 2024-08-20 isap.sejm.gov.pl The constituencies, as well as the seats within each constituency, were numbered in a single consecutive series. At least one seat in each constituency was guaranteed for independent candidates. Within each seat, the elections were multi-candidate, but only between candidates of the category to which the seat was reserved (for example, only PZPR candidates could run in the PZPR-reserved seats). Rather than making a mark next to the name of the candidate which he desired to vote for, a voter had to strike out the names of all other candidates; leaving two or more names unstruck would have spoiled the ballot.https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/26/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet Archive The National list was elected in a similar format to previous Polish elections; voters were presented with a single slate of candidates, all belonging to the PZPR and its satellite parties; Solidarity was invited to submit candidates to the national list, but declined this invitation. However, unlike previous elections, voters could vote against individual candidates on this slate by striking out their name from the ballot, rather than having to reject the slate in its entirety. If a candidate's name was not struck out, a vote was presumed to be cast for him. To be elected, a candidate on the national list had to be supported by at least 50% of the vote. During the campaign, it was also ruled that writing an X over all the names in the National list ballot would count as a vote against all of them. The electoral law made no provision about what would happen in case a candidate is rejected; for that reason, in the second round of the election, new seats, having the same party reservations as the rejected national list candidates, were allocated to the constituencies.Uchwała Rady Państwa z dnia 12 czerwca 1989 r. w sprawie ponownego głosowania do mandatów nie obsadzonych z krajowej listy wyborczej. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19890360199 2024-08-21 isap.sejm.gov.pl The Senate was also elected using two-round multiple non-transferable vote under the same electoral law as the Sejm, albeit with modifications:https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/16/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet Archive Each voivodeship elected two Senators at-large (with the exception of Warsaw and Katowice voivodeships, which elected three), seats were open to all candidates running rather than being reserved to parties, and all the seats were elected on a single common ballot.https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA335767/page/17/mode/2up DTIC ADA335767: JPRS Report East Europe. May 11, 1989 Internet Archive Candidate selection and campaign May 2024 Wybory parlamentarne w Polsce w 1989 roku#Rejestracja kandydatów i kampania wyborcza yes Solidarity thumb|right|A how-to-vote card distributed by Solidarity The Solidarity campaign made use of how-to-vote cards that included only the names of the Solidarity candidates, with strikethrough lines taking the place of the other candidates' names. Although the how-to-vote cards concerned only those seats which Solidarity was allowed to contest, the Solidarity campaign also included some degree of campaigning against government candidates on the national list. On 8 April 1989, the Solidarity Citizens' Committee decided it would field only one candidate for each available seat, to prevent vote-splitting.Paulina Codogni (2012). Wybory czerwcowe 1989 roku. Polish Institute of National Remembrance. p. 116. ISBN 978-83-7629-342-4. The list of candidates was determined centrally by Solidarity leadership, rather than nominated from local branches. Lech Wałęsa chose not to field his own candidacy, fearing that his chances of winning a seat were low and that the ensuing personal loss would carry with it a loss of authority for all Solidarity MPs. Results thumb|right|150px|"High Noon, June 4, 1989."Solidarity Citizens' Committee election poster by Tomasz Sarnecki. Votes for Solidarity by constituency|thumb|right|250px Votes for government coalition by constituency|thumb|right|250px The outcome was a major surprise to both the PZPR and Solidarity.Samuel P. Huntington The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century https://books.google.com/books?id=6REC58gdt2sC&pg=PA177 4 June 2011 1991 University of Oklahoma Press 978-0-8061-2516-9 177 Solidarity's electoral campaign was much more successful than expected.Marjorie Castle Triggering Communism's Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland's Transition https://books.google.com/books?id=N3qIKK1zuzEC&pg=PA146 4 June 2011 28 November 2005 Rowman & Littlefield 978-0-7425-2515-3 189 It won a landslide victory, winning all but one of the 100 seats in the Senate, and all of the contested seats in the Sejm; the sole seat in the Senate which was not won by Solidarity was won by Henryk Stokłosa, a non-partisan businessman aligned with the communists. Out of 35 seats in the country-wide list in which Solidarity was not allowed to compete, only one was gained by PZPR candidate (Adam Zieliński) and one by a ZSL satellite party candidate in the first round; none of the others attained the required 50% majority. The communists regained some seats during the second round, but the first round was highly humiliating to them,George Sanford Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989 https://books.google.com/books?id=tOaXi0hX1RAC&pg=PA55 4 June 2011 2002 Palgrave Macmillan 978-0-333-77475-5 55 the psychological impact of it has been called "shattering". Government-supported candidates competing against Solidarity members gained 10 to 40% of votes in total, varying by constituency.Polish National Electoral Commission report on the results of 4 June 1989 legislative election, published on 8 June 1989, Retrieved 23 September 2015 Altogether, out of 161 seats eligible, Solidarity took all 161 (160 in the first round and one more in the second). In the 161 districts in which opposition candidates competed against pro-government candidates, the opposition candidates obtained 72% of the vote (16,369,237).http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19890210149 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 8 czerwca 1989 r. o wynikach głosowania i wynikach wyborów do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej przeprowadzonych dnia 4 czerwca 1989 r. isap.sejm.gov.pl 2019-11-20Piotr Wróbel, Rebuilding Democracy in Poland, 1989-2004, in M. B. B. Biskupski James S. Pula Piotr J. Wrobel The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy https://books.google.com/books?id=I-ySkJHOQsIC&pg=PA273 4 June 2011 25 May 2010 Ohio University Press 978-0-8214-1892-5 273–275 Even in those seats which were reserved for the Communist-aligned parties, three candidates unofficially supported by Solidarity - Teresa Liszcz and Władysław Żabiński of the ZSL and Marian Czerwiński of the PZPR - defeated their own party's "mainstream" candidates and won seats in the Sejm. While Solidarity having secured the 35% of seats available to it, the remaining 65% was divided between the PZPR and its satellite parties (37.6% to PZPR, 16.5% to ZSL, 5.8% to SD, with 4% distributed between small communist-aligned Catholic parties, PAX and UChS). The distribution of seats among the PZPR and its allies was known beforehand. Voter turnout was surprisingly low: only 62.7% in the first round and 25% in the second. The second round, with the exception of one district, was a contest between two most popular pro-government candidates. This explains low turnout in the second round as pro-opposition voters (the majority of the electorate) had limited interest in these races; however, Solidarity gave its endorsement to 55 candidates of pro-government parties, including 21 from the PZPR, who ran in opposition to their own party's leadership, and encouraged its supporters to vote for them. Sejm File:Poland Sejm 1989.svg First round(constituency) First round(national list) Second round Seats reserved for the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth 6 #E3401B Polish United Workers' Party 1 1 171 −72 173 United People's Party #A4BA45 2 1 73 −30 76 Democratic Party #6495ED 0 0 27 −8 27 PAX Association #000000 0 0 10 New 10 Christian-Social Union #00FFFF 0 0 8 New 8 Polish Catholic-Social Association #1465A4 0 0 5 New 5 "Non-partisan" contested seats 4 Independent (politician) Solidarity Citizens' Committee 160 1 New 161 #E3401B Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth independents 0 0 −74 0 Confederation of Independent Poland 0 0 New 0 #DDDDBB Minor oppositionminor including Working Group of the National Commission of Solidarity pl Grupa Robocza Komisji Krajowej NSZZ „Solidarność”, Labour Party, and Real Politics Union 0 0 New 0 y 0 17156170 27362313 17053171 27362313 6843872 27026146 March 2026 Votes in reserved seats Constituency (first round) National list Constituency (second round) Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth 6 #E3401B Polish United Workers' Party 22734348 1 1 132845385 171 173 −72 United People's Party 8865102 2 1 74921230 73 76 −30 #A4BA45 Democratic Party 3961124 0 0 24814903 27 27 −8 #6495ED PAX Association 1216681 0 0 24269761 10 10 New #000000 Christian-Social Union 907901 0 0 16601896 8 8 New #00FFFF Polish Catholic-Social Association 681199 0 0 8029911 5 5 New #1465A4 March 2026 Votes in contested seats Solidarity Citizens' Committee 16433809 160 63527 1 161 New Polish United Workers' Party Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth independents 4937750 0 41366 0 0 −74 Confederation of Independent Poland 122132 0 0 New #DDDDBB Minor oppositionminor 171866 0 0 New Against all 1389524 9317 y 0 March 2026 By constituency No.ConstituencyTotalseatsSeats wonPZPRKO "S"ZSLSDPAXUChSPZKS1Warszawa-Śródmieście (Sejm constituency) Warszawa-Śródmieście pl Okręg wyborczy nr 1 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)31112Warszawa-Mokotów (Sejm constituency) Warszawa-Mokotów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 2 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)521113Warszawa-Ochota (Sejm constituency) Warszawa-Ochota pl Okręg wyborczy nr 3 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)42114Warszawa-Wola (Sejm constituency) Warszawa-Wola pl Okręg wyborczy nr 4 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)52215Warszawa-Żoliborz (Sejm constituency) Warszawa-Żoliborz pl Okręg wyborczy nr 5 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)3216Warszawa-Praga-Północ (Sejm constituency) Warszawa-Praga-Północ pl Okręg wyborczy nr 6 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)521117Warszawa-Praga-Południe (Sejm constituency) Warszawa-Praga-Południe pl Okręg wyborczy nr 7 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5328Biała Podlaska (Sejm constituency) Biała Podlaska pl Okręg wyborczy nr 8 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)42119Białystok (Sejm constituency) Białystok pl Okręg wyborczy nr 9 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4111110Bielsk Podlaski (Sejm constituency) Bielsk Podlaski pl Okręg wyborczy nr 10 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4111111Bielsko-Biała (Sejm constituency) Bielsko-Biała pl Okręg wyborczy nr 11 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522112Andrychów (Sejm constituency) Andrychów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 12 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522113Bydgoszcz (Sejm constituency) Bydgoszcz pl Okręg wyborczy nr 13 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)531114Chojnice (Sejm constituency) Chojnice pl Okręg wyborczy nr 14 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)51111115Inowrocław (Sejm constituency) Inowrocław pl Okręg wyborczy nr 15 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412116Chełm (Sejm constituency) Chełm pl Okręg wyborczy nr 16 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)411217Ciechanów (Sejm constituency) Ciechanów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 17 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211118Częstochowa (Sejm constituency) Częstochowa pl Okręg wyborczy nr 18 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211119Lubliniec (Sejm constituency) Lubliniec pl Okręg wyborczy nr 19 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412120Elbląg (Sejm constituency) Elbląg pl Okręg wyborczy nr 20 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211121Gdańsk (Sejm constituency) Gdańsk pl Okręg wyborczy nr 21 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522122Gdynia (Sejm constituency) Gdynia pl Okręg wyborczy nr 22 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412123Tczew (Sejm constituency) Tczew pl Okręg wyborczy nr 23 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421124Wejherowo (Sejm constituency) Wejherowo pl Okręg wyborczy nr 24 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4111125Gorzów Wielkopolski (Sejm constituency) Gorzów Wielkopolski pl Okręg wyborczy nr 25 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5121126Choszczno (Sejm constituency) Choszczno pl Okręg wyborczy nr 26 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)21127Jelenia Góra (Sejm constituency) Jelenia Góra pl Okręg wyborczy nr 27 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311128Bolesławiec (Sejm constituency) Bolesławiec pl Okręg wyborczy nr 28 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)31229Kalisz (Sejm constituency) Kalisz pl Okręg wyborczy nr 29 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)42230Ostrów Wielkopolski (Sejm constituency) Ostrów Wielkopolski pl Okręg wyborczy nr 30 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421131Kępno (Sejm constituency) Kępno pl Okręg wyborczy nr 31 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)21132Katowice (Sejm constituency) Katowice pl Okręg wyborczy nr 32 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211133Sosnowiec (Sejm constituency) Sosnowiec pl Okręg wyborczy nr 33 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421134Jaworzno (Sejm constituency) Jaworzno pl Okręg wyborczy nr 34 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421135Dąbrowa Górnicza (Sejm constituency) Dąbrowa Górnicza pl Okręg wyborczy nr 35 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421136Bytom (Sejm constituency) Bytom pl Okręg wyborczy nr 36 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)52337Gliwice (Sejm constituency) Gliwice pl Okręg wyborczy nr 37 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)53238Chorzów (Sejm constituency) Chorzów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 38 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)531139Tychy (Sejm constituency) Tychy pl Okręg wyborczy nr 39 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)52340Rybnik (Sejm constituency) Rybnik pl Okręg wyborczy nr 40 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)53241Wodzisław Śląski (Sejm constituency) Wodzisław Śląski pl Okręg wyborczy nr 41 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522142Kielce (Sejm constituency) Kielce pl Okręg wyborczy nr 42 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5121143Skarżysko-Kamienna (Sejm constituency) Skarżysko-Kamienna pl Okręg wyborczy nr 43 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)53244Pińczów (Sejm constituency) Pińczów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 44 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412145Konin (Sejm constituency) Konin pl Okręg wyborczy nr 45 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522146Koszalin (Sejm constituency) Koszalin pl Okręg wyborczy nr 46 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)43147Szczecinek (Sejm constituency) Szczecinek pl Okręg wyborczy nr 47 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421148Kraków-Śródmieście (Sejm constituency) Kraków-Śródmieście pl Okręg wyborczy nr 48 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)521249Kraków-Nowa Huta (Sejm constituency) Kraków-Nowa Huta pl Okręg wyborczy nr 49 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5121150Kraków-Podgórze (Sejm constituency) Kraków-Podgórze pl Okręg wyborczy nr 50 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522151Krosno (Sejm constituency) Krosno pl Okręg wyborczy nr 51 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522152Legnica (Sejm constituency) Legnica pl Okręg wyborczy nr 52 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311153Lubin (Sejm constituency) Lubin pl Okręg wyborczy nr 53 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)31254Leszno (Sejm constituency) Leszno pl Okręg wyborczy nr 54 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412155Lublin (Sejm constituency) Lublin pl Okręg wyborczy nr 55 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)51111156Kraśnik (Sejm constituency) Kraśnik pl Okręg wyborczy nr 56 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)32157Puławy (Sejm constituency) Puławy pl Okręg wyborczy nr 57 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311158Lubartów (Sejm constituency) Lubartów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 58 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)21159Łomża (Sejm constituency) Łomża pl Okręg wyborczy nr 59 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522160Łódź-Bałuty (Sejm constituency) Łódź-Bałuty pl Okręg wyborczy nr 60 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421161Łódź-Śródmieście (Sejm constituency) Łódź-Śródmieście pl Okręg wyborczy nr 61 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)531162Łódź-Górna (Sejm constituency) Łódź-Górna pl Okręg wyborczy nr 62 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)31263Łódź-Widzew (Sejm constituency) Łódź-Widzew pl Okręg wyborczy nr 63 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)21164Nowy Sącz (Sejm constituency) Nowy Sącz pl Okręg wyborczy nr 64 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211165Nowy Targ (Sejm constituency) Nowy Targ pl Okręg wyborczy nr 65 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412166Biskupiec (Sejm constituency) Biskupiec pl Okręg wyborczy nr 66 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311167Olsztyn (Sejm constituency) Olsztyn pl Okręg wyborczy nr 67 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5121168Opole (Sejm constituency) Opole pl Okręg wyborczy nr 68 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211169Kędzierzyn-Koźle (Sejm constituency) Kędzierzyn-Koźle pl Okręg wyborczy nr 69 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4111170Brzeg (Sejm constituency) Brzeg pl Okręg wyborczy nr 70 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)21171Ostrołęka (Sejm constituency) Ostrołęka pl Okręg wyborczy nr 71 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)512272Piła (Sejm constituency) Piła pl Okręg wyborczy nr 72 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522173Piotrków Trybunalski (Sejm constituency) Piotrków Trybunalski pl Okręg wyborczy nr 73 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522174Bełchatów (Sejm constituency) Bełchatów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 74 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311175Płock (Sejm constituency) Płock pl Okręg wyborczy nr 75 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412176Kutno (Sejm constituency) Kutno pl Okręg wyborczy nr 76 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4111177Poznań-Grunwald (Sejm constituency) Poznań-Grunwald pl Okręg wyborczy nr 77 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522178Poznań-Nowe Miasto (Sejm constituency) Poznań-Nowe Miasto pl Okręg wyborczy nr 78 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211179Poznań-Stare Miasto (Sejm constituency) Poznań-Stare Miasto pl Okręg wyborczy nr 79 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522180Przemyśl (Sejm constituency) Przemyśl pl Okręg wyborczy nr 80 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522181Radom (Sejm constituency) Radom pl Okręg wyborczy nr 81 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211182Białobrzegi (Sejm constituency) Białobrzegi pl Okręg wyborczy nr 82 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4111183Rzeszów (Sejm constituency) Rzeszów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 83 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5211184Mielec (Sejm constituency) Mielec pl Okręg wyborczy nr 84 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)421185Garwolin (Sejm constituency) Garwolin pl Okręg wyborczy nr 85 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412186Siedlce (Sejm constituency) Siedlce pl Okręg wyborczy nr 86 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)411287Sieradz (Sejm constituency) Sieradz pl Okręg wyborczy nr 87 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)513188Skierniewice (Sejm constituency) Skierniewice pl Okręg wyborczy nr 88 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522189Słupsk (Sejm constituency) Słupsk pl Okręg wyborczy nr 89 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522190Suwałki (Sejm constituency) Suwałki pl Okręg wyborczy nr 90 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522191Szczecin (Sejm constituency) Szczecin pl Okręg wyborczy nr 91 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)522192Świnoujście (Sejm constituency) Świnoujście pl Okręg wyborczy nr 92 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311193Stargard Szczeciński (Sejm constituency) Stargard Szczeciński pl Okręg wyborczy nr 93 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311194Tarnobrzeg (Sejm constituency) Tarnobrzeg pl Okręg wyborczy nr 94 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)412195Stalowa Wola (Sejm constituency) Stalowa Wola pl Okręg wyborczy nr 95 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)31296Tarnów (Sejm constituency) Tarnów pl Okręg wyborczy nr 96 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)512297Dębica (Sejm constituency) Dębica pl Okręg wyborczy nr 97 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)311198Toruń (Sejm constituency) Toruń pl Okręg wyborczy nr 98 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5121199Grudziądz (Sejm constituency) Grudziądz pl Okręg wyborczy nr 99 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)3111100Wałbrzych (Sejm constituency) Wałbrzych pl Okręg wyborczy nr 100 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5311101Świdnica (Sejm constituency) Świdnica pl Okręg wyborczy nr 101 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4121102Włocławek (Sejm constituency) Włocławek pl Okręg wyborczy nr 102 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)52111103Wrocław-Psie Pole (Sejm constituency) Wrocław-Psie Pole pl Okręg wyborczy nr 103 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5221104Wrocław-Fabryczna (Sejm constituency) Wrocław-Fabryczna pl Okręg wyborczy nr 104 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)4211105Wrocław-Krzyki (Sejm constituency) Wrocław-Krzyki pl Okręg wyborczy nr 105 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)41111106Zamość (Sejm constituency) Zamość pl Okręg wyborczy nr 106 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)5221107Zielona Góra (Sejm constituency) Zielona Góra pl Okręg wyborczy nr 107 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)41111108Żary (Sejm constituency) Żary pl Okręg wyborczy nr 108 do Sejmu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1989–1991)312National Electoral List (1989) National list pl Krajowa lista wyborcza (1989)211Total46017316176271085Source: Sejm, Sejm, Sejm Senate File:Poland Senate 1989.svg Solidarity Citizens' Committee 92 7 99 20754772 959927 Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth #E3401B 0 1 1 8200944 608946 Confederation of Independent Poland 0 0 0 54683 #DDDDBB Minor oppositionminor 0 0 0 108428 Against all 2714096 71533 27362313 17156170 1320816 3104127 Sejm (first round),https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19890210150 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 8 czerwca 1989 r. o wynikach głosowania i wynikach wyborów do Senatu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej przeprowadzonych dnia 4 czerwca 1989 r.March 2026 Sejm (second round)https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19890210152 Obwieszczenie Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej z dnia 20 czerwca 1989 r. o wynikach ponownego głosowania i wynikach wyborów do Senatu Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej przeprowadzonych dnia 18 czerwca 1989 r.March 2026 By voivodeship VoivodeshipTotal seats KO "S" PRONBiała Podlaska22Białystok22Bielsko22Bydgoszcz22Chełm22Ciechanów22Częstochowa22Elbląg22Gdańsk22Gorzów22Jelenia Góra22Kalisz22Katowice33Kielce22Konin22Koszalin22Kraków22Krosno22Legnica22Leszno22Lublin22Łomża22Łódź22Nowy Sącz22Olsztyn22Opole22Ostrołęka22Piła211Piotrków22Płock22Poznań22Przemyśl22Radom22Rzeszów22Siedlce22Sieradz22Skierniewice22Słupsk22Suwałki22Szczecin22Tarnobrzeg22Tarnów22Toruń22Wałbrzych22Warsaw33Włocławek22Wrocław22Zamość22Zielona Góra22 Total 100991Source: Sejm, Sejm, Senate Aftermath The magnitude of the Communist coalition's defeat was so great that there were initially fears that either the PZPR or the Kremlin would annul the results. However, PZPR general secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski allowed the results to stand.The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall Sarotte Mary Elise 7 October 2014 Basic Books New York City 9780465064946 23 He and his colleagues felt secure with the 65% of the seats it was guaranteed for itself and its traditional allies. On 19 July the National Assembly, a joint session of the Sejm and the Senate, elected Jaruzelski as president by only one vote. In turn, he nominated General Czesław Kiszczak for prime minister; they intended for Solidarity to be given a few token positions for appearances. However, this was undone when Solidarity's leaders convinced the PZPR's longtime satellite parties, the ZSL and SD (some of whose members already owed a debt to Solidarity for endorsing them during the second round) to switch sides and support a Solidarity-led coalition government. The PZPR, which had 37.6% of the seats, suddenly found itself in a minority. Abandoned by Moscow, Kiszczak resigned on 14 August. With no choice but to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister, on 24 August Jaruzelski appointed Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki as head of a Solidarity-led coalition, ushering a brief period of cohabitation described as "Your president, our prime minister".Ronald J. Hill Beyond Stalinism: Communist political evolution https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9K2-6qPb18C&pg=PA51 4 June 2011 1 July 1992 Psychology Press 978-0-7146-3463-0 51 The elected parliament was known as the Contract Sejm, from the "contract" between the Solidarity and the communist government which made it possible in the first place. Although the elections were not entirely democratic due to the reserved seats, they paved the way for the Sejm's approval of Mazowiecki's cabinet on 13 September and a peaceful transition to democracy, which was confirmed after the presidential election of 1990 (in which Lech Wałęsa replaced Jaruzelski as president) and the parliamentary elections of 1991. On the international level, this election is seen as one of the major milestones in the fall of communism ("Autumn of Nations") in Central and Eastern Europe. However, Solidarity did not stay in power long, and quickly fractured, resulting in it being replaced by other parties. In this context, the 1989 elections are often seen as the vote against communism, rather than for Solidarity.Arista Maria Cirtautas The Polish solidarity movement: revolution, democracy and natural rights https://books.google.com/books?id=sSHxlo67q08C&pg=PA205 4 June 2011 1997 Psychology Press 978-0-415-16940-0 205 See also History of Poland (1945–1989) History of Solidarity Thick line Balcerowicz plan Notes lower-alpha References Poland Parliamentary Category:Parliamentary elections in Poland Category:Solidarity (Polish trade union) Poland Category:Elections in the Polish People's Republic Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results Category:Wojciech Jaruzelski