1855 in science

none 1855 science 1855 The year 1855 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology September – Alfred Russel Wallace publishes "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", which he has written while working in Sarawak on the island of Borneo in February;http://www.wku.edu/%7Esmithch/wallace/S020.htm On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species Alfred Russel Wallace Annals and Magazine of Natural History Second Series 16 2007-04-28 2018-01-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20070428194531/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S020.htm dead in December, Edward Blyth brings it to the attention of Charles Darwin. Robert Remak publishes Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der Wirbelthiere in Berlin, providing evidence for cell division, which is supported (but not acknowledged) by Rudolf Virchow.Virchow, R. Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin 8 (1855).David Lagunoff A Polish, Jewish Scientist in 19th-Century Prussia Science 298 2331 2002 10.1126/science.1080726 5602 12493897 Cartography September – Rev. James Patterson presents the Gall orthographic projection for celestial and terrestrial equal-area cartography.At Glasgow meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science. Chemistry May 10 – The Bunsen burner is invented by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. Friedrich Gaedcke first isolates the cocaine alkaloid, which he names "erythroxyline".Ueber das Erythroxylin, dargestellt aus den Blättern des in Südamerika cultivirten Strauches Erythroxylon Coca Gaedcke F. Archiv der Pharmazie 132 2 141–150 1855 10.1002/ardp.18551320208 https://zenodo.org/record/1424529/files/article.pdf William Odling proposes a methane type (tetravalent) for carbon. Charles-Adolphe Wurtz publishes the Wurtz reaction.Sur une nouvelle classe de radicaux organiques Adolphe Wurtz Annales de chimie et de physique 44 275–312 1855 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34785p/f274.table 2012-02-07 Benjamin Silliman, Jr. pioneers methods of petroleum cracking, which makes the entire modern petrochemical industry possible.Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (1816–1885) Picture History Picture History LLC 2003 http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/17879/mcms.html 2007-03-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20070707023346/http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/17879/mcms.html 2007-07-07 Earth sciences Famennian stage proposed by Belgian geologist André Dumont.Thorez Jacques Dreesen Roland Streel Maurice 2006 Frasnian Geologica Belgica 9 27–45 http://popups.ulg.ac.be/Geol/docannexe.php?id=1083 https://archive.today/20140501035235/http://popups.ulg.ac.be/Geol/docannexe.php?id=1083 dead May 1, 2014 2013-03-16 Exploration November 17 – Dr David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls. Medicine March – Mary Seacole opens the British Hotel at Balaklava, a nursing and convalescent establishment for Crimean War officers.Seacole Mary Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands London Blackwood 1858 October – The Renkioi temporary hospital, prefabricated in wood to a design by I. K. Brunel, is erected in Turkey to serve Crimean War invalids.Renkioi: Brunel's Forgotten Crimean War Hospital Christopher Silver Sevenoaks Valonia Press 2007 978-0-9557105-0-6 Thomas Addison describes Addison's disease in On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules. The third plague pandemic breaks out in Yunnan, China.Cohn Samuel Kline Jr. The black death transformed: disease and culture in early Renaissance Europe 2002 Arnold 978-0-340-70646-6 London 50102269 This bubonic plague pandemic eventually spreads to all inhabited continents, and ultimately leads to more than 12 million deaths in India and China2019-05-07 Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague en-GB BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182646 2022-08-24 (estimated 15 million worldwide)Frith John "The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/ Journal of Military and Veterans' Health 20 2 making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.Sanburn, Josh (2010-10-26). "Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic". Time. ISSN 0040-781X The pandemic is considered active until 1960. Paleontology The first archaeopteryx fossil is found in Bavaria, but will not be identified until 1970.Sean B. Carroll Remarkable Creatures: epic adventures in the search for the origins of species London Quercus 2009 172–4 Physics James Clerk Maxwell unifies electricity and magnetism into a single theory, classical electromagnetism, thereby showing that light is an electromagnetic wave. Heinrich Geißler designs a mercury pump capable of producing a significant vacuum. Technology August 27 – Alphonse Louis Poitevin patents the collotype photographic printing process in France.http://brevetsphotographiques.fr/englishluisnadeau.htm The Poitevin Patents and the Importance of Using Primary Sources BrevetsPhotographiques.fr https://archive.today/20130213104006/http://brevetsphotographiques.fr/englishluisnadeau.htm 2013-02-13 2021-11-23 October 17 – Henry Bessemer files his patent for the Bessemer process of steelmaking.Stephen van Dulken Inventing the 19th Century: the great age of Victorian inventions London British Library 2001 978-0-7123-0881-6 30–1 William Armstrong produces the rifled breech-loading Armstrong Gun. Institutions c. February – Establishment of the Industrial Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, a predecessor of the National Museum of Scotland, with chemist George Wilson as its director. In August he is also appointed Regius Professor of Technology in the University of Edinburgh, the first such post in Britain.Geoffrey N. Swinney George Wilson's map of technology Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 36 2 2016 165–90 10.3366/jshs.2016.0184 This year also he publishes Researches on Colour-Blindness. Opening of Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule in Zürich, Switzerland. Publications Matthew Fontaine Maury publishes The Physical Geography of the Sea. Awards Copley Medal: Léon FoucaultCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Henry De la Beche Births January 5 – King Camp Gillette (died 1932), American inventor. January 21 – John Browning (died 1926), American inventor. January 28 – William Seward Burroughs (died 1898), American inventor of the adding machine. March 4 – Luther Emmett Holt (died 1924), American pediatrician. March 13 – Percival Lowell (died 1916), American astronomer. May 12 – Oskar von Miller (died 1934), German electrical engineer and founder of the Deutsches Museum. May 29 – David Bruce (died 1931), Australian-born British microbiologist. July 17 – Stephen Paget (died 1926), English surgeon. November 5 – Léon Teisserenc de Bort (died 1913), French meteorologist. November 7 – Edwin Hall (died 1938), American physicist, discoverer of the "Hall effect". Deaths February 23 – Carl Friedrich Gauss (born 1777), German mathematician. February 27 – Bryan Donkin (born 1768), English engineer and inventor. March 20 – Joseph Aspdin (born 1778), English inventor. April 13 – Henry De la Beche (born 1796), English geologist. June 7 – Friederike Lienig (born 1790), Latvian entomologist. June 29 – John Gorrie (born 1803), Scottish American physician and inventor. July 6 – Andrew Crosse (born 1784), English 'gentleman scientist', pioneer experimenter in electricity. July 8 – William Parry (born 1790), English Arctic explorer. October 7 – François Magendie (born 1783), French physiologist. December 6 – William Swainson (born 1789), English naturalist. References Category:19th century in science Category:1850s in science