1997 Croatian presidential election

none 1997 Croatian presidential election Croatia presidential no 1992 Croatian presidential election 1992 2000 Croatian presidential election 2000 15 June 1997 54.62% 130x130px Franjo Tudjman 1995.jpg Franjo Tuđman Croatian Democratic Union 1,337,990 61.41% Zdravko Tomac Krk 06092013 3 roberta f.jpg Zdravko Tomac Social Democratic Party of Croatia 458,172 21.03% 3x4.svg Vlado Gotovac Croatian Social Liberal Party 382,630 17.56% President Franjo Tuđman Croatian Democratic Union Franjo Tuđman Croatian Democratic Union Presidential elections were held in Croatia on 15 June 1997.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p410 978-3-8329-5609-7 They were the second presidential elections held since independence in 1991. The result was a victory for incumbent president Franjo Tuđman, the leader of the Croatian Democratic Union party (HDZ), who received 61.40% of the vote and was re-elected to a second five-year term. As Tuđman received a majority of the valid votes cast on election day there was no need for a run-off. President Tuđman received a plurality of the votes in 20 of Croatia's 21 counties, while Vlado Gotovac did so in Istria County. Voter turnout in the election was 54.62%, which was a large decline from the 74.9% turnout registered five years previous. Furthermore, about 459.000 fewer votes were cast in comparison to the previous election in 1992.Nohlen & Stöver, p419 The elections also featured the smallest number of presidential candidates to date, with only three taking part: Franjo Tuđman, Zdravko Tomac and Vlado Gotovac. The margin of victory (over 40%) is also the largest in any election to date. OSCE delegation observing the elections concluded that "the process leading up to the election was fundamentally flawed, and did not meet the minimum standards for a meaningful and democratic election in line with OSCE standards."STATEMENT: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, OSCE, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Observation Delegation to the 1997 Croatian Presidential Elections, June 15th, 1997 Background Franjo Tudman#Post-war_policy On February 22, the incumbent president Tudman was re-nominated by his party HDZ to seek a re-election bid. In April, two months earlier, local elections and elections for the upper chamber of the parliament were held. Local elections showed weakening of HDZ position in urban centers.Jeffries, Ian. The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition. 1 edition, Routledge, 2002. The aftermath of Zagreb crisis and the protests against silencing Radio 101, an independent and critical media outlet, additionally led to a drop of government approval. It was also widely rumoured that 75-year-old president Tudman is suffering from cancer and his health was a major topic of speculation.Marinkovic Gojko http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/199705/70514-001-pubs-zag.htm 1997/05/14 23:06 POSLIJE TUDjMANA TUDjMAN www.aimpress.ch 2020-01-13 Political parties in opposition to the ruling HDZ pondered agreeing on a single candidate to challenge Tudman. Scholar Ivan Supek was mentioned, but nothing came out of it. SDP and HNS toyed with the idea to jointly support HSLS candidate, poet and philosopher, MP Vlado Gotovac, but SDP ended up supporting Tomac's bid. The rift in the united opposition was evident during the local elections earlier in the year, when HSS and HSLS distanced themselves from SDP. According to journalist Vlado Vurusic, SDP's Tomac chose to run knowing he stood little chance in order to legitimize the elections and build further visibility for the opposition.https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/in-memoriam-zdravko-tomac-najbolji-je-simbol-tragike-i-turbulencija-u-hrvatskom-drustvu/9819145/ IN MEMORIAM Zdravko Tomac najbolji je simbol tragike i turbulencija u hrvatskom društvu - Jutarnji List www.jutarnji.hr 4 January 2020 2020-01-09 Analysts believed that opposition's goal was to at least secure a run-off, preventing an absolute majority in the first round. Before the start of the official campaign, president Tudman's 75th birthday on 14 May was lavishly celebrated in Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb, culminating with a three-hour play showing his presidency as a peak of Croatian national history. Croatian National Bank minted a commemorative coin, while Croatian Post issued a stamp celebrating his birthday. State television broadcast an extensive multi-part documentary about Tudjman's life as well. In a state-funded campaign, charity concert "All Croatian Victories for Vukovar" was promoted throughout the country with billboards and posters depicting the president. There were further concerns regarding access to polls. According to the OSCE, "as many as 300,000 lifelong (primarily ethnic Serb) residents who fled the country" during the 1991–95 war were disenfranchised, facing severe political, legal and administrative hurdles preventing them from voting. On the other hand, approximately 330,000 Bosnian Croats were given the vote due to their Croatian citizenship. Citizens living in the eastern Slavonia, formerly Serb rebel-held areas and under UN administration at the time, were to vote for the first time in national elections. They had already voted in local elections in April. Candidates Candidate Party affiliation Political remarks80pxFranjo TudmanCroatian Democratic UnionIncumbent President of Croatia since 1990. Tudman won the presidential elections in 1992 and was standing a re-election bid for his last term in the office, as limited by the constitution. He was re-nominated by his party HDZ on February 22. At the time he was also party chairman. Tudman ran on a centre-right platform of continuity,Juresko, Goranka. (29.05.1997.) "TUDMAN: NASTAVIT CU POLITIKU KOJOM JE STVORENA I OBRANJENA HRVATSKA DRZAVA", Vjesnik boasting success in ending the war in Croatia with a military victory in 1995, peace settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and peaceful re-integration of secessionist Serb-occupied Eastern Slavonia, including Vukovar.Vlado GotovacCroatian Social Liberal PartyA member of Sabor, writer, philosopher and a poet, Gotovac was HSLS party chairman at the time. Endorsed by HNS, HSS, IDS, IDF, DA, ASD, ZZ, and SDA-Croatia. Dražen Budiša, HSLS chairman hopeful and his opponent, did not publicly support him. Gotovac campaigned on improving civil liberties, depoliticizing state affairs, strengthening local self-government, alleviation of poverty, and reducing then-hefty presidential powers.http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/199706/70601-001-pubs-zag.htm 1997/06/01 20:36 IZBORI RADI IZBORA TUDjMANA www.aimpress.ch 2020-01-13Marija Pulic (29.05.1997) GOTOVAC: POBIJEDIM LI-RASPISAT CU PARLAMENTARNE IZBORE, Vjesnik His ads played the tune of European anthem, promoting the Eurointegration agenda.80pxZdravko TomacSocial Democratic Party A member of Sabor, candidate of the centre-left Social Democratic Party (SDP) and party vice-chairman. Former Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia in war-time national unity government (1991-2). Tomac campaigned on social justice issues and income inequality topics, pledging to continue with his humble lifestyle if elected president.Sandra Bartolovic (06.06.1997) TOMAC: NUDIM KONCEPCIJU SICIJALDEMOKRATSKE DRZAVE KOJA POBJEDUJE U EUROPI, VjesnikSandra Bartolovic (29.05.1997) TOMAC: SVJEDOCIT CU SOCIJALDEMOKRATSKI PROGRAM OSOBNIM PRIMJEROM, Vjesnik He pointed out Olof Palme as his role model. Failed candidacies Dobroslav Paraga, chairman of HSP-1861, gathered just 8,462 signatures supporting his bid, thus failing to reach 10,000 hurdle. Campaign Tudman officially launched his campaign on 28 May, presenting his manifesto at a reception in Klovićevi Dvori Gallery in Zagreb. On 30 May, Statehood Day, a military parade was organized along Jarun lake in Zagreb, prominently featuring Tudman as the commander-in-chief. At an estimated cost of 16 million DEM, parade's exact purpose was questioned by media."JARUNSKI VOJNI MIMOHOD: Rasipnost u brzom naletu", TJEDNIK, no. 15, Zagreb, 6 June 1997. HDZ campaign committee published an election manifesto in all daily newspapers including a list of 800 public personas and celebrities officially supporting Tudman's re-election bid. However, several of the listed were under-age, while a number of artists and celebrities listed afterwards issued a public rebuttal, stating that they were never consulted on the matter. The list included public broadcaster director as well.Marinkovic Gojko http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/199706/70601-002-pubs-zag.htm 1997/06/01 01:05 TUDjMANOV POCASNI KRUG www.aimpress.ch 2020-01-13 On 8 June president Tudjman visited Vukovar and eastern Slavonia for the second time. The area was previously occupied by rebel ethnic Serb authorities and was under the transitional authority of United Nations' administration at the time. Peaceful local elections took place throughout the region in April and gradual reintegration in Croatia was going according to plan and scheduled to be completed in 1998. Now, however, Tudjman visited Vukovar in a 21-car railway composition dubbed "The Peace Train", bringing many politicians, dignitaries and celebrities with him and stopping for whistle-stop rallies on his way from Zagreb. In a Zagreb whistle-stop rally, he viciously attacked the opposition in general as "a handful of sold-out Judas' sons." Holding a conciliatory speech in Vukovar, Tudman fostered responsibility, cooperation and reconciliation between Croats and ethnic Serbs. However, he explicitly rejected the return of all Serb refugees to Croatia.Lasic, Igor: Predizborni spektakli - Vlak u Vukovar, vlak iz Vukovara, TJEDNIK, no. 16, 13 June 1997. All of these events were given significant coverage by state-owned media, which virtually avoided any display of (or news on) other candidates and opposition's activities, campaign, etc. Croatian Television was also criticized for a particularly slanted approach, heavily promoting Tudman. HDZ ran a fierce defamation campaign against Tomac and Gotovac. With unemployment running at 17%, Tomac and Gotovac campaigned against nepotism, corruption, and economic inequality, also attacking Tudman's authoritarianism and politicization of army, police, and public broadcaster. Tudman dismissed the unemployment figures, claiming that only 9% were "actually" unemployed.https://www.lupiga.com/vijesti/tako-je-govorio-franjo-tudjman Tako je govorio Franjo Tuđman Lupiga Lupiga hr 2020-01-14 Tomac's slogan was "a president with neither Brijuni nor the [presidential] plane", hinting at the high-end Tudman's lifestyle and the cost of the president's office and his Brijuni summer residence. While Tomac promoted social justice, addressing people depending on wages not capital income, and spoke about labour-capital conflict, Gotovac was more focused on civil liberties. They both advocated changing the constitution and transitioning towards full parliamentary democracy and curtailing presidential powers.https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/bit.listserv.hrvatska/hM5_S7s1k1A BIRACIMA PONUDENE TRI OPCIJE Saric M 27 May 1997 Vecernji list Tudman believed not to be on par with the other two candidates, thus dismissing interviews and press statements as unnecessary and unworthy of his position. (he did give a pre-arranged interview, broadcast on public TV). As a consequence, his deputy head of staff, Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, answered many questions in his name without Tudman's knowledge.August 2022 No debates were held. Access to marketing and campaign funding was severely unequal; Tudman's ads on TV ran for more than 2,000 seconds during the last week of the campaign, while Gotovac and Tomac combined had a total of 101 seconds. Gotovac and Tomac's posters and billboards were virtually absent from sight. Furthermore, Tomac's campaign van was stoned near Zadar.Culic Marinko http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/199706/70610-001-pubs-zag.htm 1997/06/10 21:30 KAMEN - REMEN - VLAK www.aimpress.ch 2020-01-13 Pula incident right HRT's footage of assault on Gotovac in Pula, Twitter video On 5 June opposition candidate Vlado Gotovac (HSLS) was physically attacked during his rally in Pula by Croatian Army captain Tomislav Brzović of the elite 1st Guards Corps, who wore dress uniform.https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/07/world/stoically-a-rival-tilts-at-croatia-s-leader.html Stoically, a Rival Tilts at Croatia's Leader Hedges Chris 1997-06-07 The New York Times 2020-01-08 en-US 0362-4331 The attacker hit him in the head with his belt, shouting "I am an ustasha, long live Ante Pavelić!", later threatening to kill everyone present.https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2002791 Prije točno 21 godinu hrvatski vojnik je divljački napao Vladu Gotovca www.index.hr hr 2020-01-08 Gotovac suffered a concussion and was hospitalised for four days. Having to suspend his activities for further 10 days, the opposition jointly - albeit unsuccessfully - petitioned the electoral commission to suspend the campaign altogether until Gotovac recovers. Captain Brzovic was suspended for several months from active duty and received a conditional sentence, but was not ultimately discharged from army and resumed his commissioned duties. President Tudman neither reached out to Gotovac nor condemned the attack, even going as far as calling opposition candidates "headless" and "confused" in Vukovar."Ubijanje Vlade Gotovca: Hrvatski Sakal", TJEDNIK, no. 16, 13 June 1997. Opinion polls DatePollsterTuđmanTomacGotovacUndecidedRefused to reply4/5 JuneMetronM.Saric (10.06.1997): BIRACIMA PRESUDNO- POSTENJE, Vecernji list56,310,1 6,2 12,1 15,3 Results Tomac and Gotovac fared better in cities, with Gotovac coming second in Split (32%-21%) and narrowly third in Rijeka. Franjo Tuđman Croatian Democratic Union 1337990 Zdravko Tomac Social Democratic Party of Croatia 458172 Vlado Gotovac Croatian Social Liberal Party 382630 39656 4061479 Nohlen & Stöver; State Election Committee http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1997/1997_4_5_Rezultati_Predsjednik_sluzbeni.pdf hr Election of the Croatian President Izbor Predsjednika Republike Hrvatske 24 June 1997 Croatian State Election Committee 2016-10-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20150122060122/http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1997/1997_4_5_Rezultati_Predsjednik_sluzbeni.pdf 2015-01-22 dead Out of 377,705 citizens living abroad eligible to vote, 88,728 (23.5%) eventually did so, predominantly in Bosnia and Herzegovina (48 thousand out of 140,742 eligible to vote) and Germany (23 thousand). In total, 81,107 (91.4%) voted for Tudman, 2,676 for Tomac, and 4,463 for Gotovac.Rezultati Glasovanja u Inozemstvu za Izbor Predsjedinka Republike Iirvatske https://www.izbori.hr/arhiva-izbora/data/predsjednik/1997/rezultati/1997_4_3_Rezultati_Predsjednik_inozemstvo.pdf izbori.hr https://web.archive.org/web/20211213170449/https://www.izbori.hr/arhiva-izbora/data/predsjednik/1997/rezultati/1997_4_3_Rezultati_Predsjednik_inozemstvo.pdf 2021-12-13 live Voter turnout was fairly low in Eastern Slavonia, then under UN administration and with an ethnic Serb majority.https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/bit.listserv.hrvatska/1997|sort:date/bit.listserv.hrvatska/opW55yse0zw/oY97g1nxm30J NEPOSTOVANJE HRVATSKE DRZAVNOSTI Levak Nevenka 1997-06-17 GLAS SLAVONIJE 14 UNTAES complained that Croatian authorities did not update voting records in time, which left some 10% of those who did turn out to cast a ballot without a vote.S.Canic: UNTAES O IZBORIMA, Vjesnik, 18.06.1997 Voter turnout was also low in some opposition-friendly regions; for instance, in Krapina-Zagorje county it stood around 40%.https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/bit.listserv.hrvatska/1997|sort:date/bit.listserv.hrvatska/bBMPmKzltnc/wth7h76UCD8J Vlast i slast Radja Tihomil 3 July 1997 VIJENAC 91 Turnout was highest in Pozega-Slavonia County (51,38%), while Zadar county reported lowest figures - just 34,5%.Sandra Bartolovic (16.06.1997.) TUDMANOVA UVJERLJIVA POBJEDA VEC U PRVOM KRUGU PREDSJEDNICKIH IZBORA, Vjesnik Maps Aftermath right Croatia: Zagreb: President Tudjman is heading towards victory, AP Archives (YouTube video) Tudman's inauguration, AP Archives (YouTube video) U.S. Senator Paul Simon, special OSCE coordinator for monitoring the elections, reported that "Croatia has experienced a free but not fair election. While candidates were able to speak freely, the process leading up to the election was fundamentally flawed. It did not meet the minimum standards for democracies. By contrast the election itself was - with some exceptions - conducted efficiently."STATEMENT OF SENATOR PAUL SIMON, SPECIAL COORDINATOR FOR MONITORING OF THE CROATIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS, 16 JUNE 1997 HDZ fell short of its proclaimed 70% vote target,http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9706/16/croatia/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070607030458/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9706/16/croatia/index.html dead June 7, 2007 Tudjman coasts to Croatian victory CNN 16 June 1997 2020-01-08 but still celebrated with fireworks and an open-air party in Zagreb. Government-friendly Vjesnik commented that the electorate had rejected political experiments, opting for continuity.IVANKOVIC, NENAD (17.06.1997) "I POBJEDA I PORAZ UVJERLJIVI", Vjesnik Tuđman took the oath of office for a second term on 5 August 1997 at Saint Mark's Square. He chose the inauguration date to coincide with the anniversary of the military operation "Storm" that ended the war in Croatia two years earlier.http://www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de/debates/croatia/a-storm-of-memory-in-post-war-croatia/ Cultures of History Forum : A Storm of Memory in Post-War Croatia Banjeglav Tamara www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de en 2020-01-08 Croatian jurist and constitutional expert, Branko Smerdel, in 2000 opined that the 1997 elections saw a transition from Tudman's "imperial war-time presidency" to "an elective monarchy", as Tudman afterwards hoarded power in his various councils, advisory bodies and committees.Smerdel Branko 2002-06-07 Konstitucionalizam i promjena vlasti https://www.bib.irb.hr/61681 Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu hr 50 1–2 5–29 However, he served only a little more than two years of his new 5-year term, as he died on 10 December 1999, triggering early elections being called for January 2000. Vlatko Pavletić assumed the post of Acting President as the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament. SDP's result as runners-up, prevailing over HSLS, was important in establishing them as a leading opposition party and a senior partner in building the coalition (August 1998) that eventually won the 2000 parliamentary elections and formed the first post-HDZ government. SDP showed further growth continuity in the polls and stabilized its vote share. In 1998, SDP chairman Ivica Račan was far ahead of president Tudman in popularity polls.Holding the Course. Annual survey of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union Belanovic Nebojsa Tatic Sava Rutland Peter M.E. Sharpe 2000 9780765603609 New York 194–204 Croatia - the rise of the opposition195 In 1998, HDZ could not form a majority in two counties (Primorje-Gorski Kotar and Dubrovnik-Neretva) and was forced to call the elections, which were won by the united opposition.https://books.google.com/books?id=GYUjBgAAQBAJ Wahlen in postsozialistischen Staaten Zakosek Nenad Wahlen in Kroatien 1990-200 Ziemer Klaus 2013-07-02 Springer-Verlag 978-3-663-11796-4 111–155 de135 Gotovac was disappointed with his result and the "lack of a political centre in Croatia," warning against "bi-polarization" of Croatian politics. His 17% vote share as a candidate of several largest opposition parties in Sabor showed their loss of credibility as an alternative.http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/199706/70617-001-pubs-zag.htm 1997/06/17 20:48 POSTIZBORNO PRESLAGIVANJE KOCKICA www.aimpress.ch Culic Marinko 2020-01-13 Much lower turnout than at both April local elections (70%) and previous presidential elections in 1992 was seen by some as a sign of voter apathy and their perception of the unfairness of the electoral process, but also as a loss of credibility in HSS, HSLS and HNS, whose councilors frequently crossed the floor after the elections, thus enabling HDZ to form the majority in several cities and counties despite their failure to achieve so at the ballot.http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/pubs/archive/data/199706/70616-001-pubs-zag.htm 1997/06/16 23:38 APSTINENTI IZABRALI TUDjMANA Marinkovic Gojko www.aimpress.ch 2020-01-13 Gotovac's failure to beat Tomac was a trigger for an intra-party clash in HSLS, exposing the rift between more nationalist-friendly Budisa (who flirted with HDZ during local elections) and Zagreb party organization on one side and Gotovac on the other. Budisa was elected party chairman, while Gotovac left the party, forming a splinter Liberal Party in January 1998.bjelanovic 198 According to political scientist Trevor Waters, after the elections "support for Tudjman and the HDZ fell sharply amid widespread allegations of corruption, cronyism and nepotism, particularly with regard to the privatisation of state-owned assets." Fractional in-fighting amongst HDZ became apparent as the united opposition started rising in the opinion polls. References External links https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/bit.listserv.hrvatska/1997/sort:date/bit.listserv.hrvatska/nPTjdrrZ6w8/fH3C15t8zUkJ Psychological profile of presidential candidates Siber Ivan tjednik Interview with Vlado Gotovac, Tjednik 15, Zagreb, 6 June 1997. https://www.telegram.hr/politika-kriminal/podsjetili-smo-se-na-16-prilicno-bizarnih-i-pateticnih-predizbornih-spotova-hrvatskih-stranaka-i-politicara/ Podsjetili smo se na 16 prilično bizarnih predizbornih spotova hrvatskih stranaka i političara 2015-05-20 Telegram.hr hr 2020-01-09 TV ads and news footage from elections Election results by cities and municipalities, State Electoral Commission Presidential Croatia Presidential election Croatian presidential election Category:Presidential elections in Croatia Category:Modern history of Croatia Category:Franjo Tuđman