1453 events

1453 250px|thumb|May 29: The Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople, bringing the Byzantine Empire to an end. 1453 Year 1453 (MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4th year of the 1450s decade. Events January–March January 9 – Stefano Porcari, arrested earlier in the week by soldiers from the Papal States, is executed for his attempt to overthrow Pope Nicholas V.Anthony F. D'Elia Stefano Porcari's Conspiracy against Pope Nicholas V in 1453 and Republican Culture in Papal Rome Journal of the History of Ideas 68 2 2007 30136016 210–212 10.1353/jhi.2007.0013 January 20 – King Henry VI of England summons the members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords to assemble on March 6 at Reading. January 26 – As the Ottoman Empire is increasing its number of troops in Byzantium, mercenary troops from the Republic of Genoa, commanded by Giovanni Giustiniani, arrive in Constantinople to join with Venetian troops already present.Marios Philippides Walter K. Hanak The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies Routledge 573 9781315552927 10.4324/9781315552927 2011 February 1 – Al-Mansur Fakhr al-Din Uthman becomes the new Sultan of Egypt and Syria upon the abdication of his father, the Sultan Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq, but will reign for only six weeks.Clot André L'Égypte des Mamelouks 1250–1517. L'empire des esclaves Perrin Paris fr 2009 978-2-262-03045-2 February 28 – René of Anjou, the Duke of Lorraine since 1431 and former King of Naples, turns control of the Duchy of Lorraine to his son, Jean II, Duke of Calabria. March 6 – The English Parliament opens its session at Reading after being summoned by King Henry VI. March 9 – Carlo Gonzaga, Captain of the People in the Republic of Milan, leads 4,000 soldiers in an invasion of Mantua and the properties of his brother Ludovico III Gonzaga, seizing Castelbelforte and Bigarello.Volta, L.C. Compendio cronologico-critico della Storia di Mantova, dalla sua fondazione sino ai nostri tempi Mantova: Francesco Agazzi, 1827, 135. Ludovico responds by assembly his own army with 3,000 cavalry and 500 infantry, forcing Carlos to retreat. March 15 – Sayf al-Din Inal deposes Sultan Al-Mansur and puts him in prison. Sayf al-Din becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria.Amalia Levanoni A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341) https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&q=Uthman+Inal+Sultan+Mamluk BRILL 1995 101 9004101829 March 17 – In Poland, Przemysław of Toszek, Duke of Oświęcim, takes responsibility for the brief war by his brother Jan IV against King Caasimir IV, frees all prisoners of war taken in the conflict, and agrees to pay 2,800 florins to King Casimir compensation for the damages sustained.Słownik historyczno-geograficzny ziem polskich w średniowieczu Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Polish Lands in the Middle Ages www.slownik.ihpan.edu.pl http://www.slownik.ihpan.edu.pl/search.php?id=25457 April–June April 6 – The Ottoman Empire declares war against the Byzantines, beginning the Siege of Constantinople.Selcuk Aksin Somel Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire Scarecrow Press 2003 xxiii 9780810866065Nevra Necipoğlu 2009 Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins 9780511576720 10.1017/CBO9780511576720 Cambridge University Press 221 April 18 – Ottoman forces, led by Sultan Mehmed II, launch their first assault against Constantinople. April 22 – The Ottoman Army commanded by Ibrahim Pasha, invades Albania and is defeated at the Battle of Polog, losing most of its force of 14,000 men, including Ibrahim himself, while the Albanians, led by Skanderbeg, lose only 300 troops.Skënderbeu, një hero modern Skanderbeg, a modern hero Gennaro Francione 2006 Donika Aliaj Tasim Aliaj 99927-38-75-8 Tirania Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri" 2003 108 http://www.bksh.al/adlib/scripts/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=books&OPAC_URL=/adlib/expert/index_al.html&LANGUAGE=1&%250=33427&LIMIT=50 sq May 29 – Ottoman forces capture Constantinople, destroying the Byzantine Empire—the successor state of the Roman Empire. June 14 – Ludovico Gonzaga of Mantua defends the city against Venetian forces led by his brother Carlo.Elisabeth Ward Swain The Wages of Peace: The "Condotte" of Ludovico Gonzaga, 1436–1478 Renaissance Studies 3 4 1989 24409514 442–452 10.1111/j.1477-4658.1989.tb00199.x July–September July 9 – The Giant Bible of Mainz is completed.Crump Francis J. 1952 The Gutenberg Bible https://www.jstor.org/stable/43720372 The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 14 3 216–217 43720372 July 17 – The French destroy the English army at the Battle of Castillon.Malcolm Vale The Last Years of English Gascony, 1451–1453: The Alexander Prize Essay Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1969 19 119–138 3678742 10.2307/3678742 July 23 – The Burgundian army led by Duke Philip the Good defeats the rebel forces of Ghent at the Battle of GavereRichard Vaughan Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy Longman 1970 328–332 https://archive.org/details/philipgoodapogee0000vaug 9780851159171 August 15 – The Battle of Ghedi is fought in Lombardy as the Duchy of Milan army, led by Francesco Sforza, defeats the troops of the Republic of Venice, led by Jacopo Piccinino.Caterina Santoro Gli Sforza: La casata nobiliare che resse il Ducato di Milano dal 1450 al 1535 The Sforzas: The noble family that ruled the Duchy of Milan from 1450 to 1535 1999 Lampi di stampa Milan 88-488-0056-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=xMrUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 November 15, 2015 August 24 – With 700 men in his command, Thomas Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, attacks the wedding party of Thomas Neville, son of the Earl of Salisbury, and Maud Stanhope at Heworth, York.Lomas Richard A Power in the Land: The Percys Tuckwell East Linton 1999 86 1-86232-067-5 August – French forces led by René of Anjou arrive in the Piedmont, seeking to assist Milan and Florence against Venice.Vincent Ilardi The Italian League, Francesco Sforza, and Charles VII (1454–1461) Studies in the Renaissance 6 1959 139–140 10.2307/2857185 2857185 September 30 – Pope Nicholas V issues a crusading bull against the Ottoman Empire.Austrian History Yearbook Duncan Hardy 'There Can Be No Agreement to Take up Arms against the Turks Unless We First Restore the Empire': The Fall of Constantinople and the Rise of a New Political Dynamic in the Holy Roman Empire, 1453–1467 10.1017/S0067237824000481 2024 55 524–537 free October–December October 10 – René of Anjou, the French Duke of Anjou who had been the King of Naples from 1435 to 1442, and Duke of Lorraine from 1431 until February 28, declares war on the Republic of Venice. October 20 – The last English holdouts in Gascony (including Bordeaux) surrender to France, ending the Hundred Years' War. October 28 – At the age of 12, Ladislaus the Posthumous is crowned at Prague as the King of Bohemia.The Role of John Jiskra in the History of Slovakia Human Affairs 6 1 10.1515/humaff-1996-060104 František Oslanský 1996 19–33 November 10 – Hwangbo In, the Yeonguijeong (prime minister to the King of Korea) and the Jwauijeong (second minister), General Kim Chongsŏ, are assassinated in a coup d'état led by the heir to the throne Grand Prince Suyang.Hwangbo In at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture ko December 5 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, orders the Prussian Confederation to yield to the demands of the Teutonic Order. Births January 6 – Girolamo Benivieni, Italian poetMariani Giacomo 2017 Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy: Benivieni, Girolamo https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_713-1 Springer Link 10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_713-1 subscription March 2 – Johannes Engel, German doctor, astronomer and astrologerTrimble Virginia https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA339 Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers Williams Thomas R. Bracher Katherine Jarrell Richard Marché Jordan D. Ragep F. Jamil 2007 Springer Science & Business Media 9780387304007 339 en September 1 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general and statesmanMedieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia 2003 Taylor & Francis 324 9780415939188 Gerli E. Michael Armistead Samuel G. Samuel G. Armistead October 13 – Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, only son of Henry VIGriffiths R. A. 2004 Edward [Edward of Westminster], Prince of Wales https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8524 July 20, 2024 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography October 25 – Giuliano de' Medici, Italian noblemanMedici, Giuliano di Piero de' https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuliano-di-piero-de-medici_%28Enciclopedia-machiavelliana%29/ 30 December 2024 Treccani November 7 – Filippo Beroaldo, philosopher and scholarP. G. Bietenholz Thomas B. Deutscher Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biological Register of the Renaissance and Reformation University of Toronto Press 1986 1, A–E 135 November 15 – Alfonso, Prince of AsturiasMuñiz Dolores Carmen Morales Alfonso XII de Trastámara https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6419/alfonso-xii-de-trastamara 30 December 2024 Diccionario biográfico español Date unknown Afonso de Albuquerque, Portuguese naval and military commanderEstela Vieira 2020 Maritime Disasters and Collective Identities: Surviving Shipwreck in Early Modern Portugal Hispania 103 4 549 27026456 Firdevsī-i Rūmī, Turkish poetBläsing Uwe 2020 Just an Etymological Note: The Case of Megrelian aӡmax-i, azmax-i 'puddle, pool, pond' Iran and the Caucasus 24 2 180 10.1163/1573384X-20200204 27058084 Shin Mahasilavamsa, Burmese poetOsipov Yuriy M. The Canon in Southeast Asian Literatures: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam 2012 Routledge 9781136816123 Smyth David 2–3 Sultan-Khalil, Sultan of the Aq QoyunluErkinov Aftandil 2015 From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/2791#ftn7 Cahiers d'Asie Centrale 24 53 Deaths January 9 – Stefano Porcari, Italian nobleman and humanist politician February 13 – Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq, Egyptian Mamluk sultanCarl F. Petry 2022 9781108557382 Cambridge University Press 10.1017/9781108557382 The Mamluk Sultanate: A History 41 May 29 Constantine XI Palaiologos, Byzantine emperorMark C. Bartusis The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453 https://archive.org/details/latebyzantinearm0000bart 1992 University of Pennsylvania Press 134 9781512821314 Demetrios Palaiologos Metochites, Byzantine noble and ambassadorJonathan Harris The End of Byzantium 2010 Yale University Press 207 j.ctt1npm19 9780300169669 Jonathan Harris (historian) Orhan Çelebi, Ottoman prince June 2 or June 3 – Loukas Notaras, Byzantine statesman and naval commander June 22 – Álvaro de Luna, Spanish knight and statesmanMacKay 1998 MacKay, Angus. "Castile and Navarre". 606–626. July – Jacques de Lalaing, Burgundian knight July 17 John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, English nobleman and military leaderPollard A. J. 2004 Talbot, John, First Earl of Shrewsbury and First Earl of Waterford https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-26932 July 20, 2024 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle, English nobleman, son of the Earl of Shrewsbury December 16 – Zhu Jianji, Crown prince of Ming Dynasty ChinaP. H. De Heer The Care-Taker Emperor: Aspects of the Aspects of the Imperial Institution in Fifteenth-Century China as Reflected in the Political History of the Reign of Chu Chi'i-Yü Brill 9789004078987 1986 97 December 24 – John Dunstaple, English composerBent Margaret 2006 Dunstaple [Dunstable], John https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8286 July 20, 2024 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Date unknown Dmitry Shemyaka, claimant to the Principality of MoscowAlef Gustave 1959 The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847975 Speculum 34 1 10–14 10.2307/2847975 2847975 Giovanni Giustiniani, Genoese mercenary Nguyễn An, Vietnamese-born Ming Dynasty court eunuch and architectChan 1988 Chan, Hok-lam. "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435." 182–304. Sophia of Lithuania, Grand Princess of MoscowClements Barbara Evans https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gz5pn A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present 2012 Indiana University Press 9780253001047 18 j.ctt16gz5pn References