1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation

Declaration of holy war during WW1 by Mehmed V thumb|Original document in Ottoman Turkish. On 11 November 1914,Using the Rumi calendar, the declaration was dated 29 Teşrin-i Evvel 1330.2017 World War I: Declarations of War from Around the Globe https://maint.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/foreign.php 2024-07-29 Law Library of Congress June 2026 InternetArchiveBot Ottoman Caliph Mehmed V proclaimed holy war against the Entente powers and appealed for support from Muslims in Entente-controlled countries. The declaration, which called for Muslims to support the Ottomans in Entente-controlled areas and for jihad against "all enemies of the Ottoman Empire, except the Central Powers",Lüdke 2018 was initially presented on 11 November and published in Takvim-i Vekayi the following day. The proclamation included five fatwa or legal opinions endorsed by 29 religious authorities. Several days later, on 14 November, it was read out to a large crowd outside the Fatih Mosque by Ali Haydar Efendi, the fetva emini ('custodian of the fatwa, the Ottoman official in charge of dictating tafsir on behalf of the Shaykh al-Islām).Aksakal 2016 56Lüdke 2018 Effects of the jihad proclamation in the war The declaration was seen as mostly ineffective in the war, with the Emirate of Afghanistan avoiding confrontation with the Entente despite pressure from the German and Ottoman Empires and a British-backed revolt taking place against the Ottomans in the Hejaz. Farish A. Noor points to the 1915 Singapore Mutiny, arguing that the call did have a considerable impact on Muslims around the world.A. Noor Farish Farish A. Noor Racial Profiling' Revisited: The 1915 Indian Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore and the Impact of Profiling on Religious and Ethnic Minorities Politics, Religion & Ideology 2011 1 12 89–100 10.1080/21567689.2011.564404 144958370 The proclamation was also the factor in Australia in 1915 in the so-called Battle of Broken Hill, where two Muslim Afghan cameleers opened fire on a train of picnickers, killing four and wounding seven.Christine Stevens (1989), Tin Mosques and Ghantowns: A History of Afghan Cameldrivers in Australia, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, page 163; 0-19-554976-7 Most of the revolts of the North-West frontier theatre of WWI were influenced by the Ottoman declaration of Jihad. Most of the revolts of the North African theatre of WWI were influenced by the Ottoman declaration of Jihad. The Senussi Campaign started due to Ottoman pressure for the Senussi to follow them in their declaration of Jihad. Darfur was influenced to side with the Central Powers due to Ottomans Jihad. The Dervish movement had been in contact with the Ottomans and might have put their followers under Ottoman protection after the proclamation.https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&context=bildhaan British and Somali Views of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan's Jihad, 1899–1920 John P. Slight Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies 2011 40 10 The leaders of the Kaocen revolt referred to the jihad but it might have played a lesser role.https://wlv.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/2436/623522/Krause_Islam_and_Anticolonial_2020.pdf;jsessionid=3032CC1E445376D3724285ACFCAFE472?sequence=3 686 Islam and Anticolonial Rebellions in North and West Africa, 1914-1918 Jonathan Krause 10.1017/S0018246X20000357 2021 The Historical Journal 64 3 2436/623522 free Emperor Lij Iyasu of Abyssinia, who had been supporting the Dervish, was deposed on 27 October 1916 during the Battle of Segale, after trying to approach the Muslim population.https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/apuz/182562/der-krieg-an-der-peripherie-mittelasien-und-nordafrika/ Der Krieg an der Peripherie – Mittelasien und Nordafrika de Björn Opfer-Klinger Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 2014 16–17 France planned to appoint a Moroccan anti-caliph; the plan was abandoned in 1916. Jabbal Shammar sided with the Ottomans following its declaration of Jihad. The second Muslim revolt by the Union of Krujë against the Muslim pro-Serbian Senate of Central Albania was influenced by the Ottoman declaration of jihad. Notes References Sources Aksakal Mustafa Mustafa Aksakal 'Holy War Made in Germany'? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad War in History 2011 18 2 184–199 10.1177/0968344510393596 159652479 2016 The Ottoman Proclamation of Jihad Aksakal Mustafa Zürcher Erik Jan Jihad and Islam in World War I: studies on the Ottoman Jihad at the centenary of Snouck Hurgronje's "Holy war made in Germany" https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=2020426132&searchType=1&permalink=y 2024-07-29 Debates on Islam and Society Leiden University Press Gaunt David David Gaunt Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I 2006 Gorgias Press 978-1-59333-301-0 en 62–64 John Slight The Great War in the Middle East Reactions to the Ottoman jihad fatwa in the British Empire, 1914–18 2019-01-30 Routledge 978-1-315-18904-8 Zürcher Erik Jan Erik-Jan Zürcher Jihad and Islam in World War I 2016 Leiden University Press 10.26530/OAPEN_605452 978-94-006-0234-2 https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/37513 en Lüdke Tilman Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire) https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/jihad_holy_war_ottoman_empire International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1) 19 June 2021 17 December 2018 Category:November 1914 in Asia Category:1914 in the Ottoman Empire Category:Ottoman Empire in World War I Category:Jihad Ottoman jihad Category:November 1914 in Europe