1446

1446 250px|thumb|June 6: John Hunyadi is proclaimed as Regent of Hungary 1446 Year 1446 (MCDXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March January 2 – (5th waxing of Tabodwe 807 ME) At the city of Taungoo in what is now Myanmar, 14-year-old Minkhaung I becomes the new Viceroy of Toungoo, a semi-independent vassal state of the Kingdom of Ava, ruled by King Narapati I of Ava. Minkhaung's ascension comes hours after the sudden death of his father, the Viceroy Tarabya.Sein Lwin Lay Kahtika U Mintaya Shwe Hti and Bayinnaung: Ketumadi Taungoo Yazawin Burmese Yangon Yan Aung Sarpay 1968 2006 31–32 2nd printing January 15 – On his 14th birthday, Afonso V is acclaimed as King of Portugal, with full power to govern the kingdom, although his uncle, Pedro, Duke of Coimbra continues to operate as regent. Afonso had succeeded to the throne in 1438 upon the death of his father, King Duarte I.A History of Portugal H.V. Livermore https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152869 Cambridge University Press 1947 201 January 24 – The Battle of Arbroath takes place in Scotland as the monks of the Abbey of Arbroath dismiss Alexander Lindsay, son of the Earl of Crawford, from the position of Bailie of the Regality, and replace him with Alexander Ogilvy, Baron of Inverquharity. Lindsay attacks the abbey with fellow members of his own Clan Lindsay and the assistance of Clan Hamilton, while Ogilvy is supported by Clan Oliphant, Clan Seton, Clan Gordon and Clan Forbes. The Earl of Crawford, seeking to avert the battle, rides his horse to the battlefield in hopes of conferring with Ogilvy, but is killed by a member of Ogilvy's infantry. In the battle that follows, Clan Lindsay prevails and Ogilvy is killed.Hay George History of Arbroath to the Present Time: With Notices of the Civil and Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Neighbouring District 1876 T. Buncle Arbroath, Scotland 64–68 https://books.google.com/books?id=TS4vAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67 February 12 – Vasily II, the Grand Prince of Moscow and ruler of much of Russia, is kidnapped from Trinity Monastery the Kremlin by allies of his cousin, Dmitry Shemyaka. Four days later (February 16), the conspirators tear out the eyes of Grand Prince Vasily and send him into exile at Uglich with his wife.John Abbott, The Empire of Russia: From the Remotest Periods to the Present Time (PitRes, 2018) 9785041451011John L. Fennell, A History of the Russian Church to 1488 (Taylor & Francis, 2014) 9781317897194 March 6 – The Battle of Ragaz marks the last military conflict of the Old Zurich War between the Swiss Confederacy and the Habsburgs, as 1,200 soldiers of the Confederation defeat the Austrian army, commanded by Hans von Rechberg and Wolfhart V. von Brandis, the Habsburg bailiff of Feldkirch. Among other things, the banners of the lords of Brandis are lost to the confederates and later transferred to the church in Sarnen. According to contemporary accounts, around 900 men from the Habsburg army and around 100 men from the Swiss army fell in the battle.Peter Niederhäuser and Christian Sieber, Ein "Bruderkrieg" macht Geschichte: Neue Zugänge zum Alten Zürichkrieg (A "Brotherly War" Makes History: New Approaches to the Old Zurich War) (Zurich: Chronos Verlag 2006) 978-3-0340-0755-9 March 21 – In the Holy Roman Empire in Germany, the Electors of Cologne, Trier, Mainz, and the Palatinate, along with representatives of the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, assemble at Frankfurt-am-Main and create a mutual defense alliance to resist Pope Eugene IV.Joachim W. Stieber, Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire (Brill, 2022) pp.277–278, 292 9789004477346 April–June April 7 – In England, Thomas de Ashton and Edmund de Trafford, both knights of Lancashire, are granted special dispensation by King Henry VI to use their research in alchemy to transmute substances into precious metals.Ashton, Thomas de (fl.1446) April 28 – Queen Soheon of Joseon, Queen consort of King Sejong of Korea, dies 27 years after her husband first ascended the throne. King Sejong spends the remaining four years of his life in mourning and becomes a vegetarian. May 2 – (5 Safar 849 AH) Sultan Muhammad of the Timurid Empire in Iran arrives in Isfahan and forces out a disloyal governor, Sa'adat, then declares an amnesty on taxes, stages a feast and celebration, and appoints Shah Ala' al-Din Naqib as the new governor.Beatrice Forbes Manz, Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran (Cambridge University Press, 2007) p.255, 9781139462846 May 24 – In what is now the state of Karnataka in India, Prince Mallikarjuna Raya becomes the new Emperor of Vijayanagara upon the death of his father, Deva Raya II, and takes the name of Emperor Deva Raya III. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145214 Lakshmi Kumari Jhansi Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 1958 21 290–297 The Chronology of the Sangama Dynasty 44145214 Kitabistam,Allahabad Full text of "Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India" Internet Archive 23 October 2016 https://archive.org/stream/historicalinscri035270mbp/historicalinscri035270mbp_djvu.txt 27 February 2025 June 6 – John Hunyadi is proclaimed regent of Hungary during the minority of King Ladislaus the Posthumous, with the title Regni Gubernator. His election is primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi has by this time become one of the richest barons of the kingdom. His domains cover an area exceeding 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres).Mureşanu, Camil (2001). John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom. The Center for Romanian Studies. 973-9432-18-2, 127–128. Hunyadi is one of the few contemporaneous barons who has spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years.Makkai, László (1994). "The Three Nations of Transylvania (1360–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. 963-05-6703-2. June 8 – After a siege of seven months, Baghdad is captured by the Sultan Jahan Shah of Qara Qoyunlu, whose forces move into what is now Iraq.Minorsky V. 1954 Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9) 609169 Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16 2 275 10.1017/s0041977x00105981 154352923 June 12 – An armistice between Duchy of Austria and the Swiss Confederation comes into force, ending the Old Zurich War. June 21 – Lidköping gets its charter, and thus qualifies as one of the now defunct Cities of Sweden. June 26 – Gilles de Bretagne, the brother of Francois I, Duke of Brittany, is arrested after allowing agents of King Charles VII of France to enter his home, Château du Guildo. He is eventually murdered while in custody at La Harduinaie.Lauren Johnson, The Shadow King: The Life and Death of Henry VI (Pegasus Books, 2019) 9781643131658 July–September July 28 – The compilation of the Alfonsine Ordinances, the first codification of the laws of the Kingdom of Portugal, is completed by Rui Fernandes of Almada and given to Dom Pedro de Coimbra, the regent for King Afonso V.Herzog Benjamin Anwendung und Auslegung von Recht in Portugal und Brasilien Mohr Siebeck 2014 257 Rechtsvergleichung und Rechtsvereinheitlichung 26 de Application and Interpretation of the Law in Portugal and Brazil. A Comparative Legal Examination from a Genetic, Functional and Post-modern Perspective 10.1628/978-3-16-160932-9 978-3-16-160932-9 August 24 – After many years of fruitless negotiations between Christopher of Bavaria and Erik of Pomerania, a Swedish war march to Gotland is launched in the early summer of 1446. King Christopher comes with a force to the island and on an open field in Västergarn with crossbowmen at gunpoint behind each monarch's back; regular peace negotiations take place.https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=15392 Erik av Pommern Svenskt biografiskt lexikon 1 June 2018 August – Christopher of Bavaria undertakes a fruitless military campaign against Gotland to end Erik of Pomerania's piracy.http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2811, read on 2023-06-26 (Swedish)Lidköping on 2023-06-26 (Swedish) September 27 – Battle of Otonetë: Skanderbeg defeats the Ottomans.Albanische Forschungen https://books.google.com/books?id=-lppAAAAMAAJ 1964 O. Harrassowitz 978-3-87828-106-1 110 deFrancione, Gennaro (2006) [2003]. Aliaj, Donika (ed.). Skënderbeu, një hero modern : (Hero multimedial) [Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia)] (in Albanian). Translated by Tasim Aliaj. Tiranë, Albania: Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri". 99927-38-75-8. October–December October 5 – The compromise proposed by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III with Pope Eugene IV is publicly endorsed by the Elector of Mainz, the Elector of Brandenburg, the Margrave of Ansbach, the Margrave Jakob I of Baden, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, the Archbishop of Salzburg, the and the Bishops of Augsburg, Chiemsee, Bamberg, Passau, Constanz and Chur. October 9 – The hangul alphabet is proclaimed in Korea, by King Sejong the Great. The Hunmin Jeongeum, published during the year, is considered the start of this brand new scientific writing system."A.B.C. Isn't Simple as A.B.C. in Korea— Alphabet on 525th Birthday, Both Hailed and Assailed", The New York Times, October 10, 1971, p. 8"Writing systems", by Richard Sproat, in The Oxford History of Phonology (Oxford University Press, 2022) 9780192516909, October 10 – An earthquake occurs in Moscow but causes little damage Jan Kozák and Roger M. W. Musson, The Illustrated History of the Elements: Earth, Water, Air, Fire (Springer International, 2020) p.13 October 11 – In what is now the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, Mahmud Khalji, Sultan of Malwa attempts to cross the Banas River to invade Mandalgarh in what is now the state of Rajasthan, but he and his armies are driven back by the forces of the Rana Kumbhakaran Singh, ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar.R. V. Somani, Maharana Kumbha and His Times (Jaipur Publishing House, 1995) p.85. October – Murad II, who recently became the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after his son Mehmed II was forced by the Janissaries to abdicate,Erhan Afyoncu, (2009), Truvanın İntikamı (978-605-4052-11-0), p. 2, (In Turkish) invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens,Nicol, Donald M. (1992). The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 978-0-511-58369-8. and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute. November 13 – In Italy, Sante Bentivoglio, who had recently been "working in the wool industry in Florence under another name" Commentary by Quentin Skinner and Russell Price to The Prince, by Niccolo Mahiavelli (Cambridge University Press, 2019) p.119 until he was discovered to have been the illegitimate son of Eccole Bentivoglio p.119 becomes the ruler of Bologna at age 20 when he is named as guardian of the young child of the recently-assassinated Annibale I Bentivoglio"Libertas, Oligarchy, Papcy: Government in the Quattrocento", by Tommaso Duranti, in A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna, ed. by Sarah R. Blanshei (Brill, 2017) p.273 December 10 – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan Murad II, of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall, in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while Glarentza and Turakhan raid in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century Setton Kenneth M. 1978 DIANE Publishing https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC 0-87169-127-2 96–97 December 14 – King Henry VI summons the English Parliament to assemble at Cambridge on February 10.David Grummitt, Henry VI (Routledge, 2015) 9781317482598 December 23 – On their way back to England after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, the 37 pilgrims on the ship Cog Anne are killed when the vessel strikes a rock near the port of Modon in Greece.Ian Friel, Britain and the Ocean Road: Shipwrecks & People, 1297–1825 (Pen & Sword Books, 2020) p.17 9781526738394 December 24 – Edmund Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset, is appointed as last Governor of English-occupied France.William E. Baumgaertner, A Time-Line of Fifteenth Century England - 1398 to 1509 (Trafford Publishing, 2009) 9781426906381 Date unknown Nuno Tristão is killed by natives on the coast of Senegal.Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453) Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné por mandado do Infante D. Henrique or Chronica do descobrimento e conquista da Guiné. [Trans. 1896–99 by C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, London: Halykut] Portuguese navigator Álvaro Fernandes reaches the mouth of the Casamance River in Senegal.Teixeira da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, Vol. 1. Part 1 in No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68, Pt. 2 in No. 2 (Apr), p. 273-326; Pt. 3 in No. 3 (Jul), p. 457–509. The Precious Belt Bridge in China is fully reconstructed.Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd, 174. In Italy, the siege of Cremona, by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.Block, Wolfgang (1913). Die condottieri. Berlin. The Blarney Stone is set into a tower of Blarney Castle in Blarney, County Cork in Ireland.Samuel, Mark; Hamlyn, Kate (2007). Blarney Castle: Its History, Development and Purpose. Cork University. 978-1-85918-411-0. Another league is formed to counter the House of Sforza. Births April 18 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1484) May 3 Frederick I of Liegnitz, Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453 (d. 1488) Margaret of York, duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to Charles the Bold (d. 1503)Yvonne Bleyerveld Lamot (Mechelen, Belgium) Women of Distinction: Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria https://books.google.com/books?id=saXpAAAAMAAJ 2005 Brepols Publishers 978-90-5826-342-1 24 August 14 – Andrey Bolshoy, Russian royal (d. 1493) December 26 – Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry, French noble (d. 1472) date unknown – Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1508) probable Alexander Agricola, Flemish composer (d. 1506) William Grocyn, English scholar (d. 1519) Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (d. 1524) Deaths April 15 – Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (b. 1377)Sir John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy Italian Renaissance Sculpture https://books.google.com/books?id=_XPsAAAAMAAJ 1986 Phaidon 978-0-7148-2416-1 147 May 9 – Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (b. 1367) May 24 – Ambroise de Loré, Baron of Ivry (b. 1396) June 11 – Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, English nobleman (b. 1425) December 28 – Antipope Clement VIII February 2 – Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (b. 1378) date unknown – Nuno Tristão, Portuguese explorer References