1686 Makassar revolt

1686 uprising in Ayutthaya kingdom Makassar revolt 300px 1691 map of Ayutthaya by Simon de la Loubère. The Makassar camp is shown on the bottom left with the caption "Macaʃʃars" 15 August – 24 September 1686 Bangkok and Ayutthaya Ayutthaya–allied victory Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg Ayutthaya KingdomKingdom of EnglandKingdom of France Makassar rebels Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg King Narai Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg Phaulkon Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg Ok-luang MahamontriFlag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg Claude de ForbinKingdom of England John Coates Kingdom of England Henry UdallSmithies 2002 Kingdom of France Vèret Daeng Mangalle Bangkok:400 Siamese and European musketeers and pikemenSmithies 2002Ayutthaya:8,000–20,000 SiameseSmithies 200240–60 EuropeansSmithies 20021 English ship (The Herbert)Smithies 2002>60 barges22 Galleys Bangkok:50 Makassar fighters1 galleyAyutthaya:100–200 Makassar fighters Bangkok:366 Siamese and Europeans killedAyutthaya:17 Europeans killedSmithies 2002 Bangkok:17 Makassars killedSmithies 2002Galley capturedAyutthaya:All Makassarese rebels were killed or capturedSmithies 2002 The Makassar revolt (th กบฏมักกะสัน kabot makkasan) of 1686 was an uprising of Makassar residents in Ayutthaya led by Makassar prince Daeng Mangalle.Spelled Daén ma-Allé in Gervaise's account.Gervaise 1700 63-64 It was the only uprising recorded in the city of Ayutthaya during the reign of King Narai.Smithies 2002 92Pelras 1998 Accounts Accounts of the revolt have not been found in ThaiIt is presumed that Thai records of the event was destroyed when Ayutthaya was burned down during the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767). or Makassar sources thus far.Pelras 1998 172 Instead, information came from accounts by Europeans, mostly French and English agents with links to Siam at the time, such as Francis Davenport, Claude de Forbin, Nicolas Gervaise fr Nicolas Gervaise, La Mare, François Martin, and Samuel White.Smithies 2002 88The account by La Mare, an engineer who arrived in Siam with the Chaumont-Choisy embassy in 1685, is perhaps the most extensive and accurate according to Smithies. It is found in Livre III (pp.96-128) of Guy Tachard's 1689 book Second Voyage du Père Tachard et des Jésuites envoyez par le Roy au Royaume de Siam.Smithies 2002 74, 92 While containing basic facts of the revolt, details are often contradictory between accounts.Smithies 2002 92 Preceding political contexts In the late 17th century, Ayutthaya was a cosmopolitan city with a number of foreign quarters, known as camps, including the Portuguese, Malay, and Cochin-Chinese, with the Makassar camp located near the Malay camp.Smithies 2002 93 The presence of Makassar people in Siam was related to the loss suffered by the Makassarese Sultanate of Gowa in south Sulawesi during the Makassar War. In the aftermath of this war, in which the coalition of Dutch East India Company and Sultanate of Bone emerged as victors, many Makassarese nobles, soldiers, and common folk emigrated from Makassar to seek their fortune elsewhere.Pigeaud Theodore Gauthier Thomas Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H.J. de Graaf https://books.google.com/books?id=_BVJCAAAQBAJ 1976 Martinus Nijhoff The Hague 90-247-1876-7 68 According to the accounts of Nicolas Gervaise, it was a Makassar prince by the name of Daeng MangalleWhile contemporary European sources often identify him as the son of the Makassar king, this is erroneous. Nevertheless, he did came from a prestigious princely family with relations to Sultan Hasanuddin, and recognized as such by both his cousins in Sulawesi and the King of Siam.Pelras 1998 192 who came to settle in Ayutthaya Kingdom by invitation of the king of Siam. The prince brought around 60 families, composed of 200 people, with him and arrived in Siam in 1664. They were well received and granted with a tract of land which would become the Makassar camp.Gervaise Nicholas Description historique du royaume de Macaçar. Divisée en trois livres; augmentée de diverses piéces curieuses 1700 E. Kinkius Ratisbonne https://archive.org/details/b3299784x/page/63/mode/1up?q=siam 20-21Halikowski Smith Stefan No Obvious Home: the flight of the Portuguese "tribe" from Makassar to Ayutthaya and Cambodia during the 1660s International Journal of Asian Studies 2010 7 1 8–9 10.1017/S1479591409990398 https://oxis.org/articles-k-z/halikowski-smith-2010.pdf Sometime after the establishment of the Makassar camp, the Makassar prince, goaded by a prince of Champa and supported by some Malays, plotted to overthrow King Narai. The motive behind this plot is unclear, with European accounts only offering speculations such as to install a ruler that will cater to the interests of Muslim factions in the region.Smithies 2002 Narai's court maintained relations with multiple foreign powers, each of which competed for political favor with the king. Despite the Makassar prince receiving generous treatment along with other Muslim factions in Ayutthaya (which include the Chams, Malays, and others),Chularatana Julispong Muslim Communities During the Ayutthaya Period Manusya Journal of Humanities 2007 10 1 89–107 10.1163/26659077-01001006 https://digital.car.chula.ac.th/manusya/vol10/iss1/6/ 23 July 2026 free Chularatana Julispong The Monarchy and Muslims in Thailand 2017 Chulalongkorn University. Institute of Asian Studies 7–56 https://cuir2.car.chula.ac.th/handle/123456789/78771?src=%2Fbrowse%3Fnull%26brw_total%3D2%26brw_pos%3D0 The Monarchy and Thai Muslims during the Traditional Era (from the Ayutthaya to the Rattanakosin Era) their influence had declined and far eclipsed by Europeans at the time, which may provide an impetus to stage the plot.Pelras 1998 171 Events The initial plan of the conspirators was to plunder the royal palace of Ayutthaya while the King was staying at his Lopburi palace. However, the plot was uncovered when another Champa prince, a palace officer and brother to one of the conspirators, refused to participate in their upheaval and instead informed Narai's Greek minister Constantine Phaulkon, who alerted the king of the plot in August 1686.Smithies 2002 88-90 As the plot began to unravel, the Malays backed out and distanced themselves from the Makassarese. King Narai took the precautionary measure of increasing security around Ayutthaya and the plunder did not occur. Narai then summoned the Makassar prince, allowing the prince a chance to account for himself and resolving the matter peacefully. But the prince refused to make an appearance and entrenched himself in the Makassar camp with his followers. La Mare's account noted that intermediaries were sent to the Makassar camp multiple times to negotiate with the prince, but the prince kept making excuses to avoid Narai's summons and at one point feigned illness. Narai, who was initially lenient, became increasingly angered with the prince's apparent insolence.Smithies 2002 77, 80, 90 At around the same time, a Makassarese galley sailing away from Ayutthaya was stopped at Bangkok by Siamese authorities overseen by Claude de Forbin. The crew was suspected to be implicated with the plot and they were uncooperative with the inspecting authorities. A bloody fight ensued where both Makassarese and Siamese suffered casualties.Smithies 2002 90Forbin Claude de Smithies Michael The Siamese Memoirs of Count Claude de Forbin 1685-1688 1996 Silkworm Books Chiangmai 97–119 After negotiation attempts failed, the Siamese force with English and French allies staged an assault on the Makassar camp of Ayutthaya. The Makassarese managed to kill several commanders during the assault, including Ok-luang Mahamontri from the Siamese force and John Coates along with Henry Udall from the English force, but they were outnumbered and completely surrounded. On 24th September 1686, with Phaulkon present on the battlefield, the Makassar prince was killed. Accounts disagree on who dealt the killing blow.La Mare wrote that a Frenchman shot the prince dead, Samuel White wrote that the prince was killed by the head of Phaulkon's lifeguard. Other accounts did not identify the prince's killer.Smithies 2002 90 Eventually all remaining Makassarese combatants were killed or taken prisoner. Phaulkon proceeded to King Narai with reports of the combat, and the king was satisfied with the conclusion.Smithies 2002 90 Aftermath Several accounts noted that Daeng Mangalle left behind two sons, Daeng Ruru and Daeng Tulolo, who were taken into custody shortly after their father was killed in action. They were sent to France, enrolled in Lycée Louis-le-Grand, and later baptized under the name Louis-Pierre Daén Rourou de Macassar and Louis-Dauphin Daén Toulolo de Macassar.Smithies 2002 90Pelras Christian La première description de Célèbes-sud en français et la destinée remarquable de deux jeunes princes makassar dans la France de Louis XIV Archipel 1997 54 63–80 10.3406/arch.1997.3417 https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1997_num_54_1_3417 22 July 2026Thamrin Mahandis Yonata Louis Pierre dan Louis Dauphin, Priyayi Makassar dalam Legiun Prancis https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/131696894/louis-pierre-dan-louis-dauphin-priyayi-makassar-dalam-legiun-prancis National Geographic Indonesia 22 July 2026 id 26 April 2019 Many of the remaining Makassarese in Ayutthaya fled south to Bangkok, and settled near a French fort which gave them protection. Later during the reign of King Chulalongkorn, South Sulawesi Muslims who fled the Dutch military expeditions of 1905 were permitted to settle in the area. The area is still known today as มักกะสัน Makkasan (Thai-fied form of "Makassar"), a khwaeng (sub-district) within the Ratchathewi district of Bangkok.Tadmor Uri Dialect endangerment: The case of Nonthaburi Malay Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2004 160 4 515 10.1163/22134379-90003721 27868164 https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868164 22 July 2026 free Wyatt David K. Thailand; A short history. 1982 Yale University Press New Haven CT/London 114-115 Some elders of Makkasan today claim to be descendants of both the 17th century Makassar immigrants and later 1905 immigrants.Van Roy Edward Contending Identities: Islam and Ethnicity in Old Bangkok Journal of the Siam Society 2016 104 195 https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/JSS_104_0i_VanRoy_ContendingIdentitiesIslamAndEthnicityInOldBangkok.pdf Notes References Bibliography Pelras Christian La conspiration des Makassar à Ayuthia en 1686 : ses dessous, son échec, son leader malchanceux. Témoignages européens et asiatiques Archipel 1998 56 163–198 10.3406/arch.1998.3484 https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1998_num_56_1_3484 23 July 2026 Pelras 1998 Journal of the Siam Society Michael Smithies Accounts of the Makassar Revolt, 1686 90 2002 73–100 https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2002/03/JSS_090_0f_Smithies_AccountOfMakasarRevolt.pdf Smithies 2002 Category:1686 in Asia Category:17th century in the Ayutthaya Kingdom