1998 Brazilian general election

none Brazil 4 October 1998 1994 Brazilian general election 1994 2002 Brazilian general election 2002 yes presidential 78.51% Presidential election 130x130px no Fernando Henrique Cardoso em maio de 1998 (cropped - 3x4).jpg Fernando Henrique Cardoso Marco Maciel (PFL) Brazilian Social Democracy Party Union, Work and Progress 35,922,692 53.06% Lula no comício de 1º de Maio de 1999 na cidade de São Paulo (cropped).jpg Lula da Silva Leonel Brizola (PDT) Workers' Party (Brazil) Union of People Change Brazil 21,470,333 31.71% Cirogomes2006 (cropped).jpg Ciro Gomes Roberto Freire Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) Real and Fair Brazil 7,424,783 10.97% 1998 Brazil Presidential Elections, Round 1.svg Presidential election results by state President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazilian Social Democratic Party Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazilian Social Democratic Party yes Chamber of Deputies All 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 257 Chamber of Deputies Brazilian Social Democracy Party Teotônio Vilela Filho 17.54 99 62 Liberal Front Party Jorge Bornhausen 17.30 105 89 PMDB Orestes Quércia 15.17 83 107 Workers' Party (Brazil) José Dirceu 13.19 58 49 PPB 11.35 60 new Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) Leonel Brizola 5.67 25 34 Brazilian Labour Party (current) 5.66 31 31 Brazilian Socialist Party 3.41 19 15 Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985) Alvaro Valle 2.47 12 13 Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) 1.31 3 2 Communist Party of Brazil 1.30 7 10 Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order Enéas Carneiro 0.89 1 0 PSD 0.76 3 3 Social Christian Party (Brazil) 0.67 3 3 Party of National Mobilization 0.54 2 4 Social Labour Party 0.29 1 new Social Liberal Party (Brazil) 0.27 1 New Brazil Chamber of Deputies, 1998.svg yes Senate 27 of the 81 seats in the Federal Senate yes Senate Brazilian Democratic Movement Party Orestes Quércia 21.69 10 Workers' Party (Brazil) José Dirceu 18.42 6 PPB 14.95 1 Liberal Front Party Jorge Bornhausen 11.40 5 Brazilian Social Democracy Party Teotônio Vilela Filho 10.30 4 Brazilian Socialist Party 6.39 1 General elections were held in Brazil on 4 October 1998 to elect the President, National Congress and state governorships. If no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a second-round runoff would have been held on 25 October. The election saw voting machines used for the first time in Brazilian history. Elected in 1994 amidst a hyperinflation crisis, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso of the centre-right Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) prioritized price stability policies during his term. Other notable policies pursued by Cardoso included the declaration of Decree 1775,Moore Sara Gavney Lemos Maria Carmen 1999-05-01 Indigenous Policy in Brazil: The Development of Decree 1775 and the Proposed Raposa/Serra do Sol Reserve, Roraima, Brazil https://muse.jhu.edu/article/13670 Human Rights Quarterly 21 2 444–463 10.1353/hrq.1999.0026 144099400 1085-794X subscription which allowed for increased commercial interest in indigenous lands, and the privatization of publicly-owned companies.Primeiro Governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/historiadobrasil/primeiro-governo-fernando-henrique-cardoso.htm 2020-12-02 Mundo Educação pt-br Vice President Marco Maciel of the conservative Liberal Front Party (PFL) served as Cardoso's running mate, as he did in the previous election.2004-06-23 Leonel Brizola, 82; Brazilian Politician https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-23-me-brizola23-story.html 2020-12-02 Los Angeles Times en-US Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party (PT), a former labor leader and federal deputy, ran for the presidency for a third time.Boas Taylor C. https://books.google.com/books?id=vIIHDgAAQBAJ&q=lula+1998&pg=PA119 Presidential Campaigns in Latin America: Electoral Strategies and Success Contagion 2016-03-04 Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-54626-0 en Lula had previously run for the presidency in both 1989, where he lost to Fernando Collor, and 1994, where he lost to Cardoso. Lula chose Leonel Brizola of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), a longtime fixture of the Brazilian Left who was a chief competitor of his in 1989, as his running mate. In addition to Lula, Ciro Gomes, a populist who previously served as Governor of Ceará and as Minister of Finance in the conservative government of President Itamar Franco, mounted his own campaign.Folha de S.Paulo - Partido pode apoiar Ciro Gomes - 30/6/1998 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1998/6/30/brasil/8.html 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br Running as a member of the centre-left Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Ciro attempted to present himself as a progressive alternative to Lula. Cardoso won reelection with an absolute majority in the first round, negating the need for a second round. In doing so, he became the first President of Brazil to be reelected since the fall of the military dictatorship. Four years later, Lula would succeed him after winning the 2002 presidential election, while Ciro would mount a second presidential bid in the same election, where he came in fourth place. As of 2026, this remains the most recent time a right-leaning presidential candidate won most of the Northeast (more specifically, winning the states of Bahia, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe) as well as the states of Pará and Tocantins. Background Fernando Henrique Cardoso, better known as "FHC", had been inaugurated as president on January 1, 1995, after defeating Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, his main rival in the 1994 election, in the first round by an advantage of almost 30 million votes.MASON, Anthony. Memórias do Século XX - Vol. 6: Tempos Modernos, 1970-1999. Translated and adapted by Maria Clara de Mello Motta. Rio de Janeiro: Reader's Digest, 2004. 85-7645-016-X FHC had based his first presidential campaign in the then newly launched Real Plan and the promise of stabilizing the economy of Brazil. As a matter of fact, the plan had a positive effect during the first years of his administration, being able to curb the exorbitant inflation rates, stabilize the exchange rate, and increase the purchasing power of the Brazilian population without shocks or price freezing. On the very first day of his administration, the Treaty of Asunción came into force. Signed by Fernando Collor de Mello, it predicted the implementation of Mercosur, a free trade area between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Moreover, the first FHC administration was marked by political and economic reforms, such as the end of the state monopolies in oil and telecommunications, the reform on the social security plans, and the change in the concept of "national company". Although approved in the Congress, the reforms carried by the federal government met strong resistance from the opposition, most notably the Workers' Party, which fiercely criticized the privatization of companies such as Vale do Rio Doce and the constitutional amendment that allowed the re-election of officeholders in the Executive branch. As a result, Peter Mandelson, a close aide to then British Prime Minister and Labour Party leader Tony Blair, alleged that the Workers' Party's proposals represented "an old-fashioned and out-of-date socialism".https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/138231.stm Mandelson under fire in Brazil BBC News 1998-07-23 2010-11-01 At that time, FHC-Blair relations were magnified, once both of them were adherents of the Third Way. Despite its political victories, the government needed to impose measures to cool down the domestic demand and help the trade balance, which eventually caused unemployment to grow and made the economy show signs of recession. Other areas, such as health, education and land reform also suffered major crises. The violent conflict in the countryside reached its peak with the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre. Thus, FHC's reelection campaign was based on the idea that the continuity of his government was essential for the stabilization to reach areas other than the economy, such as health, agriculture, employment, education, and public security. thumb|President Fernando Henrique Cardoso in 1998. Presidential election Candidates The 1998 presidential race had twelve candidates, the largest number of candidates since the 1989 election, when over twenty candidacies were launched. The number could have been as high as fifteen, but the Electoral Justice withdrew the candidacy of impeached President Fernando Collor de Mello,"O Caso Collor - A tentativa de retorno" https://web.archive.org/web/20090609172849/http://www.tse.jus.br/internet/jurisprudencia/julgados_historicos/1990/collor3.htm June 9, 2009 . Superior Electoral Court. December 19, 2008. Accessed December 2, 2010. while Oswaldo Souza OliveiraMENEZES, Ana Cláudia. "Candidatos passam o Dia dos Pais com as famílias" https://web.archive.org/web/20111002071924/http://www1.an.com.br/1998/ago/10/0pot.htm 2011-10-02 . A Notícia. August 10, 1998. Accessed December 2, 2010. and João Olivar Farias declined to run. Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) The Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) reprised the coalition which had elected Cardoso four years prior, comprising the Liberal Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). They were joined by the Progressive Party (PPB), the Social Democratic Party (PSD), and the Social Liberal Party (PSL). Once again, PFL member Marco Maciel served as Cardoso's running mate. Workers' Party (PT) The Workers' Party reprised its past two candidacies, by launching former union leader and federal deputy Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as its candidate and forming a coalition with the Communist Party of Brazil, and the Brazilian Socialist Party. Other PT members, such as former Mayor of Porto Alegre Tarso Genro, were mentioned as potential candidates.Folha de S.Paulo - Brizola ofusca Lula em 1° ato conjunto - 22/11/97 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc221110.htm 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br Indeed, it was reported in 1997 that Lula was willing to give up his candidacy in favor of backing a bid by Genro, though this did not come to fruition.Folha de S.Paulo - Lula apóia Tarso Genro para Presidência - 12/05/97 https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/brasil/fc120515.htm 2020-12-02 www1.folha.uol.com.br The novelty in this election was the choice of longtime fixture of the Brazilian Left Leonel Brizola, a member of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), as his running mate. Unlike in 1994, when close Lula ally and fellow PT member Aloizio Mercadante was chosen as Lula's running mate, Brizola had previously been a rival of Lula's, serving as his main opposition on the left in the 1989 election. The PT previously refrained from forming coalitions with parties linked to varguista labour unions to guarantee the Central Única dos Trabalhadores' (CUT) independence. As a result, the United Socialist Workers' Party left the coalition and launched union leader José Maria de Almeida as its candidate. Brizola was noted for his combative style in contrast to Lula's more "diplomatic" tone on the campaign trail, while led the Folha de S.Paulo to declare that he "outshine[d]" Lula in their first joint appearance. thumb|Leonel Brizola, a longtime fixture of the Brazilian Left, who served as the running mate of his former rival Lula in the 1998 election. Socialist People's Party (PPS) Former Governor of Ceará Ciro Gomes run for president, and, therefore, his Socialist People's Party (PPS) did not join the Workers' Party coalition as they did in the previous election. After Oswaldo Souza Oliveira's quit the race, his Party of the Nation's Retirees decided to support Gomes. Other candidates After securing the third place in the 1994 election, Enéas Carneiro from the far-right Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA) also run in 1998. This time, however, he only received 1.4 million votes, against 4.6 million in 1994. Carneiro's running mate was Irapuan Teixeira, a professor who would later become a member of the Chamber of Deputies as a member of PRONA. This election also brought the second woman candidate ever: Thereza Tinajero Ruiz from the National Labor Party, which replaced Dorival Masci de Abreu.LARANJEIRA, Leandro. "Mulheres podem fazer história nas eleições de 2010" https://web.archive.org/web/20120308081524/http://www.dgabc.com.br/News/5759619/mulheres-podem-fazer-historia-nas-eleicoes-de-2010.aspx 2012-03-08 . Diário do Grande ABC. 10 de agosto de 2009. Acesso em: 28 de junho de 2010. Party Candidate Most relevant political office or occupationPartyRunning mateCoalitionElectoral number 100x100px|Workers' Party Workers' Party (PT) 100px|Luiz Inácio Lula da SilvaLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva Member of the Chamber of Deputies from São Paulo(1987–1991) 100x100px|Democratic Labour Party Democratic Labour Party (PDT) 100px|Leonel BrizolaLeonel BrizolaUnion of the People Change Brazil Workers' Party (PT) Democratic Labour Party (PDT) Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB) Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) Brazilian Communist Party (PCB)13 100x100px|United Socialist Workers' Party United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU) 100px|José Maria de AlmeidaJosé Maria de Almeida PSTU National President(since 1993) 100x100px|United Socialist Workers' Party United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU) José Galvão de Lima16National Labour Party (PTN) Thereza RuizNational Labour Party (PTN) Eduardo Gomes19 100x100px|Social Christian Party Social Christian Party (PSC) Sérgio Bueno 100x100px|Social Christian Party Social Christian Party (PSC) Ronald Azaro20 100x100px|Popular Socialist Party Popular Socialist Party (PPS) 100px|Ciro GomesCiro Gomes Governor of Ceará(1991–1994) 100x100px|Popular Socialist Party Popular Socialist Party (PPS) 100px|Roberto FreireRoberto FreireReal and Fair Brazil Popular Socialist Party (PPS) Liberal Party (PL) Party of the Nations' Retirees (PAN)23 100x100px|Christian Social Democratic Party Christian Social Democratic Party (PSDC) 100px|José Maria EymaelJosé Maria Eymael Member of the Chamber of Deputies from São Paulo(1987–1995) 100x100px|Christian Social Democratic Party Christian Social Democratic Party (PSDC) Josmar Alderete27National Solidarity Party (PSN) 100px|Vasco Azevedo NetoVasco Azevedo Neto Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Bahia(1971–1989)National Solidarity Party (PSN) Alexandre Santos31 100x100px|Party of National Mobilization Party of National Mobilization (PMN) Ivan Frota Lieutenant-brigadier of the Brazilian Air Force 100x100px|Party of National Mobilization Party of National Mobilization (PMN) João Ferreira da Silva33 100x100px|Green Party Green Party (PV) 100px|Alfredo SirkisAlfredo Sirkis Member of the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro(1989–1997) 100x100px|Green Party Green Party (PV) Carla Piranda Rabello43 100x100px|Brazilian Social Democracy Party Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) 100px|Fernando Henrique CardosoFernando Henrique Cardoso President of Brazil(1995–2003) 100x100px|Liberal Front Party Liberal Front Party (PFL) 100px|Marco MacielMarco MacielUnion, Work and Progres Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) Liberal Front Party (PFL) Brazilian Progressive Party Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) Social Democratic Party (PSD)45 Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA) 100px|Enéas CarneiroEnéas Carneiro PRONA National President(1989–2006) Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order (PRONA) Irapuan Teixeira56Labour Party of Brazil (PTdoB) João de DeusLabour Party of Brazil (PTdoB) Nanci Pilar70 Results President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Marco Maciel (PFL) Brazilian Social Democracy Party 35936540 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Leonel Brizola (PDT) Workers' Party 21475218 Ciro Gomes Roberto Freire Popular Socialist Party Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) 7426190 Enéas Carneiro Irapuan Teixeira pt Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 1447090 Ivan Frota pt João Ferreira da Silva Party of National Mobilization 251337 Alfredo Sirkis Carla Miranda Rabello Green Party 212984 José Maria de Almeida José Galvão de Lima United Socialist Workers' Party 202659 João de Deus Nanci Pilar Labour Party of Brazil Labour Party of Brazil 198916 José Maria Eymael Josmar Alderete Christian Social Democratic Party 171831 Thereza Ruiz pt Eduardo Gomes National Labour Party National Labour Party (Brazil) 166138 Sérgio Bueno Ronald Azaro Social Christian Party 124659 Vasco Azevedo Neto Alexandre José dos Santos National Solidarity Party 109003 15575298 106101067 NohlenDieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p234 978-0-19-928358-3 Chamber of Deputies File:1998 Brazilian Chamber of Deputies election.svg Brazilian Social Democracy Party 11684900 99 +37 Liberal Front Party Liberal Front Party 11526193 105 +16 Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 10105609 83 –24 Workers' Party 8786499 58 +9 Brazilian Progressive Party Progressive Party (Brazil) 7558601 60 New Democratic Labour Party 3776541 25 –9 Brazilian Labour Party #7B7B7B 3768260 31 0 Brazilian Socialist Party 2273751 19 –4 Liberal Party 1643881 12 –1 Popular Socialist Party Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) 872348 3 +1 Communist Party of Brazil 869270 7 –3 Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 592632 1 +1 Social Democratic Party 503713 3 0 Social Christian Party 446256 3 0 Party of National Mobilization 360298 2 –2 Green Party 292691 0 –1 Progressive Republican Party 255509 0 –1 Labour Party of Brazil Labour Party of Brazil 216640 0 0 Social Labour Party 193562 1 New United Socialist Workers' Party 187675 0 0 Social Liberal Party 177037 1 New National Solidarity Party 136829 0 New National Labour Party National Labour Party (Brazil) 64712 0 New Party of the Nation's Retirees 62653 0 New Christian Social Democratic Party 62057 0 New National Reconstruction Party National Reconstruction Party 54641 0 –1 Brazilian Labour Renewal Party 53778 0 0 Brazilian Communist Party 49620 0 0 Workers' General Party 27825 0 New Workers' Cause Party 8067 0 New 16668707 0 106053106 Nohlen,Nohlen, pp196-226 Senate Senate File:Senado Federal Brasil 1998.svg Elected Total Brazilian Democratic Movement Party 13414074 10 26 Workers' Party 11392662 6 7 Brazilian Progressive Party 9246089 1 3 Liberal Front Party Liberal Front Party 7047853 5 20 Brazilian Social Democracy Party 6366681 4 16 Brazilian Socialist Party 3949025 1 3 Democratic Labour Party 3195863 0 4 Brazilian Labour Party 2449479 0 1 Popular Socialist Party Popular Socialist Party (Brazil) 1846897 0 1 Communist Party of Brazil 559218 0 0 Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order 376043 0 0 Social Christian Party 371873 0 0 United Socialist Workers' Party 371618 0 0 Social Labour Party 213643 0 0 Green Party 163425 0 0 Party of National Mobilization 144541 0 0 Christian Social Democratic Party 114573 0 0 National Solidarity Party 110080 0 0 National Reconstruction Party National Reconstruction Party 99077 0 0 Progressive Republican Party 76969 0 0 Liberal Party 71974 0 0 Brazilian Labour Renewal Party 67586 0 0 Labour Party of Brazil Labour Party of Brazil 62086 0 0 Party of the Nation's Retirees 43389 0 0 National Labour Party National Labour Party (Brazil) 42042 0 0 Social Democratic Party 18647 0 0 Social Liberal Party 12870 0 0 Workers' General Party 11810 0 0 Workers' Cause Party 274 0 0 21435568 106053106 Nohlen,Nohlen, p213 IPU Notes References Brazil Gen Category:Parliamentary elections in Brazil Category:Presidential elections in Brazil Brazil