16-inch howitzer M1920

June 2026 16-inch howitzer M1920 A 16 inch howitzer at Fort Story, VA and the men who operate it. - NARA - 196280.jpg 300px 16-inch howitzer M1920 at Fort Story, Virginia United States Coastal artillery yes yes 1922–1947 United States Army World War II Watervliet Arsenal 1918 Watervliet Arsenal 1920 *Probably 5 (prototype plus 4 operational) 4 carriagesBerhow, pp. 178-179 25 calibers, 400 in m bore length bagged charge, separate loading, 2,100 lb on AP shellBerhow, p. 61 16 inch (406 mm) 24,500 yd manual Interrupted screw, Welin type hydropneumaticFM 4-85, pp. 24-26 barbette M1920 -7° to +65° 360° The 16-inch howitzer M1920 (406 mm) was a coastal artillery piece installed to defend major American seaports between 1922 and 1947. They were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. They were installed on high-angle barbette mountings to allow plunging fire. Only four of these weapons were deployed, all at Fort Story, Virginia. All were scrapped within a few years after World War II. History Around the outbreak of World War I in 1914 it was noted that the rapid development of dreadnought battleships might soon render US coast defenses obsolescent. These had been constructed 1895-1915 under the Endicott and Taft programs. The United States Army's initial response was to place some existing 12-inch guns on high-angle long-range mountings. This program had barely commenced when the American entry into World War I occurred in April 1917. The Coast Artillery Corps was tasked with operating almost all US-manned heavy and railway artillery in that war, as they were the only component of the Army experienced with large guns and having significant troop strength. Among several types of French-made railway artillery weapons operated by the Coast Artillery were two 400 mm (15.75 inch) Modele 1916 howitzers.Miller, Vol. II, p. 109 This weapon combined a large shell with a high trajectory, dropping almost straight down onto enemy trenches and fortifications. The Coast Artillery wanted to use this capability for plunging fire against the thin deck armor of enemy ships. Initially a single developmental 16-inch howitzer M1918, 18 calibers long, was produced and mounted on a railway carriage.Miller, Vol. I, pp. 443-457 Testing with this showed that a somewhat longer weapon, allowing greater range, would be suitable for coastal defense. This originated the 16-inch M1920 howitzer, 25 calibers long. The high-angle M1920 barbette carriage was designed to allow plunging fire with an elevation of 65 degrees. A similar carriage was also developed for the 16-inch gun M1919, 50 calibers long, with the same elevation and for the same reason.Ordnance, pp. 147-149 The combined effects of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the signature of the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, ending the "War to End All Wars", cut military budgets heavily. Although the new 16-inch weapons were produced and deployed, this occurred in very limited quantities. Only seven M1919 guns and four M1920 howitzers were deployed by 1923. All four of the M1920 howitzers were deployed at Fort Story, Virginia, in the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay.Fort Story at FortWiki.com The narrow entrance to the bay could be adequately covered by the short-ranged howitzers. They were initially in one battery, Battery Pennington, named for Colonel Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington Jr., who served in the Civil War and the Spanish–American War. Their mountings were open, making them vulnerable to air attack, a possibility the Army did little to allow for until the late 1930s. A rail system supplied the guns with ammunition from magazines to the rear of the guns. A plotting room bunker was also behind the guns. In 1940 emplacements 3 and 4 were renamed Battery Walke, after Brigadier General Willoughby Walke. In 1941 shields were provided for each gun to give the crews some protection, but the guns were never casemated, unlike most Army 16-inch gun installations. After World War II ended it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and the battery was inactivated in 1947, with all guns and carriages scrapped soon after. Gallery See also Coastal artillery Seacoast defense in the United States United States Army Coast Artillery Corps 16-inch gun M1919 16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun Coast Artillery fire control system References 30em Berhow Mark A. American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide Third McLean, Virginia CDSG Press 2015 978-0-9748167-3-9 Crowell Benedict Benedict Crowell America's Munitions 1917-1918 Government Printing Office 1919 Washington, DC https://archive.org/stream/americasmunitio01deptgoog#page/n8/mode/2up Lewis Emanuel Raymond Seacoast Fortifications of the United States Leeward Publications 1979 Annapolis 978-0-929521-11-4 Miller H. W. Railway Artillery I, II US Government Printing Office 1921 Washington http://www.eugeneleeslover.com/ENGINEERING/Railway_artillery_guns_1921.html 443–457 American Coast Artillery Materiel http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15040coll1/id/361/filename/362.pdf Government Printing Office 1922 266–274 Washington FM 4-85, Service of the Piece, 16-inch gun and howitzer External links June 2017 Category:World War II artillery of the United States Category:Coastal artillery Category:400 mm artillery Category:Howitzers Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1920s