2010s in Africa

None July 2023 Events from the decade 2010s in Africa. International events in Africa Arab Winter History by country Algeria The 2010–2012 Algerian protests were a series of protests taking place throughout Algeria, lasting from 28 December 2010 to early 2012. The protests had been inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. Causes cited by the protesters included unemployment, the lack of housing, food-price inflation, corruption, restrictions on freedom of speech and poor living conditions. The 2019–2021 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles,Adlène Meddi 15 March 2019 Algérie, les 4 pièges à éviter pour la "révolution du sourire" Algeria, the 4 traps to avoid for the "smile revolution" https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-4-pieges-a-eviter-pour-la-revolution-du-sourire-15-03-2019-2301261_24.php live https://web.archive.org/web/20190326001528/https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-4-pieges-a-eviter-pour-la-revolution-du-sourire-15-03-2019-2301261_24.php 26 March 2019 16 March 2019 Le Point frMyriam Belkaïd 19 March 2019 La révolution du sourire, Acte 1, scène 4 fr The Smile Revolution, Act 1, Scene 4 HuffPost Maghreb https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-revolution-du-sourire-acte-i-scene-4_mg_5c9097dde4b071a25a861aff usurped 2 April 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085851/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-revolution-du-sourire-acte-i-scene-4_mg_5c9097dde4b071a25a861aff 27 March 2019 began on 16 February 2019, six days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement. The protests were peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019.Tlemçani Rachid 2008 Algeria Under Bouteflika: Civil Strife and National Reconciliation http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec7_tlemcani_algeria_final.pdf live Carnegie Papers 7 https://web.archive.org/web/20110725141559/http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec7_tlemcani_algeria_final.pdf 25 July 2011 6 April 2019 By early May, a significant number of power-brokers close to the deposed administration, including the former president's younger brother Saïd, had been arrested.4 May 2019 Algeria: Said Bouteflika and two spy chiefs arrested https://www.dw.com/en/algeria-said-bouteflika-and-two-spy-chiefs-arrested/a-48604645 live https://web.archive.org/web/20190526015417/https://www.dw.com/en/algeria-said-bouteflika-and-two-spy-chiefs-arrested/a-48604645 26 May 2019 25 May 2019 DW5 May 2019 Algeria Military Judge Orders Arrest of Bouteflika's Brother https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1709101/algeria-military-judge-orders-arrest-bouteflika%E2%80%99s-brother live https://web.archive.org/web/20190526015417/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1709101/algeria-military-judge-orders-arrest-bouteflika%25E2%2580%2599s-brother 26 May 2019 25 May 2019 Asharq Al-Awsat The 2019 Algerian presidential election was held in Algeria on 12 December 2019.16 September 2019 Algerian presidential election fixed for December 12, says interim president https://www.france24.com/en/20190915-algeria-presidential-election-fixed-december-12-says-bensalah-bouteflika France 24 After Bouteflika resigned on 2 April, Abdelkader Bensalah was elected acting president by parliament a week later.Abdelkader Bensalah named Algeria's interim president France24, 9 April 2019 On 10 April the election was rescheduled for 4 July.10 April 2019 Algeria to hold elections on July 4: presidency https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/algeria-hold-elections-july-4-presidency-190410172027171.html 10 April 2019 Al Jazeera On 2 June the Constitutional Council postponed the elections again, citing a lack of candidates.2 June 2019 Algeria elections planned for 4 July 'impossible', authorities say https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48490312 BBC News In a 200000 strong protest on 1 November, Algerian protestors rejected the 12 December election and called for a radical change in the system to take place first. The Forces of the Democratic Alternative (FDA) alliance and the Justice and Development Front also called for boycotting the 12 December election, and the FDA called for creating a constituent assembly. Angola On 21 January 2010 the National Assembly of Angola approved a new constitution to replace the interim constitution that had been in effect since independence in 1975.21 January 2010 Constituent Assembly approves Angolan Constitution Angola Press http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/politica/2010/0/3/Constituent-Assembly-approves-Angolan-Constitution,7c03e88b-4d2c-425f-bacd-caf923937062.html 21 January 2010 27 February 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120227151123/http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/en_us/noticias/politica/2010/0/3/Constituent-Assembly-approves-Angolan-Constitution,7c03e88b-4d2c-425f-bacd-caf923937062.html deadRedvers Louise 21 January 2010 Angola parliament approves constitution AFP https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iA3k8mkzStzIGekIS3f_bQ58DFsQ https://web.archive.org/web/20111127163309/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iA3k8mkzStzIGekIS3f_bQ58DFsQ dead November 27, 2011 21 January 2010 The Assembly approved this constitution in its entirety, by a 186–0 vote. Two assembly members abstained. The vote in the national assembly was boycotted by the opposition (UNITA) party, which claimed that the constitutional process had been flawed and undermined democracy. Burkina Faso On 15 February 2011, soldiers mutinied in the capital Ouagadougou over unpaid housing allowances;16 April 2011 Soldiers go on rampage over pay in Burkina Faso The Independent London https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/soldiers-go-on-rampage-over-pay-in-burkina-faso-2268641.html dead 2011-04-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20121111052432/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/soldiers-go-on-rampage-over-pay-in-burkina-faso-2268641.html 11 November 2012 President Blaise Compaoré briefly fled the capital and sought safety in his hometown of Ziniaré.Compaoré returns to capital after soldiers mutiny 15 April 2011 http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20110415-campaore-defiant-after-presidential-guard-mutiny 2011-04-17 By Sunday 17 April, the mutiny had spread to the town of Pô in southern Burkina Faso;Soldiers' unrest spreads to S. Burkina Faso http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17867806?nclick_check=1 2011-04-17 San Jose Mercury News there were also protests over a court's decision to sentence several officers to prison sentences. The mutiny followed popular protests over rising prices in several cities across Burkina Faso, and protests starting 22 February over the death of a student in police custody in February, as well as the shooting of several other protesters. Five student protesters were reportedly killed in February.17 April 2011 Burkina-Faso : Heurts à Ouagadougou – 11 mars – Le Jura Libertaire http://juralibertaire.over-blog.com/article-burkina-faso-heurts-a-ouagadougou-11-mars-69131569.html 2011-04-17 The 2014 Burkinabé uprising was a series of demonstrations and riots in Burkina Faso in October 2014 that quickly spread to multiple cities. They began in response to attempts at changing the constitution to allow President Blaise Compaoré to run again and extend his 27 years in office. Pressure for political change came from civil society and in particular from the country's youth.Boukari Ouoba A triumpf for young people http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/burkinabe-youth-united-end-rule-president-blaise-compaore 2 January 2017 D+C, development and cooperation 14 December 2016 Following a tumultuous day on 30 October, which included the involvement of former Defence Minister Kouamé Lougué and the burning of the National Assembly and other government buildings as well as the ruling Congress for Democracy and Progress party's headquarters, Compaoré dissolved the government and declared a state of emergency before eventually fleeing to Côte d'Ivoire with the support of President Alassane Ouattara. The 2015 Burkinabé coup d'état was launched on 16 September 2015 in Burkina Faso, when members of the Regiment of Presidential Security (RSP) – a controversial autonomous military unit, formed under President Blaise Compaoré – detained the country's government. Among those detained were the transitional President Michel Kafando, Prime Minister Yacouba Isaac Zida (who was also the former deputy commander of the RSP), and numerous members of the cabinet.Ouedraogo Brahima 16 September 2015 Military detains Burkina Faso's president, prime minister weeks ahead of landmark vote U.S. News & World Report Associated Press https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/09/16/military-detains-burkina-faso-leaders-weeks-before-vote 16 September 2015 This transitional government was formed in the wake of the 2014 uprising. However, the junta failed to consolidate its authority across the country, and faced protests as well as intense pressure from regional leaders, and eventually from the regular army, to restore the transitional government. Ultimately, after the regular army entered Ouagadougou to confront the RSP, Kafando was restored as president on 23 September 2015. The 2016 Burkinabé coup d'état attempt was an attempt to overthrow the government of Burkina Faso on 8 October 2016. At least 30 ex-members of the elite presidential guard (known as the RSP) planned an attack on three locations: the presidential residence, an Army barracks, and a prison in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso.Burkina Faso coup attempt thwarted government http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/burkina-faso-coup-attempt-thwarted-government-161021154201818.html Al-jazeera Two people were killed and at least ten other people have been arrested in connection with the attempt.Burkina Faso says another coup plot foiled by authorities https://www.foxnews.com/world/burkina-faso-says-another-coup-plot-foiled-by-authorities Fox news 21 October 2016Burkina Faso 'foils coup plot by forces loyal to Compaore' BBC News 21 October 2016 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37731778 Burundi Presidential elections were held in Burundi on June 28, 2010. As a result of withdrawals and alleged fraud and intimidation, incumbent President Pierre Nkurunziza was the only candidate. In early March 2010, the run-up to the election was described as "explosive" due to a combination of demobilized former combatants and violence between youth activists in the ruling CNDD-FDD and opposition FRODEBU.Tensions High in Run-Up to Elections IRIN, March 4, 2010 On June 1, 2010, five opposition candidates, including Agathon Rwasa, who was considered the strongest contender, withdrew from the elections, alleging that the government intended to rig it.June 1, 2010 Burundi opposition candidates to boycott presidential poll Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6503C620100601 July 4, 2010 Parliamentary elections were held in Burundi on July 23, 2010.Maximiliano Herrera Electoral Calendar- world elections, US elections, presidential election, world parties http://www.mherrera.org/elections.htm August 21, 2010 Mherrera.orgBurundi's presidential election to be held on 28 June 2010 http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/burundi%27s-presidential-election-to-be-held-on-28-june-2010-2009121640115.html dead https://archive.today/20120722150012/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/burundi's-presidential-election-to-be-held-on-28-june-2010-2009121640115.html July 22, 2012 August 21, 2010 Afriquejet.com The opposition parties boycotted the election after also boycotting the presidential election.AFP June 30, 2010 AFP: Burundi's president Pierre Nkurunziza re-elected https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hHl55epxpc6OXNZIfZR2cUw95iLw https://web.archive.org/web/20110123221627/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hHl55epxpc6OXNZIfZR2cUw95iLw dead January 23, 2011 August 21, 2010 On April 25, 2015, the incumbent President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, announced he would run for a third term in the 2015 presidential election. The announcement sparked protests by those opposed to Nkurunziza seeking a third term in office.Burundi: Crackdown on Protesters Human Rights Watch, April 27, 2015 Widespread demonstrations in the then-capital, Bujumbura, lasted for over three weeks. As a result of the protests, the government also shut down the country's Internet and telephone network, closed all of the country's universities, and publicly referred to the protesters as "terrorists". Tens of thousands of people fled the country, hundreds of people were arrested, and several protesters and police were killed. On May 13, 2015, a coup d'état was attempted, led by Major General Godefroid Niyombare, while President Nkurunziza was in Tanzania attending an emergency conference about the situation in the country. By the next day the coup collapsed and government forces reasserted control. At least 240 people were killed over the next few months, and on December 11, 87 people were killed in attacks on state targets. Violence continued through 2017.Three killed in Burundi grenade attacks at bars Al Jazeera, August 18, 2017 Cameroon Anglophone problem The 2016–17 Cameroonian protests began on October 6, 2016, as a sit-down strike initiated by the Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium (CACSC), an organization consisting of lawyer and teacher trade unions from the Anglophone regions of Cameroon. The strike was led by Barrister Agbor Balla, Fontem Neba, and Tassang Wilfred.February 13, 2017 Trial over Cameroon's Anglophone protests exposes national divide Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cameroon-protests/trial-over-cameroons-anglophone-protests-exposes-national-divide-idUSKBN15S1UH September 13, 2017 Within two weeks, more than 100 activists had reportedly been arrested. Six were reported dead. Unconfirmed videos released over social media depicted a variety of violent scenes, including demonstrators "parading the dead body of an activist, barricades set ablaze, [and] police brutally beating protesters and firing tear gas against the crowds".November 23, 2016 Arrests in Cameroon language protests en-GB BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38078238 September 13, 2017Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon CNN https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html September 13, 2017 In September 2017, separatists in the Anglophone territories of Northwest Region and Southwest Region (collectively known as Southern Cameroons) declared the independence of Ambazonia and began fighting against the Government of Cameroon.March 13, 2018 Deadly clashes between troops, ADF forces leave Nguti on the brink Journal du Cameroun https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/deadly-clashes-troops-adf-forces-leave-nguti-brink/ dead April 22, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180421094808/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/deadly-clashes-troops-adf-forces-leave-nguti-brink/ April 21, 2018. Starting as a low-scale insurgency, the conflict spread to most parts of the Anglophone regions within a year.Picking a Fight: The Rise of Armed Separatists in Cameroon, ACLED. Accessed November 17, 2018. By the summer of 2019, the government controlled the major cities and parts of the countryside, while the separatists held parts of the countryside and regularly appeared in the major cities.Cameroon’s Anglophone Crisis: How to Get to Talks?, Crisis Group, May 2, 2019. Accessed May 2, 2019. The war has killed approximately 3,000 peopleCameroon’s Anglophone Dialogue: A Work in Progress, CrisisGroup, September 26, 2019. Accessed October 28, 2019. and forced more than half a million people to flee their homes. Although 2019 saw the first known instance of dialogue between Cameroon and the separatists,Cameroon: Ambazonia leaders endorse Swiss-led dialogue to solve Anglophone crisis, Journal du Cameroun, June 28, 2019. Accessed June 28, 2019. as well as a state-organized national dialogue and the granting of a special status to the Anglophone regions,Cameroon grants special status to Anglophone regions, Reuters, December 20, 2019. Accessed December 22, 2019. the war continued to intensify in late 2019.Cameroon's Separatists Intensify Attacks to Protest Dialogue, Voice of America, September 24, 2019. Accessed September 26, 2019. Internal divisions among the separatists since the 2019 Ambazonian leadership crisis has complicated the situation.Cameroon holds first peace talks with main separatist insurgents, Reuters, July 4, 2020. Accessed July 4, 2020. Central African Republic In the Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007), the government of President François Bozizé fought with rebels until a peace agreement in 2007. The Central African Republic Civil War arose when a new coalition of varied rebel groups, known as Séléka, accused the government of failing to abide by the peace agreementsUppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Central African Republic, In depth: The Seleka Rebellion, viewed May 16, 2013, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=31&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa# https://web.archive.org/web/20131212110026/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=31&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa December 12, 2013 and captured many towns at the end of 2012. The capital was seized by the rebels in March 2013,Zuma joins regional leaders over crisis in Central African Republic, BDay Live, by Nicholas Kotch, April 19, 2013, 07:50, http://www.bdlive.co.za/africa/africannews/2013/04/19/zuma-joins-regional-leaders-over-crisis-in-central-african-republic https://web.archive.org/web/20130421154101/http://www.bdlive.co.za/africa/africannews/2013/04/19/zuma-joins-regional-leaders-over-crisis-in-central-african-republic April 21, 2013 Bozizé fled the country,March 24, 2013 CAR rebels 'seize' presidential palace Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html live March 24, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130324125650/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html March 24, 2013 and the rebel leader Michel Djotodia declared himself president.March 24, 2013 Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la république centrafricaine http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/5min/20130324-rca-suivez-evenements-republique-centrafricaine-bozize-seleka live https://web.archive.org/web/20130324222308/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/5min/20130324-rca-suivez-evenements-republique-centrafricaine-bozize-seleka March 24, 2013 March 24, 2013 Radio France International French Renewed fighting began between Séléka and militias called anti-balaka.1 Jul 2013 CrisisWatch N°119 http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/crisiswatch/2013/crisiswatch-119.aspx dead https://web.archive.org/web/20130920140045/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/crisiswatch/2013/crisiswatch-119.aspx September 20, 2013 September 20, 2013 International Crisis Group In September 2013, President Djotodia disbanded the Séléka coalition, which had lost its unity after taking power, and in January 2014, Djotodia resigned.January 10, 2014 Central African Republic president, PM resign at summit: statement Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrican-djotodia-idUSBREA090GT20140110 live January 10, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20151013022708/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/us-centralafrican-djotodia-idUSBREA090GT20140110 October 13, 2015January 10, 2014 CAR president Djotodia and PM Tiangaye resign http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20140110-car-president-djotodia-and-pm-tiangaye-resign live https://web.archive.org/web/20140111221956/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20140110-car-president-djotodia-and-pm-tiangaye-resign January 11, 2014 January 13, 2014 Radio France Internationale He was replaced by Catherine Samba-Panza,January 20, 2014 Centrafrique: Catherine Samba-Panza élue présidente de la transition http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140120-presidence-transition-rca-catherine-samba-panza-elue-desire-kolingba live https://web.archive.org/web/20140121011219/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140120-presidence-transition-rca-catherine-samba-panza-elue-desire-kolingba January 21, 2014 January 20, 2014 Radio France Internationale but the conflict continued.New CAR PM says ending atrocities is priority http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/01/new-car-pm-says-ending-atrocities-priority-2014126124325498176.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20150205224521/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/01/new-car-pm-says-ending-atrocities-priority-2014126124325498176.html February 5, 2015 January 28, 2014 Al Jazeera In July 2014, ex-Séléka factions and anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville."RCA: signature d’un accord de cessez-le-feu à Brazzaville https://web.archive.org/web/20140729005744/http://www.lavoixdelamerique.com/content/rca-signature-d-un-accord-de-cessez-le-feu-a-brazzaville/1964081.html 29 July 2014". VOA. July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2014. By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the anti-Balaka controlling the south and west, from which most Muslims had evacuated, and ex-Seleka groups controlling the north and east.One day we will start a big war https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/one-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20170205203123/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/one-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence/ February 5, 2017 February 13, 2017 Foreign Policy By 2015, there was little government control outside of the capital, Bangui.One day we will start a big war https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/one-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence/ Foreign Policy February 13, 2017 The dissolution of Seleka led to ex-Seleka fighters forming new militia that often fight each other. The rebel leader Noureddine Adam declared the autonomous Republic of Logone on December 14, 2015.Central African rebel leader declares autonomous republic Reuters 15 December 2015 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-politics-idUSKBN0TY1F620151215 December 16, 2015 In February 2016, after a peaceful election, the former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was elected president. In Western CAR, another rebel group, with no known links to Seleka or Antibalaka, called Return, Reclamation, Rehabilitation (3R) formed in 2015 reportedly by self-proclaimedDecember 20, 2016 Central African Republic: Mayhem by New Group Human Rights Watch https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/20/central-african-republic-mayhem-new-group February 28, 2017 general Sidiki Abass, claiming to be protecting Muslim Fulani people from an Antibalaka militia led by Abbas Rafal.December 23, 2016 Newly formed 3R rebel group inflicts horrors in CAR: UN Al jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/newly-formed-3r-rebel-group-inflicts-horrors-car-161223035217671.html February 28, 2017 By 2017, more than 14 armed groups vied for territory, notably four factions formed by ex-Séléka leaders who control about 60% of the country's territory.February 15, 2017 Dangerous Divisions: The Central African Republic faces the threat of secession http://www.enoughproject.org/reports/dangerous-divisions-central-african-republic-faces-threat-secession March 1, 2017 Enough Project With the de facto partition of the country between ex-Séléka militias in the north and east and Antibalaka militias in the south and west, hostilities between both sides decreasedFebruary 24, 2017 Central African Republic: What's gone wrong? https://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2017/02/24/central-african-republic-what’s-gone-wrong February 26, 2017 IRIN but sporadic fighting continued.February 12, 2018 CAR violence rises: 'They shot my children and husband' https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/car-violence-rises-shot-children-husband-180211091014962.html April 15, 2018 Al JazeeraApril 10, 2018 CAR: Four things to know about the conflict in the Central African Republic http://www.msf.org/en/article/car-four-things-know-about-conflict-central-african-republic April 15, 2018 MSF Côte d'Ivoire History of Ivory Coast (1999–present) Presidential elections were held in Ivory Coast in 2010. The first round was held on October 31,August 5, 2010 UN mission takes note of new date for Ivorian presidential polls https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35545&Cr=Ivoire&Cr1= August 21, 2010 United Nations and a second round, in which President Laurent Gbagbo faced opposition leader Alassane Ouattara, was held on November 28, 2010. After northern candidate Alassane Ouattara was declared the victor of the 2010 Ivorian presidential election by the country's Independent Electoral Commission (CEI), the President of the Constitutional Council – an ally of Gbagbo – declared the results to be invalid and that Gbagbo was the winner.December 3, 2010 Ivory Coast poll overturned: Gbagbo declared winner BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11913832 live June 20, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180712191733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11913832 July 12, 2018 Both Gbagbo and Ouattara claimed victory and took the presidential oath of office.December 5, 2010 Ivory Coast: Two presidents sworn in SAPA http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Ivory-Coast-Two-presidents-sworn-in-20101205 live April 1, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20101208041555/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Ivory-Coast-Two-presidents-sworn-in-20101205 December 8, 2010 After the disputed election, sporadic outbreaks of violence took place, particularly in Abidjan, where supporters of Ouattara clashed repeatedly with government forces and militias. Gbagbo's forces were said to be responsible for a campaign of assassinations, beatings and abductions directed against Ouattara's supporters. The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict as Ouattara's forces seized control of most of the country with the help of the UN, with Gbagbo entrenched in Abidjan, the country's largest city. Overall casualties of the war were estimated around 3000. The UN and French forces took military action, with the stated objective to protect their forces and civilians. Gbagbo was arrested April 11, 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported by French troops.Leader’s Arrest in Ivory Coast Ends Standoff, New York Times (April 12, 2011). Gbagbo was then extradited to The Hague in November 2011, where he was charged with four counts of crimes against humanity in the International Criminal Court in connection with the post-election violence.Laurel Wamsley, International Criminal Court Drops War Crimes Charges Against Ex-Ivory Coast Leader, NPR (January 15, 2019).David Smith, Laurent Gbagbo appears before international criminal court, The Guardian (December 5, 2011). Presidential elections were held in Ivory Coast on October 25, 2015. President Alassane Ouattara stood again to seek a second term.Ivory Coast to hold post-war presidential election on October 25. Reuters. August 5, 2015 Opposition party Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) called for a boycott of the elections in protest against the trial of former President Laurent Gbagbo by the International Criminal Court.Former Ivory Coast President Gbagbo’s Party Calls for Poll Boycott. Voice of America. September 10, 2015. But others felt the party needed to remain engaged in the electoral process."Gbagbo's FPI picks presidential hopeful after years of boycotts". Reuters. August 8, 2015. The vote was relatively peaceful, compared to the unrest that marred previous elections, although voter turnout was down to 54.6%.Alassane Ouattara Is Re-elected President of Ivory Coast. The New York Times. October 28, 2015. Outtara avoided a second round vote and won a second term in office after garnering 83.7%, in a landslide victory over his nearest rival Affi N'Guessan on 9.3%.Ivory Coast election: Alassane Ouattara wins second term. BBC News. October 28, 2015 Democratic Republic of the Congo Batwa–Luba clashes Kamwina Nsapu rebellion Allied Democratic Forces insurgency The 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt was a failed coup attempt against President Joseph Kabila on February 27, 2011. General elections were held in Democratic Republic of the Congo on November 28, 2011.Kavanagh Michael J. April 30, 2011 Congo Electoral Commission Says Presidential Elections to Be Held Nov. 28 Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-30/congo-electoral-commission-says-presidential-elections-to-be-held-nov-28.htmlDR Congo to hold presidential elections on Nov. 27, 2011 - People's Daily Online http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90855/7099927.html en.people.cn 2021-11-30 2012-10-14 https://web.archive.org/web/20121014224048/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7099927.html dead The government passed laws to abolish the second round of the presidential election, which was strongly criticized by the opposition.January 10, 2011 DR Congo opposition anger over electoral changes BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12152913 DR Congo's Electoral Law for 2011: Choosing Continuity - International Crisis Group http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/drc-electoral-law-for-2011-choosing-continuity.aspx dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111230/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/drc-electoral-law-for-2011-choosing-continuity.aspx March 6, 2012 March 6, 2012 In April 2012, former National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) soldiers mutinied against the DRC government and the peacekeeping contingent of the MONUSCO. Mutineers formed a rebel group called the March 23 Movement (M23), allegedly sponsored by the government of the neighbouring states of Rwanda and Uganda. On November 20, 2012, M23 rebels took control of Goma, a North Kivu provincial capital with a population of one million people.November 20, 2012 Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 live November 18, 2012 https://archive.today/20121205032005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 December 5, 2012 By the end of November that year, the conflict had forced more than 140,000 people to flee their homes.Laura Smith-Spark and David McKenzie November 30, 2012 UK withholds Rwanda aid over claims it backs Congo rebels CNN https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/30/world/africa/congo-uk-rwanda-rebels/ live December 1, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20130820010426/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/30/world/africa/congo-uk-rwanda-rebels/ August 20, 2013 On November 7, 2013, following significant defeats to a UN-backed government offensive, M23 troops crossed into Uganda and surrendered. On January 17, 2015, the Congolese National Assembly (the country's lower house) voted to revise the electoral law in the country's constitution. The new law that would allow Kabila, to remain in power until a national census could be conducted. Elections had been planned for 2016 and a census would be a massive undertaking that would likely take several years for the developing country.Ross Aaron January 21, 2015 Update 2-Congo protests enter third day, rights group says 42 dead https://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFL6N0V01NX20150121?sp=true dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150121192605/http://af.reuters.com/article/drcNews/idAFL6N0V01NX20150121?sp=true January 21, 2015 January 21, 2015 ReutersJullien Maud January 21, 2015 DR Congo unrest: Catholic church backs protests https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30913739 January 21, 2015 BBC News On January 19, 2015, protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. By January 21, clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives. On December 20, 2016, Kabila, announced that he would not leave office despite the end of his constitutional term. Protests subsequently broke out across the country. The protests were met with the government's blocking of social media,Deadly protests rock Democratic Republic of Congo = 20 December 2016 YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94wixliXahE English Reuters and violence from security forces which left dozens dead. On December 23 an agreement was proposed between the main opposition group and the Kabila led-government under which the latter agreed not to alter the constitution and to leave office before the end of 2017. General elections were held in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on December 30, 2018, to determine a successor to President Kabila,Uncertainty as DRC sets election date to replace Kabila Al Jazeera, November 9, 2017 Félix Tshisekedi (UDPS) won with 38.6% of the vote, defeating another opposition candidate, Martin Fayulu, and Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary, backed by the ruling party PPRD. Fayulu alleged that the vote was rigged against him in a deal made by Tshisekedi and outgoing President Kabila, challenging the result in the DRC's Constitutional Court. Different election observers, including those from the country's Roman Catholic Church, also cast doubt on the official result. Parties supporting President Kabila won the majority of seats in the National Assembly.Tounsi, Samir (January 12, 2019). Pro-Kabila camp wins DRC legislative poll, recount sought for presidency https://web.archive.org/web/20190910165855/https://www.yahoo.com/news/dr-congo-divided-over-opposition-chiefs-election-112354286.html 2019-09-10 . Yahoo News. Félix Tshisekedi was sworn in as the 5th President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on January 24, 2019.Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as DR Congo president. Al Jazeera. Published January 24, 2019. Egypt Arab Spring 2011 Egyptian revolution The Egyptian parliamentary elections of 2010 first voting round was held in Egypt on November 28, 2010Egypt elections set for November 28 - Middle East http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/10/201010201482298875.html December 26, 2012 Al Jazeera EnglishMaximiliano Herrera Electoral calendar for 2010 http://www.mherrera.org/elections.htm December 26, 2012 Mherrera.orgIFES Election Guide http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=65 December 26, 2012 Electionguide.org and the second round was held on December 5, 2010.January 1, 1970 Mubarak sets a date for parliamentary election - 20 October 2010 https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2010/10/101020_elections_egypt December 26, 2012 BBC.co.ukEgypt opposition split over election boycott - 26 September 2010 http://arabinform.org/news/egypt_opposition_split_over_election_boycott/2010-09-26-407 December 26, 2012 Arabinform.org Human rights groups said this was the "most fraudulent poll ever" in Egypt's history."Hosni Mubarak: Egyptian 'pharaoh' dethroned amid gunfire and blood". The Guardian. February 11, 2011. "As soon as Bush lost interest, he reverted to form, persecuting independent pro-democracy leaders such as Ayman Nour and the Kefaya movement. Last year's parliamentary poll was the most fraudulent ever, according to human rights groups." It is considered to have been a factor in the Egyptian Revolution that started on January 25, 2011, and spread across Egypt. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured.March 16, 2011 شيحة: مكاتب الصحة وثقت سقوط 840 شهيداً خلال ثورة 25 يناير http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/385140 live https://web.archive.org/web/20110429125656/http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/385140 April 29, 2011 April 4, 2011 Almasry-alyoum.comJuly 8, 2011 Egypt: Cairo's Tahrir Square fills with protesters BBC https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14075493 live July 11, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110709112514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14075493 July 9, 2011 Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.January 24, 2012 Was the Egyptian revolution really non-violent? http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/was-egyptian-revolution-really-non-violent March 25, 2013 Egypt Independent On February 11, 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF).February 11, 2011 Hosni Mubarak resigns as president http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121125158705862.html Al Jazeera The military junta, headed by Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, announced on February 13 that the constitution was suspended and the military would govern until elections could be held. The previous cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik, would serve as a caretaker government until a new one was formed.el-Malawani Hania February 13, 2011 Egypt's military dismantles Mubarak regime The Sydney Morning Herald https://www.smh.com.au/world/egypt-military-dismantles-mubarak-regime-20110213-1as42.html A presidential election was held in two rounds, the first on May 23 and 24, 2012 and the second on June 16 and 17. Following the second round, with a voter turnout of 52%, on June 24, 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi had won Egypt's presidential elections by a narrow margin over Shafik.Muslim Brotherhood candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/ https://archive.today/20120730110706/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/ dead July 30, 2012 June 24, 2012 Fox News.com A further constitutional referendum was held in two rounds on December 15 and 22, 2012.December 11, 2012 Egypt to hold referendum in two stages due to shortage of judges Al Arabiya http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/11/254547.html dead December 11, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121214220556/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/11/254547.html December 14, 2012 Unofficial results reported on December 23, 2012, found that 32.9% of the electorate voted and that the constitution was approved with 63.8% of the vote in favor over the two rounds of polling.December 23, 2012 Egyptian constitution 'approved' in referendum BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20829911 December 23, 2012 During the campaign, supporters of the draft constitution argued that the constitution would provide stability. Most opponents argued that the constitution was too favorable to the Muslim Brotherhood, and did not grant sufficient minority rights. However, some extreme Salafists also opposed the constitution, arguing that it should have been based more closely on Sharia law. On November 22, 2012, millions of protesters began protesting against Morsi,McCrumen Stephanie Hauslohner Abigail December 5, 2012 Egyptians take anti-Morsi protests to presidential palace The Independent London https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html dead December 5, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20150925180935/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egyptians-take-antimorsi-protests-to-presidential-palace-8385721.html September 25, 2015 after his government announced a temporary constitutional declaration that in effect granted the president unlimited powers.November 22, 2012 Morsy issues new constitutional declaration http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/morsy-issues-new-constitutional-declaration August 14, 2013 Egypt Independenthttps://archive.org/details/EgyptRevolution Story of the Egyptian Revolution 2011–2013 November 15, 2013 Documentary en, ar Internet Archive 10 Morsi deemed the decree necessary to protect the elected constituent assembly from a planned dissolution by judges appointed during the Mubarak era.David D. Kirkpatrick November 26, 2012 Egypt's government shows rift over Morsi decree – World https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2012/11/26/egypt-government-shows-rift-over-morsi-decree/ig8fRNgkfMhBY0zmG1xIGN/story.html August 14, 2013 The Boston Globe The demonstrations were organized by Egyptian opposition organizations and individuals, mainly liberals, leftists, secularists and Christians.Brown Jeffrey December 6, 2012 Egyptian Army Steps in After Violent Overnight Clashes at Presidential Palace PBS https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec12/egypt1_12-06.html December 8, 2012 December 7, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121207182307/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/world/july-dec12/egypt1_12-06.html deadDecember 6, 2012 Clashes between rival protesters in Cairo kill 3, wound hundreds Fox News Channel https://www.foxnews.com/world/clashes-between-rival-protesters-in-cairo-kill-3-wound-hundreds/ December 8, 2012 The demonstrations resulted in violent clashes between Morsi-supporters and the anti-Morsi protesters, with dozens of deaths and hundreds of injuries.Protests roil Egypt The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/protests-roil-egypt/2012/12/04/22f5c1e2-3e26-11e2-a2d9-822f58ac9fd5_gallery.html#photo=14 December 8, 2012 The 2013 Egyptian coup d'état took place on July 3, 2013. Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi led a coalition to remove Morsi from power and suspended the Egyptian constitution of 2012 after the military's ultimatum for the government to "resolve its differences" with protesters during widespread national protests. The military arrested Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood leaders,Wedeman Ben July 4, 2013 Coup topples Egypt's Morsy; deposed president under 'house arrest' CNN https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egypt-protests live April 6, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090828/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/03/world/meast/egypt-protests March 4, 2016 and declared Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim president of Egypt. Ensuing protests in favour of Morsi were violently suppressed culminating with the dispersal and massacre of pro-Morsi sit-ins on August 14, 2013, amid ongoing unrest; journalists,August 15, 2013 In Egypt, two more journalists killed, several injured Committee to Protect Journalists http://www.cpj.org/2013/08/in-egypt-two-more-journalists-killed-several-injur.php live August 17, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130818124823/http://cpj.org/2013/08/in-egypt-two-more-journalists-killed-several-injur.php August 18, 2013 and several hundred protestors were killed by police and military force. On March 26, 2014, in response to calls from supporters to run for presidency, Sisi retired from his military career, announcing that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election.March 26, 2014 Egypt's El-Sisi bids military farewell, says he will run for presidency http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/97612/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-ElSisi-bids-military-farewell,-says-he-will.aspx March 26, 2014 Ahram Online The election, held between May 26 and 28, featured one opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi,May 29, 2014 Egypt election: Sisi secures landslide win https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27614776 July 29, 2014 BBC saw 47% participation by eligible voters, and resulted in Sisi winning in a landslide victory with 97% of the vote.Former army chief scores landslide victory in Egypt presidential polls The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/29/abdel-fatah-al-sisi-sweeps-victory-egyptian-election May 29, 2014May 29, 2014 Egypt's Sisi set for landslide win in presidential vote France24 http://www.france24.com/en/20140529-poll-egypt-sisi-landslide-win-president/ dead June 2, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140602034907/http://www.france24.com/en/20140529-poll-egypt-sisi-landslide-win-president/ June 2, 2014 Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on June 8, 2014. In the undemocratic 2018 presidential election, Sisi faced only nominal opposition (a pro-government supporter, Moussa Mostafa Moussa) after the military arrest of Sami Anan and his enforced disappearance afterwards,February 13, 2018 Egypt: Planned Presidential Vote Neither Free Nor Fair https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/egypt-planned-presidential-vote-neither-free-nor-fair May 24, 2020 Human Rights Watch enMichaelson Ruth January 23, 2018 Egypt arrests ex-general who stood for election against Sisi The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/23/former-egyptian-general-arrested-by-military-after-announcing-presidential-bid-sami-ananEgypt's military arrests ex-general running for president ABC News https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypts-brotherhood-offers-support-presidential-hopeful-52542489 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185202/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypts-brotherhood-offers-support-presidential-hopeful-52542489 January 26, 2018Masr Mada January 24, 2018 Sami Anan's whereabouts unknown: Son https://www.madamasr.com/en/2018/01/24/news/u/sami-anans-whereabouts-unknown-son Mada Masr threats made to Ahmed Shafik with old corruption charges and an alleged sex tape,Awadalla Nadine January 7, 2018 Egyptian ex-PM Ahmed Shafik says won't run for presidency https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics/egyptian-ex-pm-ahmed-shafik-says-wont-run-for-presidency-idUSKBN1EW0MV ReutersHearst David January 9, 2018 Shafiq quit Egypt election bid after threats of 'sex tape' and corruption slurs: Sources http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-ahmed-shafiq-sisi-smear-campaign-772732588 Middle East EyeYoussef Nour January 7, 2018 Egypt's Presidential Race Loses Popular Candidate https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/07/world/middleeast/egypt-ahmed-shafik.html The New York Times and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles and violations made by the elections committee.Michaelson Ruth January 24, 2018 Khaled Ali withdraws from Egyptian presidential race https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/24/khaled-ali-withdraws-egyptian-presidential-race-abdel-fatah-al-sissi The GuardianBower Edmund January 25, 2018 Egypt elections: Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's challengers liken President to Saddam Hussein as they drop out of race https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-presidential-elections-latest-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-challengers-khaled-ali-saddam-hussein-a8177681.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-presidential-elections-latest-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-challengers-khaled-ali-saddam-hussein-a8177681.html 2022-05-01 subscription The IndependentSanchez Raf January 15, 2018 Anwar Sadat's nephew backs out of Egypt presidential election The Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/15/anwar-sadats-nephew-backs-egypt-presidential-election Eritrea The 2010 Eritrean–Ethiopian border skirmish was fought as part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict between soldiers of the Eritrean and the Ethiopian armies at the border town of Zalambesa after Eritea claimed that Ethiopian forces crossed the border. The Ethiopian Government claimed Eritrea was trying to cover up an internal crisis by implicating Ethiopia.January 3, 2010 Eritrea says it killed 10 Ethiopian troops Reuters https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE60206K20100103 dead September 21, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20100119085558/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE60206K20100103 January 19, 2010 The 2013 Eritrean Army mutiny was mounted on January 21, 2013, when around 100-200 soldiers of the Eritrean Army in the capital city, Asmara seized the headquarters of the state broadcaster, EriTV, and allegedly broadcast a message demanding reforms and the release of political prisoners.January 21, 2013 Eritrea mutiny over, city reported calm AFP https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jRiEjDumW6m5MneS2Jvv_HMv5nJw?docId=CNG.43e689344954eb49bd394705f7a51ce7.631 https://web.archive.org/web/20130126110807/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jRiEjDumW6m5MneS2Jvv_HMv5nJw?docId=CNG.43e689344954eb49bd394705f7a51ce7.631 dead January 26, 2013 October 11, 2013Tekle Tesfa-Alem February 11, 2013 Eritrea's president breaks silence over army mutiny incident Sudan Tribune http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45468 October 11, 2013 October 11, 2013 https://archive.today/20131011230305/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article45468 dead Opposition sources claimed it had been an abortive coup attempt.Straziuso Jason January 22, 2013 A day after unrest reported in Eritrea, calm returns. Ambassador denied coup attempt AP https://news.yahoo.com/day-unrest-reported-eritrea-calm-returns-ambassador-denied-103732514.html October 11, 2013 After the Battle of Tsorona in 2016, Ethiopia stated in 2018 that it would cede Badme to Eritrea. This led to the Eritrea–Ethiopia summit on July 9, 2018, where an agreement was signed which demarcated the border and agreed a resumption of diplomatic relations.Ethiopia, Eritrea officially end war Deutsche Welle https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-eritrea-officially-end-war/a-44585296 live July 9, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180709190141/https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-eritrea-officially-end-war/a-44585296 July 9, 2018July 9, 2018 Ethiopia's Abiy and Eritrea's Afewerki declare end of war BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597 live July 9, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180709140723/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44764597 July 9, 2018 Ethiopia The 2014–2016 Oromo protestsHundreds killed since start of Oromo protests https://www.dw.com/en/hundreds-killed-since-start-of-oromo-protests/a-36369836 November 12, 2016Ethiopia's unprecedented nationwide Oromo protests: who, what, why? 6 August 2016 https://africanarguments.org/2016/08/ethiopias-unprecedented-nationwide-oromo-protests-who-what-why/ August 6, 2016Oromo protests: Why US must stop enabling Ethiopia 9 August 2016 https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/09/africa/ethiopia-oromo-protest/index.html August 9, 2016 were a series of protests and resistanceCountry Policy and Guidance Note Ethiopia Oromos including the Oromo Protests November 2017 https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5a1d65e14.pdf first sparked on 25 April 2014. In the three days leading up to 8 August 2016, Reuters reported that at least 90 protesters had been shot and killed by Ethiopian security forces, marking the most violent crackdown against protesters in sub-Saharan Africa since at least 75 people were killed during protests in Oromia Region in November and December 2015.CCTV News 19 December 2015 At least 75 killed in Ethiopia protests https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYVC7iSR2Qc YouTubeTimes of India, Ethiopia Protests | At Least 140 Killed In Over State Land Plan, 8 January 2016, YouTube According to Human Rights Watch, at least 500 people are estimated to have been killed as of October 2016.3 October 2016 Ethiopia: Dozens killed in Oromia festival stampede Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ethiopia-killed-oromia-festival-stampede-161002100716026.html 23 November 2016Davison William 20 October 2016 State of emergency likely to ramp up repression in fractured Ethiopia The Guardian London https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/20/state-of-emergency-likely-ramp-up-repression-fractured-ethiopia 29 November 2016 A state of emergency was declared on Sunday, 9 October 2016 by Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn.October 9, 2016 Ethiopia declares state of emergency over protests Government declares a state of emergency effective immediately following violence and unrest in Oromia region. AlJazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ethiopia-declares-state-emergency-protests-161009110506730.html The state of emergency authorized the military to enforce security nationwide.October 10, 2016 Ethiopia Imposes State of Emergency as Unrest Intensifies Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-imposes-state-of-emergency-as-unrest-intensifies/2016/10/10/7825391e-8ee9-11e6-bc00-1a9756d4111b_story.html It also imposed restrictions on freedom of speech and access to information.October 12, 2016 Ethiopia regime unveils rules for state of emergency Deutsche Welle http://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-regime-unveils-rules-for-state-of-emergency/a-36055101 Media reported the state of emergency's duration was announced for six months. It followed the protests by the Oromo and Amhara ethnic groups against the government controlled by people in the Tigrayan ethnic group, a smaller ethnic minority.Gebre-Selassie Alemante October 12, 2016 Ethiopia is in a state of emergency. The tyrannical government must go The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/12/ethiopia-state-of-emergency-protests-corruption It was the first time in approximately 25 years that a state of emergency had been declared in Ethiopia.Quist-Arcton Ofeibea Michel Martin Ethiopia Declares State Of Emergency Amid Continuing Protests https://www.npr.org/2016/10/09/497292914/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-amid-continuing-protests February 12, 2017 All Things Considered NPR October 9, 2016 In March 2017, Ethiopia's parliament voted to extend the state of emergency for another four months.March 30, 2017 Despite outward calm, Ethiopia extends state of emergency https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/despite-outward-calm-ethiopia-extends-state-of-emergency/2017/03/30/b5544098-1529-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html Washington Post Since taking office in April 2018, Abiy Ahmed's government presided over the release of thousands of political prisoners from Ethiopian jails and the rapid opening of the country's political landscape.10 June 2018 Abiy Ahmed pulls off an astonishing turnaround for Ethiopia The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/abiy-ahmed-pulls-off-an-astonishing-turnaround-for-ethiopia/2018/06/10/6c5dd898-6b3d-11e8-bf8c-f9ed2e672adf_story.html 11 June 2018Soleiman Ahmend 27 April 2018 Ethiopia's Prime Minister Shows Knack for Balancing Reform and Continuity Chatham House https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/ethiopia-s-prime-minister-shows-knack-balancing-reform-and-continuity 6 June 2018Dahir Abdi Latif 4 June 2018 Ethiopia will end its state of emergency early, as part of widening political reforms Quartz https://qz.com/1295834/ethiopias-prime-minister-abiy-ahmed-ends-the-countrys-state-of-emergency-early/ 5 June 2018 However, According to the NGOs Human Rights Watch, Committee to Protect Journalists and Amnesty International, Abiy's government had since mid-2019 been arresting Ethiopian journalists and closing media outlets.Ethiopia: Release detained journalists and opposition politicians immediately https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/04/ethiopia-release-detained-journalists-and-opposition-politicians-immediately/ 12 December 2020 Amnesty International 7 April 2020Ethiopian authorities arrest Addis Standard editor Medihane Ekubamichael https://cpj.org/2020/11/ethiopian-authorities-arrest-addis-standard-editor-medihane-ekubamichael/ 12 December 2020 Committee to Protect Journalists 13 November 2020Ethiopian journalist Yayesew Shimelis detained following COVID-19 report https://cpj.org/2020/04/ethiopian-journalist-yayesew-shimelis-detained-fol/ 12 December 2020 Committee to Protect Journalists April 2020 In November 2019, the EPRDF dissolved, and Prime Minister and EPDRF chairman Abiy Ahmed merged most of the constituent parties of the coalition (except the TPLF) into a new party called the Prosperity Party.Exclusive: Third day EPRDF EC discussing “Prosperity Party” Regulation. Find the draft copy obtained by AS The party was officially founded on 1 December. However, following the dissolution of the ethnic federalist, dominant party political coalition, there was an increase in tensions within the country, with newly resurgent regional and ethnically based factions.BBC Staff 2020-11-03 Ethiopia attack: Dozens 'rounded up and killed' in Oromia state en BBC https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54787034 2021-05-252021-04-07 At least 100 killed in border clashes between Ethiopia's Somali and Afar regions - official en Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ethiopia-security-idUSKBN2BU0RA 2021-04-08 On 22 June 2019, factions of the security forces of the region attempted a coup d'état against the Amhara regional government, during which the President of the Amhara Region, Ambachew Mekonnen, was assassinated.23 June 2019 President of the Amhara region killed Ethiopia Observer https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2019/06/23/president-of-the-amhara-region-killed-regional-media/ 24 June 2019 A bodyguard siding with the nationalist factions assassinated General Se'are Mekonnen – the Chief of the General Staff of the Ethiopian National Defense Force – as well as his aide, Major General Gizae Aberra. The Prime Minister's Office accused Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige, head of the Amhara region security forces, of leading the plot,Ingber Sasha 23 June 2019 Ethiopia Army Chief Killed In Attempted Coup, Government Says NPR https://www.npr.org/2019/06/23/735236160/ethiopia-army-chief-killed-in-attempted-coup-government-says 24 June 2019 and Tsige was shot dead by police near Bahir Dar on 24 June.24 June 2019 Alleged Ethiopian coup mastermind shot dead after 36-hour manhunt i24 news https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/africa/1561381510-ethiopian-coup-mastermind-shot-dead-after-36-hour-manhunt 24 June 2019 Starting in June 2019, fighting in the Metekel Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region in Ethiopia has reportedly involved militias from the Gumuz people.12 killed in latest attack in western Ethiopia https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/12-killed-in-latest-attack-in-western-ethiopia-20201013 26 December 2020 News24 Gumuz are alleged to have formed militias such as Buadin and the Gumuz Liberation Front that have staged attacks.12 killed in latest attack in western Ethiopia https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/12-killed-in-latest-attack-in-western-ethiopia-20201013 2021-03-25 News24 en-US2021-01-13 Benishangul: At least 60 civilians mostly women, children killed https://borkena.com/2021/01/12/benishangul-at-least-60-civilians-mostly-women-children-killed/ 2021-03-25 Borkena Ethiopian News en-US According to Amnesty International, the 22–23 December 2020 attacks were by Gumuz against Amhara, Oromo and Shinasha, who the Gumuz nationalists viewed as "settlers".2020-12-23 More than 100 killed in latest ethnic massacre in Ethiopia https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-ethiopia-massacres-abiy-ahmed-kenya-763c31a2160b249658b823e3b6e6d282 2021-03-25 AP NEWS Guinea In early 2013, protests against the government by those in the opposition who feared a rigged election left over 50 people dead. The opposition demanded that Waymark, a South African firm contracted to revise voter lists, be replaced because of allegedly inflated voter lists. It also said expatriate Guineans should be allowed to vote. On May 29, President Alpha Conde announced a judicial investigation into protests the prior week that killed at least 12 people.29 May 2013 Guinea's Conde orders probe after clashes kill 12 in past week https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-protests-idUSBRE94S0EC20130529 July 18, 2013 Reuters He also replaced Interior Minister Mouramany Cisse with Guinean Ambassador to Senegal Madifing Diane.May 28, 2013 Guinea replaces interior minister after protest deaths http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-guinea-protests-minister-idUKBRE94R0E120130528 https://web.archive.org/web/20160120194901/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-guinea-protests-minister-idUKBRE94R0E120130528 dead January 20, 2016 July 18, 2013 Reuters Ethnic clashes continued in July leading to over 50 deaths. In September, a police officer was killed and 49 people injured in clashes in the capital Conakry.September 23, 2013 Clashes erupt in Guinea ahead of election http://www.france24.com/en/20130923-guinea-clashes-conakry-election September 24, 2013 France 24 Legislative elections were held on September 28, 2013, after numerous delays and postponements.September 21, 2013 Guinea's legislative election postponed to September 28: mediator https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE98K0DH20130921 September 23, 2013 Reuters President Alpha Condé's party, the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG) emerged as the largest party in the National Assembly with 53 of the 114 seats. Parties allied with the RDG won seven seats and opposition parties won the remaining 53 seats. Opposition leaders denounced the official results as fraudulent. Guinea-Bissau Military unrest occurred in Guinea-Bissau on 1 April 2010. Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Junior was placed under house arrest by soldiers, who also detained Army Chief of Staff Zamora Induta. Supporters of Gomes and his party, PAIGC, reacted to the move of the military by demonstrating in the capital, Bissau; Antonio Indjai, the Deputy Chief of Staff, then warned that he would have Gomes killed if the protests continued.Assimo Balde, "Soldiers put Guinea-Bissau PM under house arrest"June 2024 medicmedic, Associated Press, 1 April 2010. The situation was less tense by 2 April The government held a meeting and condemned the soldiers' treatment of Gomes. Subsequently, the soldiers took Gomes to meet with President Sanha; after the meeting, Gomes declared that he would not resign. He appeared to downplay the situation, describing it as an "incident" and saying that "institutions will return to their normal functions."https://archive.today/20130124192814/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gqoVqCGqU2SyVxf6RJQgRYLaaNGg "Guinea-Bissau's PM says he will not resign after mutiny", AFP, 2 April 2010. A delegation headed by presidential adviser Mario Cabral visited Induta, who remained in detention at a barracks, on 3 April. According to Cabral, Induta was "being treated well and is fine"."G.Bissau's ousted army chief 'fine' after mutiny", AFP, 3 April 2010. Prime Minister Gomes left Guinea-Bissau in late April 2010 and went to Portugal, where he remained for several months; his extended stay in Portugal was officially explained as being related to his health. He eventually returned to Bissau on 16 June. Gomes met with Indjai, who subsequently said that he and Gomes could cooperate and "everything has now been smoothed out."https://archive.today/20120905143407/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gbli_WCNlnA-tmquq-wCSyl7c4ew "Guinea Bissau prime minister says he will not quit", AFP, 16 June 2010. Libya Libyan Civil War (2011) Libyan Civil War (2014–present) The First Libyan Civil War was ignited by protests in Benghazi beginning on Tuesday, 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces that fired on the crowd.Cockburn Patrick 24 June 2011 Amnesty questions claim that Gaddafi ordered rape as weapon of war The Independent London https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/amnesty-questions-claim-that-gaddafi-ordered-rape-as-weapon-of-war-2302037.html dead 26 June 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20170218024655/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/amnesty-questions-claim-that-gaddafi-ordered-rape-as-weapon-of-war-2302037.html February 18, 2017 The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country,Barker Anne 24 February 2011 Time Running Out for Cornered Gaddafi http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-02-24/time-running-out-for-cornered-gaddafi/1955842 12 September 2011 ABC News with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the National Transitional Council. The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle and restricting their travel, and referred the matter to the International Criminal Court for investigation.Wyatt Edward 26 February 2011 Security Council Calls for War Crimes Inquiry in Libya The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/world/africa/27nations.html 27 February 2011 In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before reaching Benghazi. A further UN resolution authorised member states to establish and enforce a no-fly zone over Libya, and to use "all necessary measures" to prevent attacks on civilians,17 March 2011 Security Council Authorizes 'All Necessary Measures' To Protect Civilians in Libya https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808&Cr=libya&Cr1 14 August 2011 UN News Centre which turned into a bombing campaign by the forces of NATO against military installations and civilian infrastructure of Libya. The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but fighting and bombing continued.19 March 2011 Gadhafi Blasts 'Crusader' Aggression After Strikes NBC News https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42164455 14 August 201119 March 2011 Libya accuses rebels of breaching truce http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/19/libya-accuses-rebels-of-breaching-truce.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110324053512/http://www.dawn.com/2011/03/19/libya-accuses-rebels-of-breaching-truce.html 24 March 2011 25 February 2012 Dawn Throughout the conflict, rebels rejected government offers of a ceasefire and efforts by the African Union to end the fighting because the plans set forth did not include the removal of Gaddafi.Libyan rebels reject African Union road map – Africa http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/04/201141116356323979.html 27 August 2013 Al Jazeera English In August, rebel forces launched an offensive on the government-held coast of Libya, backed by a wide-reaching NATO bombing campaign, taking back territory lost months before and ultimately capturing the capital city of Tripoli,21 August 2011 Who is Saif al-Islam Gadhafi? CNN http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/21/libya.saif.gadhafi.profile/index.html https://archive.today/20120708152015/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/21/libya.saif.gadhafi.profile/index.html dead July 8, 2012 12 September 2011 while Gaddafi evaded capture and loyalists engaged in a rearguard campaign.Chulov Martin Harding Luke Borger Julian 25 August 2011 Street fighting rages in Tripoli as Gaddafi loyalists fight rearguard action The Guardian London https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/24/fighting-tripoli-gaddafi-libya 25 August 2011 On 16 September 2011, the National Transitional Council was recognised by the United Nations as the legal representative of Libya, replacing the Gaddafi government. Muammar Gaddafi evaded capture until 20 October 2011, when he was captured and killed in Sirte.20 October 2011 Gaddafi killed as Libya's revolt claims hometown Reuters Africa https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE79J09O20111020 dead 28 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111022172715/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE79J09O20111020 22 October 2011 The National Transitional Council "declared the liberation of Libya" and the official end of the war on 23 October 2011.23 October 2011 NTC declares 'Liberation of Libya' Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/201110235316778897.html 23 October 2011 Elections were held in July 2012 to a General National Congress (GNC), which took power a month later, charged with organising a constituent assembly for authoring Libya's new constitution. The NTC was formally dissolved, and in November 2012 Ali Zeidan was sworn in as Prime Minister. In March 2014, Zeidan was ousted by the GNC, amid escalating conflict in the country. On 4 August 2014, the GNC was replaced by a newly elected House of Representatives (CoD), but on 25 August 2014, some members of the former GNC reconvened unilaterally and said they had elected Omar al-Hasi as Prime Minister, effectively leaving the country with two rival governments: the one proclaimed by the CoD in Tobruk and the one proclaimed by the claimant GNC in Tripoli. The General National Congress, based in western Libya and backed by various militias with some support from Qatar and Turkey, initially accepted the results of the 2014 election, but rejected them after the Supreme Constitutional Court nullified an amendment regarding the roadmap for Libya's transition and HoR elections. The House of Representatives (or Council of Deputies) was in control of eastern and central Libya and had the loyalty of the Libyan National Army (LNA), and was supported by airstrikes by Egypt and the UAE. Madagascar A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution.January 5, 2010 "YES" leading in Madagascar's referendum on new constitution People's Daily Online http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7204099.html live https://archive.today/20120711041332/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7204099.html 2012-07-112010-08-14 Madagascar parties agree to end political crisis, set election date - People's Daily Online http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7104765.html English.people.com.cn 2010-08-21 The Malagasy people were asked to answer "Yes" or "No" to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power.2010-11-17 Millions vote in Madagascar referendum to end political crisis https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/17/madagascar The Guardian 2010-11-23 Rajoelina heads the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. Madagascar's three main political parties: Tiako i Madagasikara, AREMA, and AVI, each headed by a former president, called for a boycott of the election.Madagascar forces storm rebel base - Africa http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/11/2010112014317406160.html Al Jazeera English 2010-11-21 On election day, reports indicated that 21 military officers had taken control of the country. The coup attempt leaders were ex-Defense Minister Noel Rakotonandrasanana and Colonel Charles Andrianasoaviana, the head of the Special Intervention Force.2010-11-21 Madagascar coup attempt fails https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/21/madagascar-coup-attempt-fails 2016-07-16 the Guardian Associated Press They said all government institutions had been suspended and a military council would govern. The following day, the army chief, General Andre Ndriarijoana, met the rebellious soldiers, however no conclusive statement was made.Madagascar holds talks with rebels - Africa http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2010/11/2010111918021475562.html Al Jazeera English 2010-11-21 Three days after the coup, security forces attacked the base, and, following a brief firefight, the rebel soldiers surrendered. On September 17, 2011, a "Roadmap for Ending the Crisis in Madagascar," was signed by opposition leaders that was backed by the Southern African Development Community, or SADC. This resolution aimed at creating a stable government once more, and ending the political crisis that endured in Madagascar.Madagascar: Government http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/madagascar/government 15 March 2013 Michigan State University The HAT repeatedly rescheduled the general election,5 August 2013 Madagascar: Rajoelina could throw in the towel of the Malagasy presidential race http://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Rajoelina-could-throw-in-the-towel-of-the-Malagasy-presidential-race_a1797.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20131019084210/http://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Rajoelina-could-throw-in-the-towel-of-the-Malagasy-presidential-race_a1797.html 19 October 2013 11 August 2013 Indian Ocean Times which was held on 20 December 2013, following a first round of presidential elections on 25 October. The presidential elections in December were a runoff between Jean Louis Robinson and Hery Rajaonarimampianina, the top two candidates to emerge from the first round of voting in October. The official results of the second round were announced on 7 January 2014 with Rajaonarimampianina proclaimed the victor with nearly 54% of the vote. This election ended the HAT and restored a regular constitutional government in Madagascar.17 January 2014 Madagascar Court confirms President-elect Voice Of America https://www.voanews.com/a/reu-madagascar-court-confirms-ex-finance-minister-rajaonarimampianina-president-elect/1832208.html 17 January 2014 Mali On January 16, 2012, several insurgent groups began fighting a campaign against the Malian government for independence or greater autonomy for northern Mali, an area of northern Mali they called Azawad. The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), an organization fighting to make this area of Mali an independent homeland for the Tuareg people, had taken control of the region by April 2012. The MNLA were initially backed by the Islamist group Ansar Dine. After the Malian military was driven from northern Mali, Ansar Dine and a number of smaller Islamist groups began imposing strict Sharia law, and the Tuareg group broke away from them. French Armed Forces and members of the African Union helped the government regain control of the area, and a peace agreement was signed in February 2015.Deploring ongoing violence, UN rights expert urges Malian parties to work together towards lasting peace U.N. News, March 10, 2015 How Mali Is Pursuing Justice for a War That Never Really Ended Anna Pujol-Mazzini, World Politics Review, January 29, 2019 Mozambique RENAMO insurgency (2013–2019) The RENAMO insurgency was a guerrilla campaign by militants of the RENAMO party in Mozambique. The insurgency is widely considered to be an aftershock of the Mozambican Civil War; it resulted in renewed tensions between RENAMO and Mozambique's ruling FRELIMO coalition over charges of state corruption and the disputed results of 2014 general elections. A ceasefire was announced between the government and the rebels in September 2014. However, renewed tensions sparked violence in mid-2015. A peace agreement was signed on August 6, 2019. Niger A coup d'état occurred in Niger on 18 February 2010. Soldiers attacked the presidential palace in Niamey under weapons fire at midday and captured President Mamadou Tandja, who was chairing a government meeting at the time.Todd Pitman, "Armed soldiers storm Niger presidential palace", Associated Press, 18 February 2010. Later in the day, the rebels announced on television the formation of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy (CSRD),"Military coup ousts Niger president", BBC News, 18 February 2010."Un Conseil militaire prend le pouvoir au Niger" https://web.archive.org/web/20100221061915/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100219-est-tete-coup-detat-sont-putschistes 2010-02-21, Radio France Internationale, 19 February 2010 fr. headed by chef d'escadron Salou Djibo."Niger : le chef d'escadron Salou Djibo, "président" du CSRD" https://web.archive.org/web/20181207064648/http://www.lematin.ch/flash-info/monde/niger-chef-escadron-salou-djibo-president-csrd 2018-12-07 , Agence France-Presse, 19 February 2010 fr, The coup followed a year-long political crisis in Niger related to President Tandja's efforts to extend his mandate when his second term was originally scheduled to end. During the two days following the coup, thousands of people demonstrated in the streets to support the military government and its stated intention of installing democracy."Thousands rally in support of Niger coup", BBC, February 20, 2010 Indeed, the junta scheduled a referendum later that year to ask the public whether the junta should hand over power within the year, which passed successfully. As stipulated by the referendum, the junta scheduled free and fair elections for 2011, in which former opposition leader Mahamadou Issoufou was elected president, and returned control of the government. Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Republic of the Congo Pool War Zambia On October 29 2014, Guy Scott, the Vice-President of Zambia, becomes the interim President following the death of Michael Sata in London.https://www.voanews.com/a/zambian-president-michael-sata-dies/2500221.html Zambian VP Scott Named Interim Leader 29 October 2014 19 January 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20141031205516/http://www.voanews.com/content/zambian-president-michael-sata-dies/2500221.html 31 October 2014 live This made him the first head of state of European White descent in Africa since F. W. de Klerk in 1989, and the first-ever under a democratically elected government.http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/29/world/africa/zambia-white-president/ Zambia's Guy Scott makes history as white president in sub-Saharan Africa Karimi Edith CNN 29 October 2014 Somalia Somali Civil War (2009–present) South Sudan South Sudanese Civil War The South Sudanese Civil War broke out in 2013 after a disputed elected and an alleged coup d'état attempt.Nicholas Kulish Somini Sengupta January 9, 2014 New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html An estimated 300,000 people have been killed in the fighting, and over 4 million have been displaced. One hundred thousand people face starvation, and nearly 5 million face severe food shortages; the government declared a famine in 2017.South Sudan declares famine in Unity State February 20, 2017 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927 BBC World News Several fruitless efforts to agree to a settlement were made in 2014. Fighting continued until a compromise peace agreement was signed in 2015,Alastair Leithead Will South Sudan peace deal be worth the wait? August 26, 2015 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34069032 BBC World News but fighting broke out again in 2016.S Sudan: More than 100 dead on independence anniversary July 10, 2016 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/10/s-sudan-more-than-100-dead-on-independence-anniversary Al Jazeera The African Union deployed a 12,000 member peace force including soldiers from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, and Uganda, over the objections of President Salva Kiir.South Sudan conflict: African Union approves regional force July 19, 2016 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36833875 BBC World News However, fighting continued through 2017.South Sudan needs bold alternatives, not this dumpster fire of failed interventions November 15, 2017 http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2017/11/15/south-sudan-needs-bold-alternatives-not-dumpster-fire-failed-interventions The New Humanitarian Sudan War in Darfur The War in Darfur, (Sudan) began in 2003, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, genocide,8 Deadliest Wars of the 21st Century Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/list/8-deadliest-wars-of-the-21st-century December 10, 2019 Michael Ray and ethnic cleansing. An International Criminal Court investigation resulted in two warrants against President Omar al-Bashir and his eventual arrest.Statement to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Darfur, pursuant to UNSCR 1593 (2005) June 19, 2019 https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=190619-stat-otp-UNSC-Darfur-Sudan International Criminal Court The Doha Agreement was signed in 2011,Under peace deal, Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum June 4, 2011 https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/under-peace-deal-sudan-would-halt-prep-for-darfur-referendum Dabanga Sudan but little real progress was made a year later.Sudan: Ambassador Smith – 'Security Situation in Darfur Deteriorated Compared to 2011' September 19, 2012 https://allafrica.com/stories/201209200049.html All Africa The war continued through 2016, including with allegations that the government had used mustard gas.James Rothwell Darfur conflict: 'Hundreds of children gassed to death since January by government in Sudan' September 29, 2016 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/29/darfur-conflict-sudanese-government-has-gassed-hundreds-of-child/ The Telegraph Tunisia A period of civil resistance characterized by riots and unrest took place throughout the nation following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2011 and fueled by high unemployment, corruption, political repression and poor living conditions forcing President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to flee the country ending his 23-year rule over Tunisia.15 January 2011 Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12195025 BBC13 January 2011 Tunisia riots: Reform or be overthrown, US tells Arab states amid fresh riots The Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-Reform-or-be-overthrown-US-tells-Arab-states-amid-fresh-riots.html This was followed by the suspension then dissolution of the former ruling RCD party and the resignation of Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi amid further public pressure.9 March 2011 Tunisia disbands party of ousted president USA Today http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-03-09-Tunisia_N.htm Following the revolution, an election for a constituent assembly which had 217 seats was held on 23 October 2011 that saw the Ennahda Movement led by Rashid al-Ghannushi win a plurality in the election (41% of the seats) closely followed by the Congress for the Republic (CPR) led by Moncef Marzouki (13.4% of the seats) who was later elected as President of Tunisia by the Constituent Assembly.14 November 2011 Final Results of Tunisian Elections Announced http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/11/14/tunisian-election-final-results-tables/ dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120310062505/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/11/14/tunisian-election-final-results-tables/ 10 March 2012 Tunisia Live12 December 2011 Tunisian activist, Moncef Marzouki, named president BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16149119 12 December 2011 The Ennahda Movement had long been banned by former President Ben Ali.18 November 2011 Assessing Ennahda, Tunisia's Winning Islamist Party http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/assessing-ennahda-tunisias-winning-islamist-party The Washington Institute Following the revolution, it described itself to be a "moderate Islamist" party by advocating democracy and political pluralism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism.25 October 2011 Profile: Tunisia's Ennahda Party https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15442859 BBC20 October 2013 Tunisia sees Islamist militants exploiting Libya chaos Reuters http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-idUKBRE99J06720131020 https://web.archive.org/web/20170827130720/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-idUKBRE99J06720131020 dead August 27, 2017 A political crisis evolved in Tunisia following the assassination of leftist leader Mohamed Brahmi in late July 2013, during which the country's mainly secular opposition organized several protests against the ruling Troika alliance that was dominated by Rashid al-Ghannushi's Islamist Ennahda Movement. Other factors included the assassination of Mohamed Brahmi on 25 July,2 October 2013 Tunisia: Protesters demand to know who killed opposition leaders Belaid and Brahmi http://www.citizenside.com/en/photos/politics/2013-10-02/84606/tunisia-protesters-demand-to-know-who-killed-opposition-leaders-belaid-and-brahmi.html#f=0/789205 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203812/http://www.citizenside.com/en/photos/politics/2013-10-02/84606/tunisia-protesters-demand-to-know-who-killed-opposition-leaders-belaid-and-brahmi.html#f=0/789205 23 September 2015 26 October 2013 Citizen Side the government's failure to deal with the rise of hardline Salafist groups including Ansar al-Sharia which is widely believed to be behind the assassinations, as well as many other attacks on security personnel and state institutions.25 July 2013 After Another High-Profile Assassination, Tunisia Lurches Toward Crisis https://world.time.com/2013/07/25/after-another-high-profile-assassination-tunisia-lurches-toward-crisis/ Time World29 August 2013 Tunisian Minister: Ansar al-Sharia Linked to Political Assassinations http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2013/08/ansar-al-sharia-connected-to-assassinations.html Al-Monitor (Al-Hayat) See also 2020s in African history References