2005 conclave

Election of Catholic Pope Benedict XVI November 2019 April 2005 18–19 April 2005 Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,Vatican City Joseph Ratzinger Angelo Sodano Eduardo Martínez Somalo Stephen Kim Sou-hwan Jorge Medina Francesco Monterisi 115 (list) See it papabili 4 Joseph Ratzinger Benedict XVI Pope Benedict XVI, Berlin – 2011 cropped.jpg October 1978 October 1978 conclave 2013 2013 conclave A conclave was held on 18 and 19 April 2005 to elect a new pope to succeed John Paul II, who had died on 2 April 2005. Of the 117 eligible cardinal electors, all but two attended. On the fourth ballot, the conclave elected Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the dean of the College of Cardinals and prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. After accepting his election, he took the name Benedict XVI. Ratzinger was the first cardinal from the Roman Curia to become pope since Pius XII in 1939. Papal election process The papal election process began soon after the death of Pope John Paul II on 2 April 2005. New voting procedures Pope John Paul II laid out new procedures for the election of his successor in his 1996 apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis.https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html Universi Dominici Gregis Pope John Paul II 22 February 1996 The Holy See Libreria Editrice Vaticana 7 September 2017 It detailed the roles of the cardinals and the support personnel, the scheduling of the conclave, the text of the oaths, the penalties for violating secrecy, and many details, including the shape of the ballots ("the ballot paper must be rectangular in shape"). He denied the cardinal electors the right to choose a pope by acclamation or by assigning the election to a select group of cardinals (by compromise). He also established new voting procedures that the cardinals could follow if the balloting continued for several days, but those were not invoked in this conclave. He maintained the rule established by Paul VI that cardinals who reached the age of eighty before the day the pope died would not participate in the balloting. In previous conclaves, the cardinal electors lived in the Sistine Chapel precincts throughout the balloting. Conditions were spartan and difficult for the cardinals with health problems. Showers and bathroom facilities were shared and sleeping areas separated by curtains. 17 September 2017 Pham John-Peter https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham registration 125 Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession Oxford University Press 2004 9780195346350 John Paul kept the voting in the Sistine Chapel, but provided for the cardinal electors when not balloting to live, dine, and sleep in air-conditioned individual rooms in Domus Sanctae Marthae, better known by its Italian name Casa Santa Marta, a five-story building that was completed in 1996, that normally serves as a guesthouse for visiting clergy. The cardinals departed from his instructions only in that they did not assemble in the Pauline Chapel. Restoration work begun in 2002 required a change of venue,http://mv.vatican.va/4_ES/pages/z-Patrons/MV_Patrons_07_01.html The restoration of the Pauline Chapel 29 January 2014 Vatican Museums and they used the Hall of Blessings instead. Cardinal electors Cardinal electors in the 2005 conclave +Cardinal electors by regionframeless|200px|center|alt=Graphic with the numbers of cardinal electors in attendance from each regionRegionNumber#0C2779 Italy20#6767E2 Rest of Europe38#803D2C North America22#D49382 South America12#F7CC0C Asia10#F7CC0C Oceania2#434343 Africa11Total115 Although there were 183 cardinals in total, cardinals aged 80 years or more at the time the papacy became vacant were ineligible to vote in the conclave, according to the rules established by Pope Paul VI in 1970 and modified slightly in 1996 by Pope John Paul II. At the time of Pope John Paul's death, there were 117 cardinals under the age of 80.John Paul II had appointed one cardinal secretly (in pectore) in 2003, but never revealed that person's identity. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-07-fg-secret7-story.html Los Angeles Times 7 September 2017 7 April 2005 Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers Richard Boudreaux The cardinal electors came from slightly over fifty nations, a slight increase from the 49 represented at the 1978 conclave. About 30 of those countries had a single participant. The Italian electors were the most numerous with 20, while the United States had the second largest group with 11. Poor health prevented two of the 117 cardinal electors from attending: Jaime Sin of the Philippines and Adolfo Antonio Suárez Rivera of Mexico.Les cardinaux décident le silence média fr http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20050409.OBS3509/les-cardinaux-decident-le-silence-media.html 24 August 2017 Le Nouvel Observateur 22 April 2005Collins Paul God's New Man: The Election of Benedict XVI and the Legacy of John Paul II 2005 Continuum 128 https://books.google.com/books?id=URqJtxRCoekC&pg=PA128 24 August 2017 9780826480156Some reports said Cardinal Sin had hoped for medical clearance to travel. He died in June.O'Donnell Michelle Cardinal Jaime Sin, a Champion of the Poor in the Philippines, Is Dead at 76 https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/21/obituaries/cardinal-jaime-sin-a-champion-of-the-poor-in-the-philippines-is.html 24 August 2017 The New York Times 21 June 2005 All the electors were appointed by Pope John Paul II, except for three: Jaime Sin, who was not attending, William Wakefield Baum, and Joseph Ratzinger, 26 August 2017 it it La Repubblica 10 April 2015 http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/04/10/la-mossa-di-ratzinger-per-il-silenzio.html La mossa di Ratzinger per il silenzio dei cardinali Marco Politi making Baum and Ratzinger the only participants with previous conclave experience from the two conclaves of 1978.The 1903 conclave had only one elector with previous conclave experience Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred registration Frederic J. Baumgartner 195–196, 201 Palgrave Macmillan 2003 9780312294632 and the 1823 conclave only two,Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922 Francis A. Burkle-Young 2000 25–26 9780739101148 Lexington Books a function of the age at which cardinals are appointed and the length of a pontificate. The 1878 conclave had three cardinals who had participated in the 1846 conclave. With 115 cardinal electors participating, this conclave saw the largest number of cardinal electors ever to elect a pope, a number later matched by the 2013 conclave and surpassed in the 2025 conclave. Both conclaves in 1978 had 111 electors. The required two-thirds majority needed to elect a pope in 2005 was 77 votes. Papabili Papabile Although the conclave cardinals may elect any baptized Catholic male,Technically, Nicholas II's In nomine Domini bull of 1059 laid down that the electors could choose from "another church" if there was no suitable candidate within the Roman church. the last time a non-cardinal was elected pope was in the 1378 conclave.Miranda, Salvador Salvador Miranda (historian) https://cardinals.fiu.edu/conclave-xiv.htm#1378 The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Conclaves of the 14th Century (1303-1394) live https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183708/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xiv.htm#1378 3 March 2016 Observers of papal elections tend to consider, by a variety of criteria, some cardinals to be more likely to become pope than the othersthese are the it papabili, the plural for it papabile, an Italian word loosely translated as "pope-able". Since the set of it papabili is a matter of speculation from the press, the election of a non-it papabile is not uncommon; recent cases are John XXIII in 1958, and both John Paul I and John Paul II in 1978. On 2 January 2005, Time magazine, quoting unnamed Vatican sources, stated that Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the dean of the College of Cardinals, was a frontrunner to succeed Pope John Paul II if the pope died or became too ill to continue as pope. On 2 April 2005, upon the death of John Paul II, the Financial Times gave the odds of Ratzinger getting elected pope as 7–1, the lead position but close to his liberal rivals. On 18 April 2005, the beginning of the conclave, he was identified as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time.http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972656_1972691_1973018,00.html https://web.archive.org/web/20100618214719/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972656_1972691_1973018,00.html dead 18 June 2010 Time 100 2005 Time 18 April 2005 3 April 2013 Sullivan, Andrew In addition, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, the archbishop of Buenos Aires, who would later become Pope Francis in the 2013 conclave, was also considered to be a papabile.Allen Jr. John L. Handicapping the conclave http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/pt041405a.htm 15 March 2013 National Catholic Reporter 14 April 2005 6 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120806032925/http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/pt041405a.htm live Other papabili included cardinals Francis Arinze, Audrys Backis, Tarcisio Bertone, Godfried Danneels, Ivan Dias, Claudio Hummes, Lubomyr Husar, Marc Ouellet, Giovanni Battista Re, Óscar Rodríguez Maradiaga, Camillo Ruini, Christoph Schönborn, Angelo Scola, and Dionigi Tettamanzi.2005-04-16 News Features https://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=36564 2026-08-26 Catholic Culture Catholic Culture 2005 Pre-conclave events In the nine-day period of mourning following the funeral services for Pope John Paul II, the cardinals attended a Mass celebrated each day by a senior cleric, often a cardinal elector or a papabile, who had the opportunity to preach a homily. Celebrants included Bernard Law, Camillo Ruini, Jorge Medina, Eugênio de Araújo Sales, Nasrallah Pierre Sfeir, Leonardo Sandri, and Piergiorgio Silvano Nesti.Wakin Daniel J. A Time for Mourning, but Also for Study and Very Quiet Politics https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/09/world/worldspecial2/a-time-for-mourning-but-also-for-study-and-very-quiet.html 24 August 2017 The New York Times 9 April 2005 On Saturday, 9 April, in Rome, 130 cardinals, including some non-voting cardinals, met in the general congregation and agreed to Ratzinger's proposal that, while it would be unfair for a majority to restrict anyone's right to speak to the press, they might agree to such a restriction unanimously. In it La Repubblica, veteran journalist Gad Lerner wrote that preventing "public reflection" by the cardinals "mutes their relationship to the world", deprives them of a "beneficial antidote to excessive scheming", and increased the influence of the Curia. He cited "the fertility of ideas" generated by public discussion during the two 1978 conclaves. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/04/12/lasciate-parlare-cardinali.html 26 August 2017 12 April 2005 it Lasciate parlare i cardinali Let the cardinals speak La Repubblica Presiding over the pre-conclave events was the dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Ratzinger.Guerriero Elio https://archive.org/details/benedictxvihisli0000guer Benedict XVI: His Life and Thought 2018 San Francisco Ignatius Press 455 Internet Archive 978-1-62164-183-4 For the first several days, the discussions were conducted largely in Italian, putting some cardinals at a disadvantage. Ratzinger responded to complaints by organizing simultaneous translation. A Church in Search of Itself: Benedict XVI and the Battle for the Future Robert Blair Kaiser 2006 Alfred A. Knopf 201, 208–210 On 14 April, in one of the daily general congregations, they heard the first of two mandated exhortations. The preacher was Raniero Cantalamessa, a Capuchin friar and church history scholar, who had for several years preached the Lenten sermons to the pope and his staff.Allen Jr. John L. Two conclave preachers are open, ecumenical http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/pt041305a.htm 24 August 2017 National Catholic Reporter 13 April 2005Walsh Mary Ann From Pope John Paul II to Benedict XVI 2005 Rowman and Littlefield 52–53, 93 https://books.google.com/books?id=_jqs9rD39ewC&pg=PA52 24 August 2017 9781580512022 On 15 April, officials and personnel who were not cardinal electors but had duties during the conclave formally took their oath of secrecy. 27 August 2017 https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2005/documents/ns_lit_doc_20050415_giuramento-conclave_it.html 7 April 2005 Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice Notificazione: Giuramento degli Officiali e degli Addetti al Conclave it Their oath bound them to secrecy about anything they would observe in the course of their duties throughout the papal conclave, under pain of punishment at the discretion of the incoming pope. The oath was administered in the Hall of Blessings in the presence of Camerlengo Eduardo Martínez Somalo and two masters of ceremonies. One round of balloting was to be held the first evening. The balloting would then continue until a new pope was elected, with two ballots each morning and two each afternoon. The traditional procedure is that the ballots are burned, in times past reinforced by adding handfuls of dry or damp straw, to produce white smoke for a conclusive vote or black smoke for an inconclusive one. The straw had been replaced by chemically produced smoke. The ballot slips were to be burned at 12:00 and 19:00, Rome time (10:00 and 17:00 UTC) each day. Conclave Day one On 18 April, the cardinals assembled in St. Peter's Basilica in the morning to concelebrate the Mass la pro eligendo Romano Pontifice (for the election of the Roman Pontiff). As the dean of the College of Cardinals, Joseph Ratzinger was the principal concelebrant and gave the homily himself. 23 August 2017 A Church in Search of Itself: Benedict XVI and the Battle for the Future Robert Blair Kaiser https://books.google.com/books?id=u4JRU70LVoQC&pg=PT209 Knopf 2006 Ratzinger could have delegated anyone to give the homily, but he delivered it himself. 9780307424280 https://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/homily-pro-eligendo-pontifice_20050418_en.html Homily of His Eminence Card. Joseph Ratzinger, Dean of the College of Cardinals (English version) Vatican.va 10 January 2014https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2005/documents/ns_lit_doc_20050418_messa-pro-eligendo_it.html Solemn Eucharistic celebration with the Votive Mass "Pro Eligendo Romano Pontifice": Announcement Vatican.va it 10 January 2014 In the afternoon, the cardinal electors assembled in the Hall of Blessings for the procession to the Sistine Chapel.https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2005/documents/ns_lit_doc_20050418_ingresso-conclave_it.html Notificazione: Ingresso in Conclave Notice: Entrance into Conclave it Vatican.va 13 January 2014 The cardinal electors proceeded to the Sistine Chapel while the Litany of Saints was chanted. After taking their places, the Veni Creator Spiritus ("Come, Creator Spirit") was sung. Cardinal Ratzinger read the oath. Each cardinal elector, beginning with Ratzinger and followed by Vice Dean Angelo Sodano and the other cardinals in order of seniority, affirmed the oath by placing his hands on the book of the Gospels saying aloud: "And I, [name], do so promise, pledge, and swear. So help me God and these Holy Gospels, which I touch with my hand." Archbishop Piero Marini, the papal master of ceremonies, intoned the words la Extra omnes ("Everybody out!"), and the members of the choir, security guards, and others left the chapel. The doors of the chapel were then closed. Cardinal Tomáš Špidlík, a non-elector and a Jesuit theologian, delivered the second required exhortation. He and Marini then left. First ballot According to the Italian daily Il Messaggero, Carlo Maria Martini, the archbishop of Milan, obtained 40 votes on the first ballot, Ratzinger obtained 38 votes, and Camillo Ruini a substantial number of votes, the rest of the votes being dispersed. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdmlSB3efvgC&pg=PT337 L'entità Eric Frattini 30 May 2018 Fazi Editore it 2008 9788864113456 An anonymous cardinal provided his diary to an Italian journalist in September 2005,30 May 2018 it 23 September 2005 I segreti del Conclave "Così vinse Ratzinger" http://www.repubblica.it/2005/i/sezioni/esteri/benedetto/segretielez/segretielez.html Lucio Brunelli and it was published in full in 2011.La Stampa 30 May 2018 it 27 July 2011 http://www.lastampa.it/2011/07/27/vaticaninsider/il-diario-segreto-dellultimo-conclave-vB9KtvKIoPNkP37nFamU2N/pagina.html Andrea Tornielli Il diario segreto dell'ultimo conclave 17 June 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180617143747/http://www.lastampa.it/2011/07/27/vaticaninsider/il-diario-segreto-dellultimo-conclave-vB9KtvKIoPNkP37nFamU2N/pagina.html dead That source gave the results of the first ballot as:https://www.foxnews.com/story/cardinal-spills-secrets-from-conclave/ Cardinal Spills Secrets from Conclave Fox News 23 September 2005 16 August 2013 Associated Press CardinalsVotesJoseph Ratzinger47Jorge Bergoglio10Carlo Maria Martini9Camillo Ruini6Angelo Sodano4Oscar Maradiaga3Dionigi Tettamanzi2Giacomo Biffi1Others33 At 20:05 CEST, a thin white plume of smoke seemed for a moment to indicate the election was already over, and the 40,000 people who had spent the afternoon watching the ceremonies on large screens in St. Peter's Square broke into applause and song. But the smoke quickly grew stronger and clearly dark. The crowd quieted and cleared in a matter of minutes. La Repubblica it 25 August 2017 http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/papa20/prifu/prifu.html 18 April 2005 Conclave, nera la prima fumata grande delusione tra i fedeli Day two Second ballot The two ballots on the morning of the second day failed to result in an election. The results of the second ballot, according to the anonymous cardinal's diary, were: CardinalsVotesJoseph Ratzinger65Jorge Bergoglio35Angelo Sodano4Dionigi Tettamanzi2Giacomo Biffi1Others8 Third ballot The results of the third ballot, according to the anonymous cardinal's diary, were:According to Italian newspapers, Ratzinger had reached or exceeded the required 77 votes on the third ballot, but asked for a vote of confirmation in the afternoon.August 2017 One account of the election of John Paul I says he did this in 1978. Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves, and the Election of the Next Pope Francis A. Burke-Young Madison Books 1999 257–258 9781568332321 48917608 According to some interpretations this would not be in conformity with the laws governing the conclave. CardinalsVotesJoseph Ratzinger72Jorge Bergoglio40Giacomo Biffi1Darío Castrillón Hoyos1Others1 Tens of thousands of people waiting in St Peter's Square reacted with timid applause and then silence a little before noon when smoke of indeterminate color appeared and the lack of bell-ringing indicated that the morning's ballotting was inconclusive. it La Repubblica 19 April 2005 http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/papa20/rifumnera/rifumnera.html Conclave, terzo scrutinio, fumata nera; In difficoltà il favorito Ratzinger? 26 August 2017 Press speculation held that "A pope who was elected tonight at the fourth-fifth ballot or tomorrow morning at the sixth-seventh would still be a pontiff elected promptly. Beyond that perhaps some problems might arise." Cardinal Biffi consistently received one vote in each ballot of the conclave. He reportedly told a fellow cardinal that, if he found out who this one voter was, he would slap him. Shocked, the cardinal told Biffi that the one voter was Cardinal Ratzinger, who would be elected pope on the next ballot.2015-07-11 E' morto l'arcivescovo emerito Giacomo Biffi, il teologo della "città sazia e disperata" https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/morto-arcivescovo-emerito-giacomo-biffi-448b60dc 2025-02-26 Il Resto del Carlino it By this point, Cardinal Ratzinger had emerged as a strong contender for the papacy and recounted in an April 2005 audience to German pilgrims that he felt as though he was beneath the metaphorical axe of papal election, and his head began to spin. However, a fellow cardinal, later revealed to be Christoph Schönborn, encouraged Ratzinger, reminding him of his quotation of the Calling of Matthew in his funeral homily for John Paul II and applying it to Ratzinger.To the German pilgrims gathered in Rome for the inauguration ceremony of the Pontificate (April 25, 2005) BENEDICT XVI https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2005/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20050425_german-pilgrims.html 2023-01-23 www.vatican.vaCardinal Schönborn Calls Archbishop Gänswein Book 'Unseemly Indiscretion,' Confirms Key Detail of Benedict Papacy https://www.ncregister.com/cna/cardinal-schoenborn-calls-archbishop-gaenswein-book-unseemly-indiscretion-confirms-key-detail-of-benedict-papacy 2023-01-23 NCR 18 January 2023 en Initially, at the conclave, "[the question] was, if not Ratzinger, who? And as they came to know him, the question became, why not Ratzinger?"Goodstein, Laurie and Elisabetta Povoledo. "Before Smoke Rises at Vatican, It's Romans vs. the Reformers," https://web.archive.org/web/20160722190622/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/11/world/europe/among-cardinals-deep-divisions-over-next-pope.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 22 July 2016 The New York Times. 11 March 2013; Ivereigh, Austen. "Does cardinal confusion spell a long conclave?" https://web.archive.org/web/20130316114559/http://www.osvdailytake.com/2013/03/ivereigh-in-rome-does-cardinal.html 16 March 2013 Our Sunday Visitor. 11 March By Austen Ivereigh; excerpt, "A former communications director to the Archbishop emeritus of Westminster (England), Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, he accompanied the cardinal to Rome in 2005 for the funeral of Pope John Paul II and election of Pope Benedict XVI". Retrieved 12 March 2013. Fourth ballot The results of the fourth ballot, according to the anonymous cardinal's diary, were: CardinalsVotesJoseph Ratzinger84Jorge Bergoglio26Bernard Law2Giacomo Biffi1Christoph Schönborn1Others2 Given that Ratzinger, the dean of the College of Cardinals, was elected pope, Angelo Sodano as the vice-dean performed the dean's role and asked Ratzinger whether he would accept the election and what name he would adopt.Allen Jr. John L. The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope was Elected and Where He Will Take the Catholic Church 2005 Doubleday https://books.google.com/books?id=jXhRFZDK8HIC&pg=PT105 24 August 2017 116–118 9780307424105 As the voting slips and notes were burnt after that ballot, "All of a sudden, the whole Sistine Chapel was filled with smoke," according to Adrianus Johannes Simonis. La Repubblica 25 August 2017 http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/04/21/un-cardinale-racconta-problemi-con-le-fumate.html it Un cardinale racconta Problemi con le fumate 21 April 2005 Christoph Schönborn joked: "Fortunately, there were no art historians present." At 17:50 CEST (15:50 UTC), white smoke rose above the Sistine Chapel. The bells of St. Peter's pealed at about 18:10 CEST. At 18:43 CEST (16:43 UTC), Cardinal Protodeacon Jorge Medina, emerged on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica to announce the election of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who took the name Benedict XVI. Notes References Sources Allen John L. Jr. 2005 The Rise of Benedict XVI: The inside story of how the pope was elected and where it will take the Catholic Church Doubleday Religion 0-385-51320-8 https://archive.org/details/riseofbenedictxv00alle Greeley Andrew M. 2005 The Making of the Pope: 2005 Brown, Little 0-316-86149-9 Weigel George 2005 God's Choice: Pope Benedict XVI and the Future of the Catholic Church HarperCollins 0-06-621331-2 https://archive.org/details/godschoicepopebe00weig External links Vacancy of the Apostolic See (official website) Universi Dominici gregis – the rules governing the election "Papal chase", 15 October 2003 (Slate.com) Catholicism Christianity Vatican City 2000s y Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History y Category:Papal conclave y Category:Roman Catholic Church y Category:Popes y Category:Popes y Category:Christian History y Pope y Category:2005 papal conclave 2005 2005 2005 papal papal papal Category:Elections in Vatican City