1964 New York World's Fair

World's fair held in New York City June 2024 April 2024 New York World's Fair August 1964.jpeg The Unisphere (center) and United States Pavilion (left background), viewed from the observation towers of the New York State Pavilion Unrecognized 1964–1965 1964 New York World's Fair Peace through Understanding Unisphere, 139 pavilions, 34 concessions 646 acre km2 51,607,448 Robert Moses 66 (80 including nations without full exhibits) Nearly 350 companies United States New York Flushing Meadows–Corona Park 1959 N/A 1964 04 22 (first season) 1965 04 21 (second season) 1964 10 18 (first season) 1965 10 17 (second season) Universal Century 21 Exposition Seattle Expo 67 Montreal www.nywf64.comwww.worldsfairphotos.com The 1964 New York World's Fair (also known as the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair) was an international exposition at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. The fair included exhibitions, activities, performances, films, art, and food presented by 80 nations, 24 U.S. states, and nearly 350 American companies. The five sections of the 646 acre on fairground were the Federal and State, International, Transportation, Lake Amusement, and Industrial areas. The fair's theme was "Peace through Understanding", and its symbol was the Unisphere, a stainless-steel model of Earth. Initially, the fair had 139 pavilions, and 34 concessions and shows. The site had previously hosted the 1939 New York World's Fair. In the 1950s, several businessmen devised plans for a similar event in 1964, and the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) was formed in 1959. Although U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the fair, the Bureau International des Expositions refused to grant it formal recognition. Construction began in late 1960, and over 100 exhibitors signed up for the fair over the next three years. The fair ran for two six-month seasons from April 22 to October 18, 1964, and from April 21 to October 17, 1965. Despite initial projections of 70 million visitors, just over 51.6 million attended. After the fair closed, some pavilions were preserved or relocated, but most of the structures were demolished. The fair showcased mid-20th-century American culture and technology. The sections were designed in various architectural styles. Anyone could host an exhibit if they could afford to rent the land and pay for a pavilion. There were several amusement and transport rides, various plazas and fountains, and at its peak, 198 restaurants that served dishes such as Belgian waffles, some of which were popularized by the fair. There were more than 30 entertainment events, 40 theaters, and various music performances. Exhibitors displayed sculptures, visual art and artifacts, and consumer products such as electronics and cars. The contemporaneous press criticized the event as a financial failure, although it influenced 21st-century technologies, and popularized consumer products such as the Ford Mustang. Development Before European settlement of the area, the site of the 1964 World's Fair, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, was a natural wetland straddling the Flushing River.Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf New York City Department of Parks and Recreation November 12, 2017 52 October 9, 2022 https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf live In the early 20th century, the site was occupied by the Corona Ash Dumps,Steinberg Ted https://books.google.com/books?id=arkrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York July 21, 2015 Simon and Schuster 978-1-4767-4128-4 212 before it was selected as the site of the 1939–1940 World's Fair.September 23, 1935 Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site in Queens; Cost to Be $40,000,000 https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/23/archives/great-world-fair-for-city-in-1939-on-site-in-queens-cost-to-be.html May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 April 7, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210407073005/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/23/archives/great-world-fair-for-city-in-1939-on-site-in-queens-cost-to-be.html live Caro 1974 . 1085 The theme of the 1939–1940 was "the world of tomorrow";Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1027Samuel 2007 . 4 the event was unprofitable, recouping only 32% of its original cost. After the 1939 fair, the site was used as a park,Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2520a%2520-%25204231.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132724/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940%20a%20-%204231.pdf July 29, 2019 dead March 27, 2017 The Sun (New York) Old Fulton New York Postcards August 15, 1940 14 none; Flushing Meadow http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2FLong%2520Island%2520%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2520-%25204917.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132730/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949/Long%20Island%20%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949%20-%204917.pdf July 29, 2019 dead March 27, 2017 Long Island Star-Journal Old Fulton New York Postcards July 13, 1949 4 but fell into disrepair due to a lack of funds.1966-04-11 Foul Lot to Fair: a Saga by Moses; He Tells Flushing Meadow History in Public Brochure of Triborough Authority https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/11/archives/foul-lot-to-fair-a-saga-by-moses-he-tells-flushing-meadow-history.html 2024-07-04 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The development of the 1964 fair coincided with social upheavals of the early 1960s, including the civil rights movement, Vietnam War protests, and the aftermath of U.S. President John F. Kennedy's assassination.Levine Alexandra S. April 24, 2018 New York Today: The World's Fair, A World Away https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/nyregion/new-york-today-worlds-fair-1964.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 6, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240606224255/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/24/nyregion/new-york-today-worlds-fair-1964.html live Planning World's Fair Corporation The idea for the 1964 fair was conceived by a group of businessmen.Freeman Ira Henry August 10, 1959 World's Fair Planned Here In '64 at Half Billion Cost; Flushing Meadow Likely to Be the Site – 'Biggest' Exposition to Celebrate New York's 300th Anniversary Plans Fair Here https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/10/archives/worlds-fair-planned-here-in-64-at-half-billion-cost-flushing-meadow.html May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520182939/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/10/archives/worlds-fair-planned-here-in-64-at-half-billion-cost-flushing-meadow.html live Samuel 2007 3; Tirella 2013 . 11 Among them was Robert Kopple, a lawyer who first discussed the idea at a family dinner in 1958April 22, 1964 Blending of Ideas in 2 Opposing Minds Went Into Creation of the Exposition; '39 Concessionaire Conceived Plan for '64 at a Family Dinner; Kopple Wanted to Bring the World Home to His Daughters—Moses Carried Through as Head of Corporation https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/blending-of-ideas-in-2-opposing-minds-went-into-creation-of-the.html May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234327/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/blending-of-ideas-in-2-opposing-minds-went-into-creation-of-the.html live before suggesting it at a meeting of the Mutual Admiration Society the following year.Samuel 2007 . 3–4 The year 1964 was nominally selected to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the British conquest of the Dutch colony of New Netherland.Tirella 2013 . 12 Kopple and two friends, Charles Preusse and Thomas J. Deegan, met with 35 potential financiers at the 21 Club restaurant.Samuel 2007 4; Tirella 2013 . 13 New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. and parks commissioner Robert Moses formally endorsed the proposal in August 1959,Crowell Paul August 13, 1959 Proclamation by Mayor Backs Plans for World's Fair in 1964 https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/13/archives/proclamation-by-mayor-backs-plans-for-worlds-fair-in-1964-mayor.html May 21, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234330/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/13/archives/proclamation-by-mayor-backs-plans-for-worlds-fair-in-1964-mayor.html live August 12, 1959 Mayor, Moses Back Fair At Flushing Meadow Site New York Herald Tribune 9 1941-0646 1327256116 none. and 75 businessmen formed the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) that month.Kaplan Morris August 19, 1959 75 Leaders Set Up World Fair Body; Elect Corporation Officers – Congressional Approval Celled Only Hurdle https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/19/archives/75-leaders-set-up-world-fair-body-elect-corporation-officers.html May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234328/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/19/archives/75-leaders-set-up-world-fair-body-elect-corporation-officers.html live Moses, who saw a 1964 fair as a means to develop the Flushing Meadows site,Caro 1974 . 1086 offered to let the WFC use Flushing Meadows for a nominal fee. The fairground would include the 1939 World's Fair site and a part of the nearby Kissena Corridor Park.Barrett Laurence September 11, 1959 Site of World's Fair Gets 35 More Acres: Acquisition of Kissena Corridor Revealed on Moses Trailer Tour New York Herald Tribune 1 1941-0646 1327271386 none; Illson Murray September 11, 1959 Moses Shows Officials How Site of '64 World's Fair Could Be Expanded https://www.nytimes.com/1959/09/11/archives/moses-shows-officials-how-site-of-64-worlds-fair-could-be-expanded.html May 22, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 22, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240522003842/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/09/11/archives/moses-shows-officials-how-site-of-64-worlds-fair-could-be-expanded.html live The bid required approval from the United States Congress and the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), the French organization that was in charge of approving world's fairs.Wilson Victor August 18, 1959 World's Fair for City Facing a Rocky Road: Must Leap Hurdles in 22-Nation Exposition Bureau and Congress New York Herald Tribune 1 1941-0646 1325328899 Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., were submitting competing bids,Barrett Laurence August 14, 1959 Other Cities Compete For 1964 World Fair: Washington, Los Angeles Vying; Flushing Meadow the Site Here New York Herald Tribune 1 1941-0646 1328096936 none; August 14, 1959 City and Washington Vie for World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/14/archives/city-and-washington-vie-for-worlds-fair-worlds-fair-tilt-begun-by-2.html May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234327/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/14/archives/city-and-washington-vie-for-worlds-fair-worlds-fair-tilt-begun-by-2.html live Samuel 2007 6; Tirella 2013 . 13 so in October 1959, U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed a committee to review the 1964 world's fair bids,Samuel 2007 5; Tirella 2013 . 13October 11, 1959 Ike Names World Fair Committee: Washington Among Three Major Cities Proposed as Sites The Washington Post, Times Herald A1 0190-8286 140975102 none; Mooney Richard E. October 11, 1959 President Names Panel on '64 Fair; Asks 3 to Study Feasibility of U.S. Show and Pick Site If They Approve Plans https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/11/archives/president-names-panel-on-64-fair-asks-3-to-study-feasibility-of-us.html May 22, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 22, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024958/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/11/archives/president-names-panel-on-64-fair-asks-3-to-study-feasibility-of-us.html live and he approved the New York bid later that month.Samuel 2007 6; Tirella 2013 . 14Landauer Jerry Mintz Morton October 30, 1959 N.Y. Picked As Site for World Fair: Capital Said to Be Better Suited for Permanent Projects The Washington Post A1 0190-8286 140973278 none; Mooney Richard E. October 30, 1959 World Fair Here in 1964 Approved; Eisenhower Acts; He Backs Report Saying Exposition Would Be in 'National Interest' https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/30/archives/world-fair-here-in-1964-approved-eisenhower-acts-he-backs-report.html May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234327/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/30/archives/world-fair-here-in-1964-approved-eisenhower-acts-he-backs-report.html live By late 1959, 75 nations had informally indicated an intention to attend the fair,Barrett Laurence November 11, 1959 75 Countries Ready to Join World's Fair New York Herald Tribune 17 1941-0646 1324214613 none; Anderson David November 11, 1959 75 Nations Voice Interest in Fair; Deegan Reports on Informal Poll – Says Professional Will Direct '64 Event https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/11/archives/75-nations-voice-interest-in-fair-deegan-reports-on-informal-poll.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523014252/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/11/archives/75-nations-voice-interest-in-fair-deegan-reports-on-informal-poll.html live and the WFC began looking for a president and three additional managers in early 1960.February 22, 1960 Show News: Plan 4-Man Team to Manage New York 1964 World's Fair The Billboard 51 72 8 1505534595 none; Knowles Clayton February 29, 1960 4-man Leadership Due for 1964 Fair; Moses and Murphy Would Direct Team for World Exhibition in City https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/29/archives/4man-leadership-due-for-1964-fair-moses-and-murphy-would-direct.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162257/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/29/archives/4man-leadership-due-for-1964-fair-moses-and-murphy-would-direct.html live Moses was tentatively selected as the WFC's president that March,Freeman Ira Henry April 1, 1960 Moses to Accept Fair Presidency; Chairman of '64 Exhibition Announces a Tentative Decision by City Aide https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/01/archives/moses-to-accept-fair-presidency-chairman-of-64-exhibition-announces.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162255/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/01/archives/moses-to-accept-fair-presidency-chairman-of-64-exhibition-announces.html live ; April 1, 1960 World's Fair to Run 2 Years, Board Votes Unanimously New York Herald Tribune 3 1941-0646 1325616473 despite Kopple's objections that Moses was too old.Samuel 2007 . 8 In turn, Moses would not take the job unless Kopple resigned,Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1028 as the two men had disagreed bitterly over the canceled Mid-Manhattan Elevated Expressway.Samuel 2007 8; Tirella 2013 . 34–35Doty Robert C. September 9, 1963 World's Fair Gains Impetus Despite Snubs https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/09/archives/worlds-fair-gains-impetus-despite-snubs-150-pavilions-rise-road.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155801/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/09/archives/worlds-fair-gains-impetus-despite-snubs-150-pavilions-rise-road.html live After Kopple quit the WFC,Freeman Ira Henry April 9, 1960 Originator of Fair Dropped by Moses https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/09/archives/originator-of-fair-dropped-by-moses-fairs-originator-dropped-by.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162256/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/09/archives/originator-of-fair-dropped-by-moses-fairs-originator-dropped-by.html live ; April 9, 1960 Moses Bars Fair Post for Kopple newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-moses-bars-fair-post-fo/147925013/ May 23, 2024 The Buffalo News 11 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162255/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-moses-bars-fair-post-fo/147925013/ live Moses formally became the WFC's president that May.Gleason Gene May 25, 1960 Fair To Be 2½ Times Size Of Last One, Moses Says New York Herald Tribune 1 1941-0646 1325923549 none; Johnston Richard J. h May 25, 1960 Moses is Elected President of Fair; He Signs a 7-Year Contract – 2 Aides Are Named https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/25/archives/moses-is-elected-president-of-fair-he-signs-a-7year-contract-2.html May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520160624/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/25/archives/moses-is-elected-president-of-fair-he-signs-a-7year-contract-2.html live Moses wanted the fair to run for two years,Chapman Ralph April 18, 1960 Permanent Buildings Barred at World's Fair: Moses Report to Mayor Cites Law Calling for Restoration as a Park New York Herald Tribune 1 1941-0646 1327176485 none; Grutzner Charles April 18, 1960 Moses Sees Fair Lasting 2 Years; Report to Wagner Includes a Reference to 1964–65 Without Qualification https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/18/archives/moses-sees-fair-lasting-2-years-report-to-wagner-includes-a.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520020943/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/18/archives/moses-sees-fair-lasting-2-years-report-to-wagner-includes-a.html live and consultants for the WFC predicted the fair would have 70 million visitors during that time.Collins Thomas April 18, 1960 Moses Sees 2-Yr. Fair Drawing 70 Million Newsday 3 2574-5298 898174102Samuel 2007 . 9 Moses traveled to Paris to ask for the BIE's recognition of the fair.Tirella 2013 . 37 The BIE allowed the WFC to begin planning the fair in November 1959,November 5, 1959 Deegan Returns With Go-Aliead For World's Fair New York Herald Tribune 18 1941-0646 1324227398 none; November 5, 1959 World's Fair Group Is Back From Paris Elated on Go-Ahead https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/05/archives/worlds-fair-group-is-back-from-paris-elated-on-goahead.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523014253/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/05/archives/worlds-fair-group-is-back-from-paris-elated-on-goahead.html live but its officials decided to not formally recognize the fair.Samuel 2007 10; Tirella 2013 . 40–41 Under BIE rules, world's fairs could run for only one six-month period,Tirella 2013 . 37–38April 22, 1964 66 Nations Help Set Fair Record; Exhibition Isn't Official, But Its Foreign Roster Is Tops https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/66-nations-help-set-fair-record-exhibition-isnt-official-but-its.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240520234328/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/66-nations-help-set-fair-record-exhibition-isnt-official-but-its.html May 20, 2024 May 20, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 though the WFC had tried to request an exemption.February 18, 1960 2-Year Run Is Aim of 1964 Fair Here; Deegan Says Approval for Extension Is Being Sought From Bureau in Paris https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/18/archives/2year-run-is-aim-of-1964-fair-here-deegan-says-approval-for.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162256/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/18/archives/2year-run-is-aim-of-1964-fair-here-deegan-says-approval-for.html live The New York fair would also charge rent to foreign governments, contravening another BIE rule that prevented rent from being charged to exhibitors.Caro 1974 . 1092 In addition, the BIE allowed only one exposition per country every ten years. These rules were not immutable; for example, the BIE had recognized the 1939 fair, even though the previous exposition had run for two seasons. Moses refused to negotiate with BIE officials and treated them derisively,Tirella 2013 . 39Caro 1974 . 1094 belittling the BIE as a "bunch of clowns in Paris". Due to Moses' behavior, the BIE instead decided to approve the 1962 Seattle World's Fair,. Tirella 2013 40 and directed its members to not host official exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair.May 16, 1961 Pakistan, Thailand Sign Up for '64 Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/16/archives/pakistan-thailand-sign-up-for-64-fair.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191621/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/16/archives/pakistan-thailand-sign-up-for-64-fair.html live Financing and initial exhibitors thumb|Republic of China and Caribbean pavilions taken from the Mexico pavilion The WFC planned to issue $500 million in bonds,Barrett Laurence August 13, 1959 $500 Million Bonds to Aid World's Fair: "64 City Plan Looks To $6 Billion Trade New York Herald Tribune 8 1941-0646 1327151968 a figure that was later decreased to $150 million.Samuel 2007 6; Tirella 2013 . 15 Moses said the 1964 fair would be a "billion-dollar" event, though this included expenses for related projects such as roads and the nearby Shea Stadium.Samuel 2007 12; Tirella 2013 . 43–44 The WFC leased about 646 acre from the city government in May 1960.Silberfarb Edward J. May 28, 1960 Lease Signed For Site of World's Fair: 650 Rent-Free Acres At Flushing Meadow New York Herald Tribune 5 1941-0646 1327670058 none; May 28, 1960 Lease is Signed for '64 Fair Site; 646 Acres Are Allo ted [sic] in Flushing Meadow on Rent-Free Basis https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/lease-is-signed-for-64-fair-site-646-acres-are-alloted-in-flushing.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162259/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/lease-is-signed-for-64-fair-site-646-acres-are-alloted-in-flushing.html live Moses hired the former lieutenant governor Charles Poletti and the military engineer William Everett Potter to organize the exhibits.Samuel 2007 . 8–9 A design committee proposed a massive, doughnut-shaped pavilion;Tirella 2013 . 44–45Caro 1974 . 1091–1092 Moses rejected the plan and the design committee was forced out by the end of 1959.December 7, 1960 World's Fair Designers Quit The Washington Post, Times Herald B7 0190-8286 141165876 none; Asbury Edith Evans December 3, 1960 Designers Quit Fair In a Dispute on Plan https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/03/archives/designers-quit-fair-in-a-dispute-on-plan-fairs-designers-quit-over.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173846/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/03/archives/designers-quit-fair-in-a-dispute-on-plan-fairs-designers-quit-over.html live Moses did not devise a master plan for the fair; he wanted to save the WFC money by having exhibitors erect most of their own pavilions, The city government implemented a building code and health code,September 30, 1960 Codes for Buildings And Health Are Set For '64 Fair Here https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/30/archives/codes-for-buildings-and-health-are-set-for-64-fair-here.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180850/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/30/archives/codes-for-buildings-and-health-are-set-for-64-fair-here.html live which Potter enforced.Tirella 2013 . 42 Nearly all of the buildings were to be temporary structures. The 1964 fair was to be themed "peace through understanding".Samuel 2007 . 5 WFC member Jerome Weinstein suggested the motto, which was inspired by an ideal Kopple had wanted for his daughters. According to Moses, the fair was intended "to assist in educating the peoples of the world as to the interdependence of nations and the need for universal lasting peace".Tirella 2013 . 3 Exhibits were to be divided into five areas,August 22, 1960 Show News: N. Y. World's Fair Plans Exclusive Fun Zone Contract The Billboard 43–50 72 34 1505610775January 16, 1961 Estimate World Fair Will Cost $768 Million, Earn $23 Million Newsday 16 2574-5298 899000151 including a transportation area the Port of New York Authority would operate.August 12, 1960 Port Authority First With World's Fair Plan newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-port-authority-first-wit/147932251/ May 23, 2024 Brooklyn Record 1 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181519/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-port-authority-first-wit/147932251/ live Cotter Young 2008 . 61 The original plans called for an amusement park area, which was canceled after the WFC failed to find an operator.October 26, 1960 Moses Abandons Tivoli Fair Plan; Aides Say No One Could Be Found to Develop Park at Flushing Meadow https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/26/archives/moses-abandons-tivoli-fair-plan-aides-say-no-one-could-be-found-to.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181532/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/26/archives/moses-abandons-tivoli-fair-plan-aides-say-no-one-could-be-found-to.html live By August 1960, the first ten exhibitors had applied for space at the fair,Barrett Laurence August 22, 1960 Industrial Exhibit Size Cut by Fair: Reduced 40% Due To High Space Demand New York Herald Tribune 17 1941-0646 1327219435 none; August 22, 1960 10 File for Space at World's Fair; 9 Concerns and Gas Group Apply – Land Quota Cut https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/22/archives/10-file-for-space-at-worlds-fair-9-concerns-and-gas-group-apply.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180853/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/22/archives/10-file-for-space-at-worlds-fair-9-concerns-and-gas-group-apply.html May 23, 2024 May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none; August 22, 1960 LI to 'Map' the Future In Entry for 1964 Fair Newsday 4 2574-5298 898998597 and architectural blueprints for the fair's first pavilion had been submitted.August 26, 1960 First World's Fair Design: Beer 'Oasis' New York Herald Tribune 6 1941-0646 1327220132 The WFC began sending delegations abroad to invite foreign governments to the fair.August 15, 1960 Group Flies To Invite Nations to Fair New York Herald Tribune 2 1941-0646 1327453714 none; Phillips Wayne August 15, 1960 First 'Envoys' Leave for Europe To Promote '64 World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/15/archives/first-envoys-leave-for-europe-to-promote-64-worlds-fair.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180851/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/15/archives/first-envoys-leave-for-europe-to-promote-64-worlds-fair.html May 23, 2024 May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 In late 1960, the group began issuing $67.5 million in promissory notes to fund construction;December 19, 1960 World's Fair Note Issue at $67,500,000: Offered at 6% To Finance First Costs New York Herald Tribune 7 1941-0646 1327242565 none; December 19, 1960 World's Fair Issues $67,500,000 in Notes https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/19/archives/worlds-fair-issues-67500000-in-notes.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181531/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/19/archives/worlds-fair-issues-67500000-in-notes.html live the WFC later reduced the amount to $64 million, consisting of $40 million in notes plus $24 million from the city.Chapman Ralph April 5, 1961 $24,000,000 City Aid Voted for World Fair To Improve the Park; City to Get Money Back—If a Profit Is Made New York Herald Tribune 1 1941-0646 1326875729 none; Robinson Layhmond April 5, 1961 City Aids '64 Fair With $24,000,000; Will Provide $8,000,000 a Year in Work on Site – Repayment Expected https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/05/archives/city-aids-64-fair-with-24000000-will-provide-8000000-a-year-in-work.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155750/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/05/archives/city-aids-64-fair-with-24000000-will-provide-8000000-a-year-in-work.html live The WFC's finance chairman predicted the fair would earn over $200 million.Freeman Ira Henry November 4, 1960 Profit Forecast for World's Fair; Its Finance Chairman Says Surplus Will Be Donated to Flushing Meadow Park https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/04/archives/profit-forecast-for-worlds-fair-its-finance-chairman-says-surplus.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523224351/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/04/archives/profit-forecast-for-worlds-fair-its-finance-chairman-says-surplus.html live Chapman Ralph November 4, 1960 Fair to Boost Sales Tax by $210,000,000: Expected to Attract 70.000,000 To City New York Herald Tribune 15 1941-0646 1325522274 By the end of 1960, seven countries had agreed to sponsor exhibits.November 26, 1960 Austria Rejects World's Fair Bid; Cites High Rent and Refusal of Recognition in Paris – Chile Seventh to Accept https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/26/archives/austria-rejects-worlds-fair-bid-cites-high-rent-and-refusal-of.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181531/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/26/archives/austria-rejects-worlds-fair-bid-cites-high-rent-and-refusal-of.html live and one-third of the industrial pavilion sites had been leased.Chapman Ralph November 6, 1960 Fair's Space For Industry Is 1/3 Taken: Top Allotments Cut For Each Exhibitor New York Herald Tribune 33 1941-0646 1324104587 none; November 6, 1960 '64 Fair Reports Rise in Tenants; Moses Says Industry Has Applied for More Than a Third of Allotted Area https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/06/archives/64-fair-reports-rise-in-tenants-moses-says-industry-has-applied-for.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523214613/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/06/archives/64-fair-reports-rise-in-tenants-moses-says-industry-has-applied-for.html live Early in 1961, Moses announced the Unisphere would be built as the fair's symbol,February 15, 1961 A 120-Foot Steel 'Unisphere' Will Be Symbol of the '64 Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213052/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html March 8, 2021 November 4, 2019 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none; February 14, 1961 'Unisphere' Is Fair's Symbol newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/ July 26, 2021 July 26, 2021 Newsday 4 and the WFC also hired the detective agency Pinkerton to provide security and first-aid services.Chapman Ralph February 25, 1961 Pinkertons Will Handle World's Fair Security New York Herald Tribune 5 1941-0646 1327583911 none; February 25, 1961 Pinkerton Agency To Guard '64 Fair And Guide Tourists https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/25/archives/pinkerton-agency-to-guard-64-fair-and-guide-tourists.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524004147/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/25/archives/pinkerton-agency-to-guard-64-fair-and-guide-tourists.html live A report published that January said the fair itself would cost $768 million, although individual exhibitors would pay much of the cost.Sederberg Arelo January 5, 1964 N.Y. Fair: A Gee-Whiz Money-Maker?: Tight-Fisted Policy Seeks to Avoid Repetition of '39 Los Angeles Times L1 0458-3035 168511265 Construction thumb|The Unisphere was selected as the fair's symbol in early 1961.|alt=View of the Unisphere, a steel structure depicting the Earth; there are world flags in the foreground Exhibitors designed their own pavilions and construction contractors hired members of local labor unions to build the structures.Samuel 2007 . 42 Wagner predicted 10,000 people would be employed during construction.Smith Ellison April 23, 1961 1,500 Watch World's Fair 'Preview' at Flushing Park New York Herald Tribune 15 1941-0646 1325308072 none; Freeman Ira Henry April 23, 1961 Benefits of Fair Hailed by Mayor; 6 to 8 Billions Seen Added to Economy of City https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/23/archives/benefits-of-fair-hailed-by-mayor-6-to-8-billions-seen-added-to.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524171533/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/23/archives/benefits-of-fair-hailed-by-mayor-6-to-8-billions-seen-added-to.html live The WFC hosted "preview days" where selected guests could view the construction.Samuel 2007 . 28 The Travelers Companies built information centers across the U.S. to promote the fair,November 19, 1963 World's Fair to Open On Time, Official Says The Hartford Courant 24A 1047-4153 548241424 and local chapters of the Elks, Kiwanis, and Rotary clubs promoted the fair nationwide. The WFC issued collectible medallions in bronze and silverJanuary 20, 1962 New York World's Fair Medallion The Christian Science Monitor 10 0882-7729 510278403 none; Chapman Ralph January 11, 1962 Officials Approve Design For World's Fair Medal New York Herald Tribune 17 1941-0646 1326122990 that were manufactured by Medallic Art Company.Jarvis Cale B. February 29, 1964 About Coins: Official Medal Marks New York World Fair The Globe and Mail 24 1282670073 Commemorative postage stamps were issued to celebrate the fair, both inside and outside the U.S.January 5, 1964 Stamp and Envelope to Mark Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/stamp-and-envelope-to-mark-fair.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531171411/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/stamp-and-envelope-to-mark-fair.html live May 3, 1964 The World of Stamps; Nations Issue Tributes To N.Y. World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/the-world-of-stamps-nations-issue-tributes-to-ny-worlds-fair.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175000/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/the-world-of-stamps-nations-issue-tributes-to-ny-worlds-fair.html live Some New York license plates also bore slogans advertising the fair.January 29, 1964 Fair's Not Fair On License Plates The Washington Post, Times Herald A10 0190-8286 142327654Samuel 2007 . 55 Several hotels were built nearby to accommodate fair visitors,Ferretti Fred November 25, 1962 Hotels, Motels for the World's Fair New York Herald Tribune J10 1941-0646 1326218806 none; November 5, 1961 4 New Hotels Due to Rise in Queens: Coming World's Fair Spurs Construction in Borough The New York Times R8 0362-4331 115246904 and public transit and roads linking the venue were also upgraded. The WFC opened an information office to answer visitors' questions.March 22, 1964 Business Is Booming at the Fair's Could-You Please-Tell-Me Concession https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/business-is-booming-at-the-fairs-couldyou-pleasetellme-concession.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531193727/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/business-is-booming-at-the-fairs-couldyou-pleasetellme-concession.html live Private businesses promoted their products for the fair,Samuel 2007 . 29–30Schmedel Scott R. April 15, 1964 Industry at the Fair: Firms Press to Reap Marketing Gains From World's Fair Outlays Many Will Get Sales Leads From Guest Books The Wall Street Journal 1 0099-9660 132940186 and discounted tickets were sold in advance of the opening.Samuel 2007 . 12 1961 and 1962 William Whipple Jr., the fair's chief engineer, said in September 1960 exhibitors would be able to begin erecting pavilions by 1962.Illson Murray September 9, 1960 Timetable Is Set for World's Fair; Chief Designer Says Basic Work Is to Be Done by Winter of 1961 https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/09/archives/timetable-is-set-for-worlds-fair-chief-designer-says-basic-work-is.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173846/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/09/archives/timetable-is-set-for-worlds-fair-chief-designer-says-basic-work-is.html live Construction of the first building, an administration structure, began in August 1960August 1, 1960 Work on Fairs First Building Starts at Once New York Herald Tribune 6 1941-0646 1327216689 none; August 1, 1960 Work to Start on Fair; Construction of First Building Is Due to Begin Today https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/01/archives/work-to-start-on-fair-construction-of-first-building-is-due-to.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 23, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173845/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/01/archives/work-to-start-on-fair-construction-of-first-building-is-due-to.html live and was finished in January 1961.Duncan Val January 13, 1961 1st Fair Building Houses World of Activity Newsday 4 2574-5298 898973018 none; Chapman Ralph January 12, 1961 First World Fair Structure Opened: 900 Visitors Get a Free Luncheon After Throgs Neck Span Opening New York Herald Tribune 19 1941-0646 1325464542 In early 1961, almost all of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was closed to allow the fair's construction,Freeman Ira Henry February 12, 1961 City Closing Park for World's Fair; Public to Be Barred From Flushing Meadow While Construction Proceeds https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/12/archives/city-closing-park-for-worlds-fair-public-to-be-barred-from-flushing.html May 19, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none May 19, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240519214704/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/12/archives/city-closing-park-for-worlds-fair-public-to-be-barred-from-flushing.html live ; Chapman Ralph February 12, 1961 World's Fair Landscaping Work Closes Site to Traffic New York Herald Tribune 6 1941-0646 1325186012 and the Long Island Rail Road's (LIRR) World's Fair station opened.January 9, 1961 World's Fair Station Ready On L I. R.R.: Twenty-One Trains Daily Are Scheduled New York Herald Tribune 13 1941-0646 1335743780 none; January 9, 1961 World's Fair Station; Temporary L.I.R.R. Facility Opens on Wednesday https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/09/archives/worlds-fair-station-temporary-lirr-facility-opens-on-wednesday.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524150004/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/09/archives/worlds-fair-station-temporary-lirr-facility-opens-on-wednesday.html live Workers moved treesMayer Robert March 14, 1961 Flushing Meadow Trees Make Way for 1964 Fair Newsday 26 2574-5298 899085350 none; March 14, 1961 Trees Transplanted at World's Fair Site New York Herald Tribune 8 1941-0646 1326253135 and diverted parts of the Flushing River into tunnels.August 4, 1961 Begin Work of Submerging Flushing River for the Fair New York Herald Tribune 13 1941-0646 1327042208 none; Robertson Nan August 4, 1961 Burying of River Begun for '64 Fair; Moses Starts 'Dirt Flying' to Shift Flushing Stream https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/04/archives/burying-of-river-begun-for-64-fair-moses-starts-dirt-flying-to.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203019/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/04/archives/burying-of-river-begun-for-64-fair-moses-starts-dirt-flying-to.html live ; Gerard Jane August 4, 1961 Moses Gives the Order, Waters Will Turn Aside Newsday 16 2574-5298 898996937 By April 1961, thirty-four countries had accepted invitations to the fair,April 24, 1961 34 Nations Accept Invitation to Exhibit In '64 World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/24/archives/34-nations-accept-invitation-to-exhibit-in-64-worlds-fair.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155800/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/24/archives/34-nations-accept-invitation-to-exhibit-in-64-worlds-fair.html live and the city agreed to spend $24 million improving the park.Caro 1974 . 1091 Moses secretly obtained additional funds from the city government; according to Moses's biographer Robert Caro, the city government may have spent as much as $60 million on the fair. thumb|Fountains and a reflecting pool mark the approach to the Unisphere.|alt=A large fountain-lined pool lined leads to a large, globe-like structure representing Earth. In May, the WFC announced it would proceed with the planned amusement area around Meadow Lake,May 14, 1961 World's Fair To Have Section For Amusement New York Herald Tribune 11 1941-0646 1335808045 none; Freeman Ira Henry May 14, 1961 Amusements Win Place at '64 Fair; Amphitheatre Area Chosen for 'High-Class' Shows – Musical Foremost https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/14/archives/amusements-win-place-at-64-fair-amphitheatre-area-chosen-for.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524174348/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/14/archives/amusements-win-place-at-64-fair-amphitheatre-area-chosen-for.html live hiring the billionaire H. L. Hunt to operate the rides.Samuel 2007 20; Tirella 2013 . 95 By mid-1961, the WFC had privately raised $25 million and was predicting a $53 million profit.May 9, 1961 Fair Expected To Bring City $53,000,000: Estimate Submitted To Board by Moses New York Herald Tribune 30 1941-0646 1325421048 none; Grutzner Charles May 9, 1961 '64 Fair Reports Finances Strong; Expects 40 Million in Loans by Early July – Predicts Profit of 53 Million '64 Fair Calls Finances Strong; Predicts Profits of 53 Million https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/09/archives/64-fair-reports-finances-strong-expects-40-million-in-loans-by.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191622/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/09/archives/64-fair-reports-finances-strong-expects-40-million-in-loans-by.html live The groundbreaking ceremony for the first pavilion took place that June.Sanborne Phil June 16, 1961 Slow! Top-Drawer Sodbusters at Work Newsday 39 2574-5298 898974994 none; June 16, 1961 First Ground-Breaking Held at World's Fair Site https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/16/archives/first-groundbreaking-held-at-worlds-fair-site.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191622/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/16/archives/first-groundbreaking-held-at-worlds-fair-site.html live The WFC had difficulty selling the remaining bonds;Schmedel Scott R. July 25, 1961 World's Fair Rivals: New York and Seattle Shows Run Into Snags On Leasing, Financing Westinghouse Balks at N.Y. Fair's Cost; Paris Agency Gives Seattle Big Boost GM Hopes to Top Futurama World's Fair Rivals: New York, Seattle Shows Run Into Snags The Wall Street Journal 1 0099-9660 132703509 it had sold around $30 million in promissory notes—three quarters of the total—by the end of 1961.November 2, 1961 Fair Raises Funds; Three-Fourth Of Notes Offered Public Are Subscribed https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/02/archives/fair-raises-funds-threefourth-of-notes-offered-public-are.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/02/archives/fair-raises-funds-threefourth-of-notes-offered-public-are.html live During the fair's construction, civil-rights activists expressed concerns the WFC's leadership included very few African Americans.Tirella 2013 . 58–59June 15, 1961 World's Fair Urged to Employ Negroes https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/15/archives/worlds-fair-urged-to-employ-negroes.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/15/archives/worlds-fair-urged-to-employ-negroes.html live Moses met with activists but he still did not appoint African Americans to leadership positions,March 10, 1962 Fair Play Asked In World's Fair New York Amsterdam News A3 2293405245 none; March 24, 1962 Moses Has No Comment On World Fair Bias Rap New Pittsburgh Courier 2 371641299Samuel 2007 . 26–27 which attracted controversy amid the ongoing civil rights movement. The WFC hired an African American executive to the fair's international division in 1962.April 21, 1962 Moses Hires Negro In Executive Level At World's Fair New York Amsterdam News A1 2293405820Samuel 2007 . 27 Later that year, New York governor Nelson Rockefeller formed a committee to investigate persistent complaints about discrimination within the WFC.Ingalls Leonard August 29, 1962 Rockefeller to Check Complaint Of Bias in World's Fair Hiring https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/29/archives/rockefeller-to-check-complaint-of-bias-in-worlds-fair-hiring.html May 28, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 28, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013826/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/29/archives/rockefeller-to-check-complaint-of-bias-in-worlds-fair-hiring.html live By the beginning of 1962, more than 60 nations, the governments of 30 U.S. states, and 50 companies had agreed to exhibit at the fair.Kenney Harry C. January 19, 1962 N.Y. World's Fair Progress: Many Firms Ready 30 States Committed Sites Largely Confirmed Arts Program Speeded The Christian Science Monitor 4 0882-7729 510327177 none; March 25, 1962 World Fair Takes Shape in New York Chicago Tribune A2 1085-6706 183148100 The WFC also created a scale model of the fairground.Wood Francis January 12, 1962 1964 World's Fair Begins to Shape Up—As a Scale Model Newsday 23 2574-5298 899165827 The LIRR constructed a siding from the Port Washington Branch, allowing trains to deliver material onsite.January 1, 1962 LIRR Preparing For World's Fair Railway Age 20 152 1 882920631 At a luncheon in March that year, Moses said construction had fallen behind schedule.March 23, 1962 Moses Calls Fair Behind Schedule; Cites Inability to Prod State and Foreign Governments https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/moses-calls-fair-behind-schedule-cites-inability-to-prod-state-and.html May 25, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 25, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240525022113/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/moses-calls-fair-behind-schedule-cites-inability-to-prod-state-and.html live The WFC had allocated $6 million to advertise the fair by mid-1962, and Deegan predicted its participants would spend another $75 million of their own money on promotion.Kandel Myron July 25, 1962 Advertising: World's Fair Promotion Cost Is Estimated https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/25/archives/advertising-worlds-fair-promotion-cost-is-estimated.html May 27, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 28, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013826/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/25/archives/advertising-worlds-fair-promotion-cost-is-estimated.html live The WFC tried to attract Latin American countries to the fair.July 17, 1962 Latin Nations Are Wooed to World's Fair Newsday 14 2574-5298 913667187 none; July 17, 1962 Fair Urges Entries by Latin Americans https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/17/archives/fair-urges-entries-by-latin-americans.html May 27, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 28, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240528013825/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/17/archives/fair-urges-entries-by-latin-americans.html live By late 1962, exhibits were being finalized and many pavilions were being constructed.Kenney Harry C. September 27, 1962 New York Report World's Fair Emerging The Christian Science Monitor 16 0882-7729 510390122 Either 68Talese Gay September 13, 1962 Fair Is Heralded as Biggest Event; 800 Tent Party Guests Hear Optimistic Predictions https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/13/archives/fair-is-heralded-as-biggest-event-800-tent-party-guests-hear.html May 28, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 28, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240528235428/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/13/archives/fair-is-heralded-as-biggest-event-800-tent-party-guests-hear.html live October 18, 1962 Giant Disk Due at Fair In New York The Christian Science Monitor 15 0882-7729 510362297 or 71 nations had announced plans for exhibits at the fair by then,Kenney Harry C. September 14, 1962 World's Fair Plans Fall Into Shape: Construction Nears The Christian Science Monitor 10 0882-7729 510341563 though only 35 countries had formally leased space.Samuel 2007 . 141 Additionally, 125 businesses had expressed interest, and the WFC had finished installing utilities on the fairground. At the end of 1962, a small number of state and international pavilions were being built, while work in the industrial and transportation areas was progressing.Bigart Homer December 2, 1962 '64 Fair Seeking a Global Flavor; Flags of Nonparticipating European Nations to Fly Over Private Pavilions https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/02/archives/64-fair-seeking-a-global-flavor-flags-of-nonparticipating-european.html May 29, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 29, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240529022711/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/02/archives/64-fair-seeking-a-global-flavor-flags-of-nonparticipating-european.html live Groundbreaking ceremonies were hosted for many of the international pavilions.Samuel 2007 . 149 1963 and 1964 thumb|upright=0.7|The solar fountain|alt=The solar fountain in front of the general cigar pavilion. A man and a girl are walking in the foreground. In early 1963, the World's Fair Housing Bureau was formed to coordinate the development of hotel rooms for the fair.January 3, 1963 New York World's Fair Gears for '64–'65 Throngs: Enthusiastic Support Procedure Specified The Christian Science Monitor 2 0882-7729 510406641 none; January 20, 1963 70 Million Due at N.Y. World's Fair Los Angeles Times H12 0458-3035 168267309 Despite commitments from state and national governments, only some of these governments were actively constructing pavilions.March 20, 1963 'Billion-Dollar Fair' Rising in Flushing; Prospect Is It Will Be 10 Times Seattle's newspapers.com Milt Freudenheim https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-billion-dollar-fa/148382453/ May 30, 2024 The Reporter Dispatch 36 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531200434/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-billion-dollar-fa/148382453/ live The WFC wanted to hire 40 concessionaires and sell 70 intellectual property (IP) licenses, which the corporation hoped would raise $130 million.Arnold Martin May 19, 1963 Concessionaires Lined Up for Fair; 130 Million Is Anticipated in Sales and Ride Fares https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/19/archives/concessionaires-lined-up-for-fair-130-million-is-anticipated-in.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201403/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/19/archives/concessionaires-lined-up-for-fair-130-million-is-anticipated-in.html live On April 22, 1963, exactly a year before the fair's opening, the U.S. President John F. Kennedy activated a clock that would count down to the opening.Hornaday Mary April 24, 1963 N.Y. Fair Countdown Begins: Goal Upped The Christian Science Monitor 1 0882-7729 510452982April 23, 1963 Kennedy Starts Fair Countdown The Hartford Courant 10 1047-4153 548039555 none; April 23, 1963 Kennedy Starts Clock for Fair; Promises to Attend Opening in Exactly One Year. https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/23/archives/kennedy-starts-clock-for-fair-promises-to-attend-opening-in-exactly.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201403/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/23/archives/kennedy-starts-clock-for-fair-promises-to-attend-opening-in-exactly.html live Only 48 of the 200 proposed buildings had begun construction,Schmedel Scott R. April 19, 1963 World's Fair Woes: With New York Start Only Year Away, Many Exhibitors Drag Feet Ground Not Broken for Most Buildings and Construction Costs Rise; Some Back Out Cheer From Seattle Success World's Fair Woes: Many Exhibitors In New York Dragging Their Feet The Wall Street Journal 1 0099-9660 132860330 even though construction of all major structures had to be underway by the following month. The press building opened that May,Clark Alfred E. May 5, 1963 Press Structure Is Opened at Fair; Salinger Is at Dedication of First Building on Site Moses Scoffs at Critics https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/05/archives/press-structure-is-opened-at-fair-salinger-is-at-dedication-of.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201406/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/05/archives/press-structure-is-opened-at-fair-salinger-is-at-dedication-of.html live and the following month, an insurance syndicate was formed to protect the exhibits.June 5, 1963 39 Firms Insure World's Fair Art Treasures Boston Globe 15 276160148 none; June 5, 1963 Group to Insure Fair Exhibitors; Michelangelo's 'Pieta,' Said to Be Worth 100 Million, Among Art to Be Covered https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/group-to-insure-fair-exhibitors-michelangelos-pieta-said-to-be.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530201404/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/group-to-insure-fair-exhibitors-michelangelos-pieta-said-to-be.html live By mid-1963, civil-rights groups were protesting the lack of racial diversity in the fair's development,Waldman Myron July 29, 1963 Civil Righters Set to Resume Battle Stations newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341676/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004057/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341676/ May 14, 2024 May 13, 2024 Newsday 5, 46 2574-5298 913605183 none; Kihss Peter July 29, 1963 Negroes to Push Picketing in City in Drive for Jobs; Demonstrations Due Today at Projects in Brooklyn, Queens and Harlem 'Quick' Results Asked Use of Children Threatened https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/29/archives/negroes-to-push-picketing-in-city-in-drive-for-jobs-demonstrations.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211257/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/29/archives/negroes-to-push-picketing-in-city-in-drive-for-jobs-demonstrations.html May 13, 2024 May 13, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and filed a lawsuit to halt construction.Hadjin Jim September 26, 1963 Bias Suit Asks Halt in Fair Construction newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-bias-suit-asks/147341588/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004054/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-bias-suit-asks/147341588/ May 14, 2024 May 13, 2024 Newsday 11 2574-5298 913575643 none; September 26, 1963 N.A.A.C.P. Suing to Halt Building; Bids Court Stop Payment on Projects Worth 10 Million Unions Named Suit Is "Class Action" https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/26/archives/naacp-suing-to-halt-building-bids-court-stop-payment-on-projects.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211250/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/26/archives/naacp-suing-to-halt-building-bids-court-stop-payment-on-projects.html May 13, 2024 May 13, 2024 The New York Times 0362-4331 That July, Moses denied rumors that construction had fallen behind schedule.Doty Robert C. July 24, 1963 Fair on Schedule, Moses Contends; Director Retorts to Critics and Renews Pledge for Opening Next April https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/24/archives/fair-on-schedule-moses-contends-director-retorts-to-critics-and.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 8, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142452/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/24/archives/fair-on-schedule-moses-contends-director-retorts-to-critics-and.html live Tirella 2013 . 91–92 Materials from overseas began arriving in August 1963,August 15, 1963 Fair's First Cargo Will Arrive Today https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/15/archives/fairs-first-cargo-will-arrive-today.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215824/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/15/archives/fairs-first-cargo-will-arrive-today.html live though work on 50 structures had not started by the next month. Moses became increasingly hostile toward journalists who doubted that the fair would be completed on time. There were also disagreements over discounted tickets for students; Moses opposed the planTirella 2013 . 93–95Bennett Charles G. October 10, 1963 Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair; Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair Bulk Reductions Planned Gross Invited, Too https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/10/archives/moses-rejects-council-parley-on-25c-fee-for-pupils-at-fair-moses.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530234134/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/10/archives/moses-rejects-council-parley-on-25c-fee-for-pupils-at-fair-moses.html live but the city government ultimately forced him to sell discounted tickets.December 5, 1963 World Fair Price Cut for Schools The Christian Science Monitor 3 0882-7729 510510331 none; Bennett Charles G. December 4, 1963 Fair Will Admit Pupils for 25c When They Attend in Groups https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/04/archives/fair-will-admit-pupils-for-25c-when-they-attend-in-groups-25cent.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531012450/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/04/archives/fair-will-admit-pupils-for-25c-when-they-attend-in-groups-25cent.html live The first pavilion, the Port Authority Heliport, was opened in October 1963.Duncan Val October 17, 1963 Fair's 1St Building Opens With High Hopes Newsday 15 2574-5298 964309040 none; Burnham Alexander October 16, 1963 1964 Fair Opening Its First Building; Port Authority Hall to Be Opened Officially Today https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/16/archives/1964-fair-opening-its-first-building-port-authority-hall-to-be.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531175330/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/16/archives/1964-fair-opening-its-first-building-port-authority-hall-to-be.html live The same month, Hunt resigned as the amusement area's operator following disagreements over ticket prices and rides.October 30, 1963 Vaudeville: H. L. Hunt Cancellation, Int'l Expo's Suit Spotlight World's Fair Lease Snags Variety 53 232 10 1014822622 none; Arnold Martin October 19, 1963 H.L. Hunt Fun Park Is Dropped at Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/19/archives/hl-hunt-fun-park-is-dropped-at-fair-amusement-park-dropped-at-fair.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530234132/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/19/archives/hl-hunt-fun-park-is-dropped-at-fair-amusement-park-dropped-at-fair.html live Work on many of the pavilions was behind schedule due to funding issues, labor shortages, and poor weather. There were also labor strikes, exhibitor withdrawals, and continuing racial tensions.October 27, 1963 World's Fair Fast Taking Shape The Hartford Courant 29A1 1047-4153 548203247 Despite these difficulties, many pavilions were nearly completed by late 1963, and the WFC had sold 3.8 million advance tickets by the year's end.December 31, 1963 3.8 Million Tickets To the World's Fair Are Sold in Advance https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/31/archives/38-million-tickets-to-the-worlds-fair-are-sold-in-advance.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531012451/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/31/archives/38-million-tickets-to-the-worlds-fair-are-sold-in-advance.html live To draw attention to the fair, the WFC displayed models of exhibits at the Time-Life Building in Manhattan. Exhibits were installed through late 1963 and early 1964,Samuel 2007 . 28–29 and the WFC borrowed $3 million to fund the fair's completion. In January 1964, the Chicago Tribune reported the site was filled with raw material, incomplete building frames, and unpaved roads.Butler Vincent January 26, 1964 Report From New York: Builders Rush to Complete Structures for World's Fair Chicago Tribune 9 1085-6706 179358122 That month, WFC officials said work on 26 buildings was behind schedule,January 23, 1964 Johnson to Be Fair's First-Day Feature Newsday 7 2574-5298 914360174 and they sought to demolish the World of Food pavilion, which would not be ready for the fair's opening.Johnson Thomas A. January 22, 1964 Fair Finds Another Bone-- In Food Pavilion Newsday 11 2574-5298 913562960 none; January 21, 1964 Fair Restrained in Building Fight; Would Raze Pavilion It Says Can't Be Ready in Time https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/21/archives/fair-restrained-in-building-fight-would-raze-pavilion-it-says-cant.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531171415/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/21/archives/fair-restrained-in-building-fight-would-raze-pavilion-it-says-cant.html live The WFC signed a document outlining ways profits from the fair were to be used.Alden Robert May 21, 1965 Fair Says Pledge Has No Standing; Denies Responsibility for '64 List of Obligations https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/fair-says-pledge-has-no-standing-denies-responsibility-for-64-list.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 4, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240604183555/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/fair-says-pledge-has-no-standing-denies-responsibility-for-64-list.html live By that February, most of the major pavilions and attractions were complete,February 22, 1964 Progress Report at F-Day Mi Us 60 Finds the Fair Getting Fairer; Alice-in-Wonderland Shapes Rise Out of Mud and Disorder https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/22/archives/progress-report-at-fday-mi-us-60-finds-the-fair-getting-fairer.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601035207/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/22/archives/progress-report-at-fday-mi-us-60-finds-the-fair-getting-fairer.html live but Whipple estimated up to 10 pavilions would not be finished before the fair's opening.Snyder Gerald S. April 12, 1964 Costs a Billion, Lures Millions; Opens April 22: Ready or Not N. Y. World's Fair Opens April 22 Two Season Show Sure of Success Chicago Tribune G15 1085-6706 179446275February 27, 1964 Not All of Fair to Open on Time; 8 or 10 Pavilions Won't Be Ready, Engineer Says https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/27/archives/not-all-of-fair-to-open-on-time-8-or-10-pavilions-wont-be-ready.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182658/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/27/archives/not-all-of-fair-to-open-on-time-8-or-10-pavilions-wont-be-ready.html live The same month, the WFC stopped selling advance tickets, having sold 28 million.March 3, 1964 Advance Ticket Sales Will Let World's Fair Repay Big Loans in '64: Discount Ticket Volume Totals $35,219,602, Allowing Firm To Pay Off Notes Due in '66 The Wall Street Journal 15 0099-9660 132960789 none; March 3, 1964 Sale of Tickets to World's Fair Tops $35 Million; Over 28 Million Bought at Advance Rates—Total Is Triple the Forecast https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/03/archives/sale-of-tickets-to-worlds-fair-tops-35-million-over-28-million.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601024819/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/03/archives/sale-of-tickets-to-worlds-fair-tops-35-million-over-28-million.html live There were still 4,800 construction workers on site in late March,Foust Hal March 31, 1964 Finds There's Still Lots of Work to Be Done on New York Fair: Opening Day Is Only 3 Weeks Away Chicago Tribune 11 1085-6706 179385647 when the state government began hiring people for the fair.March 19, 1964 New Job Center For World's Fair Will Open Today https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/19/archives/new-job-center-for-worlds-fair-will-open-today.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 8, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142453/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/19/archives/new-job-center-for-worlds-fair-will-open-today.html live Before the fair opened, the WFC had spent $30 million.Caro 1974 . 1102 Operation thumb|The fair's Pool of Industry|alt=A lake with fountains and sculptures. Futuristic buildings line the far shore. The WFC originally predicted a daily attendance of 225,000.April 20, 1964 World's Fair Transportation Problem Huge Los Angeles Times B11 0458-3035 168540287 Deegan predicted at least 6.7 million foreign visitors, out of an estimated total of 70 million.May 25, 1963 Predicts 6,700,000 At Fair From Overseas New York Amsterdam News 17 226765072 Visitors 13 and older were originally charged the adult admission price of $2.00 (US 2 1964 2 eq $), while children 2–12 years old were charged $1.00 (US 1 1964 2 eq).Arnold Martin January 13, 1965 Fair Increasing Admission to $2.50; 50-Cent Raise Does Not Apply to Children's Rates – Longer Run Possible https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/13/archives/fair-increasing-admission-to-250-50cent-raise-does-not-apply-to.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093703/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/13/archives/fair-increasing-admission-to-250-50cent-raise-does-not-apply-to.html July 23, 2018 April 25, 2016 The New York Times 0362-4331 The WFC sold discounted tickets in packs of 20; some major companies like AT&T bought hundreds of thousands of tickets for their employees. Students paid 25 cents if they visited with their teachers, and the WFC sold certificates that allowed a class of 25 students to enter the fair for $6.25.May 17, 1964 Irish Fair Pavilion Dedicated With a Challenge to Columbus https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/17/archives/irish-fair-pavilion-dedicated-with-a-challenge-to-columbus.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175005/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/17/archives/irish-fair-pavilion-dedicated-with-a-challenge-to-columbus.html June 3, 2024 June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Moses predicted ticket sales of $120 millionSamuel 2007 . 11January 6, 1964 World's Fair Forecast Is Rosy, With Profits for All-Even New York City https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/06/archives/worlds-fair-forecast-is-rosy-with-profits-for-alleven-new-york-city.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240528235420/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/06/archives/worlds-fair-forecast-is-rosy-with-profits-for-alleven-new-york-city.html May 28, 2024 May 28, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and a net profit of $40 million. Initially, city officials predicted people would spend $5 billion in the city due to the fair,April 22, 1964 Affair Lacks World Status, But It's Bonanza for New York The Globe and Mail B1 1282813739 The New York Times an estimate that was later reduced to $2.5 billion. Though the fair employed up to 20,000 people but the WFC directly employed only between 180 and 200 people. There were 3,000 Pinkerton employees on the grounds, including firefighters, police officers, medics, matrons, and ticket sellers.February 8, 1964 3,000 Pinkerton Agents Will Be Going to the Fair Guard Exhibits, Sell Tickets, HeIp the Sick and Fight the Fires https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/08/archives/3000-pinkerton-agents-will-be-going-to-the-fair-guard-exhibits-sell.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182658/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/08/archives/3000-pinkerton-agents-will-be-going-to-the-fair-guard-exhibits-sell.html May 31, 2024 May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Nine garbage trucks, nine emergency medical services (EMS) vehicles, 25 police cars, and three fire engines traveled the fairgrounds. Nine city health inspectors examined all of the on-site restaurants. United Press International (UPI) was the fair's official photographer,December 26, 1962 World Fair Chooses UPI as Photographers The Austin Statesman 18 1527723048 while United World Films had exclusive rights to produce and publish films about the fair.January 7, 1963 World's Fair, Film Co. Sign Contract https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-daily-worlds-fair-film-co-si/148380895/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142453/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-daily-worlds-fair-film-co-si/148380895/ June 8, 2024 May 30, 2024 Brooklyn Daily 21 newspapers.com Allied Maintenance was the only maintenance firm allowed to work at the fair; it charged exorbitant fees, earning $10 million during 1964 alone.Caro 1974 . 1087 Allied also handled deliveries during the 1964 season but was replaced the following year with Rentar Corporation.December 17, 1964 World's Fair Replaces Official Trucker for 19651; Allied Corp. Out, Bat Keeps Its Maintenance Contract; Rentar of Queens Is Hired—Plans Efficiency Changes https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/17/archives/worlds-fair-replaces-official-trucker-for-19651-allied-corp-out-bat.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142453/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/17/archives/worlds-fair-replaces-official-trucker-for-19651-allied-corp-out-bat.html June 8, 2024 June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Other companies, such as Hertz and Cities Service, sponsored free services or events. The WFC selected symbols of a boy and a girl as the fair's mascots. Exhibitors were required to operate from 10 am to 10 pm daily, although the fairground opened at 9 am. Exhibits were prepared and cleaned throughout the night;June 2, 1964 Day at World's Fair Begins at 2 A.M. For Many; Tracks Roll in With Sapplies After Last Visitors Start Their Homeward Trips https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/02/archives/day-at-worlds-fair-begins-at-2-am-for-many-tracks-roll-in-with.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240602185723/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/02/archives/day-at-worlds-fair-begins-at-2-am-for-many-tracks-roll-in-with.html June 2, 2024 June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 the Vatican pavilion was the only attraction with a live-in caretaker.July 25, 1964 Moses Says That 'Observers' Magnify Reports on 'Disorders' https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/25/archives/moses-says-that-observers-magnify-reports-on-disorders.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240602225109/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/25/archives/moses-says-that-observers-magnify-reports-on-disorders.html June 2, 2024 June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Many exhibitors hired racially diverse staff.June 9, 1964 Fair a Showcase for Civil Rights; Negroes and Whites Work Together in Many Phases https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/fair-a-showcase-for-civil-rights-negroes-and-whites-work-together.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240601013154/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/fair-a-showcase-for-civil-rights-negroes-and-whites-work-together.html June 1, 2024 June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 In addition, the WFC required each exhibitor to purchase insurance from Campo & Roberts, which earned $3 million from insurance commissions.Caro 1974 . 1087–1088 1964 season Opening thumb|The Belgian Village was not completed until the end of the 1964 season.|alt=A crowded street with low-rise buildings and trees. The WFC did not host official press previews in the weeks before the official opening, though several exhibitors hosted previews of their pavilions.964068615 N.Y. World's Fair Opening 'Cold'; Exhibitions to Set Their Own Parties Green Abel 233 11 Feb 5, 1964 1, 18 Variety The night before the fair opened, the television series The Bell Telephone Hour broadcast an opening celebration.Samuel 2007 . 30–31 When the World's Fair officially opened at 9:00 am on April 22, 1964,Samuel 2007 32; Tirella 2013 . 188 the first visitor was a college student from New Jersey.Spiegler William Molotsky Irv April 22, 1964 Jersey Student, 18, Is First Through Fair Turnstiles Newsday 4 2574-5298 914371873 none; April 22, 1964 5 College Men Are First in Line at World's Fair Chicago Tribune 2 1085-6706 179440004 The opening was celebrated with speeches by Robert Moses, Nelson Rockefeller, and the U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson.22 April 1964 Remarks at the Opening of the New York World's fair https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-opening-the-new-york-worlds-fair 18 June 2024 The American Presidency Project The same day, Johnson dedicated the United States Pavilion,22 April 1964 Remarks at the United States Pavilion, New York World's Fair https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-united-states-pavilion-new-york-worlds-fair 18 June 2024 The American Presidency Project none; Shouts Mar Johnson's Talk at Pavilion The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 April 23, 1964 https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/shouts-mar-johnsons-talk-at-pavilion.html June 18, 2024 while Rockefeller and Moses dedicated the New York State Pavilion.April 24, 1964 State Wins Praise for Fair Pavilion; Governor and Moses Urge It as Permanent Part of Flushing Meadow Park https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/24/archives/state-wins-praise-for-fair-pavilion-governor-and-moses-urge-it-as.html May 15, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 16, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240516004853/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/24/archives/state-wins-praise-for-fair-pavilion-governor-and-moses-urge-it-as.html live During the opening ceremonies, hundreds of civil-rights activists organized a sit-in and were arrested.Samuel 2007 . 34April 23, 1964 World's Fair Opens To Picketing; Stall-In Fails: Johnson Foresees Global Peace Soon Rain, Racial Troubles Keep Crowd To 90,000; More Than 290 Integrationists Seized The Sun 1 540050678 none; April 23, 1964 Rain Soaks Crowd; Sit-Ins Mar Festivities at Some Pavilions—Attendance Cut https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/rain-soaks-crowd-sitins-mar-festivities-at-some-pavilionsattendance.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240514000810/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/rain-soaks-crowd-sitins-mar-festivities-at-some-pavilionsattendance.html May 14, 2024 May 13, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The civil-rights group Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) proposed a "stall-in" to block roads leading to the fair,April 7, 1964 CORE Chapter Plans A Drive-In To Stall World's Fair Opening: Brooklyn Group Says Proposed Traffic Tie-Up, April 22, Will Spotlight Civil Rights Fight The Wall Street Journal 6 0099-9660 132950770 none; Alden Robert April 10, 1964 CORE Maps Tie-up on Roads to Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/10/core-maps-tieup-on-roads-to-fair.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531192224/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/10/core-maps-tieup-on-roads-to-fair.html liveSamuel 2007 27–28; Tirella 2013 . 81–82 but few activists participated.Tirella Joseph April 22, 2014 Fifty Years Ago Today, Rogue Civil Rights Activists Tried to Ruin Robert Moses' Greatest Triumph https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/04/cores-1964-stall-in-the-planned-civil-rights-protest-that-kept-thousands-away-from-the-worlds-fair-in-new-york.html May 27, 2024 Slate Magazine January 10, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240110015345/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/04/cores-1964-stall-in-the-planned-civil-rights-protest-that-kept-thousands-away-from-the-worlds-fair-in-new-york.html live The opening ceremony attracted 90,000 attendees, fewer than half of the predicted number, in part due to inclement weather.April 23, 1964 N. Y. Fair Debut Gets Foul Deal From Weather: Fair Opening Day Ardor Chilled by Clammy Rain Women's Wear Daily 1, 7 108 81 1565239518 The WFC banned picketing on the grounds, prompting lawsuits from civil-rights groups;Samuel 2007 . 36–37 a federal judge later ruled protesters could give out handbills to passers-by.July 11, 1964 Federal Court Allows 'Rights' Action at World's Fair: Groups May Pass Out Handbills on Protest New Pittsburgh Courier 1 371626195 none; July 2, 1964 Rights Picket Ban by Fair is Upheld; But Court Rules Handbills, May Be Given Out There https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/02/archives/righs-picket-ban-by-fair-is-upheld-but-court-rules-handbills-may-be.html June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 8, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142454/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/02/archives/righs-picket-ban-by-fair-is-upheld-but-court-rules-handbills-may-be.html live The New York Times reported fifteen pavilions and three amusement attractions were not finished by opening day.April 22, 1964 15% Of the Fair Still Unfinished; 15 Pavilions and 3 Shows in Amusement Area Delayed https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/15-of-the-fair-still-unfinished-15-pavilions-and-3-shows-in.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175006/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/15-of-the-fair-still-unfinished-15-pavilions-and-3-shows-in.html live One pavilion, the Belgian Village, was not completed until the end of the 1964 season,Samuel 2007 . 43Long Tania October 17, 1964 Belgian Village Finished at Last: Medieval 'City' Just in Time for World's Fair Closing https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/17/archives/belgian-village-finished-at-last-medieval-city-just-in-time-for.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times 29 0362-4331 115921553 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603210802/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/17/archives/belgian-village-finished-at-last-medieval-city-just-in-time-for.html live though it did operate for part of that year.July 31, 1964 Belgium Village Upsets Neighbors; Fair Concessionaires Fear New Loss of Business https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/31/archives/belgium-village-upsets-neighbors-fair-concessionaires-fear-new-loss.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 2, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240602225119/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/31/archives/belgium-village-upsets-neighbors-fair-concessionaires-fear-new-loss.html live Some pavilions could not open on schedule because artifacts in the pavilions had been damagedAlden Robert April 17, 1964 Lebanese Treasures Damaged; Pavilion at Fair to Be Delayed https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/lebanese-treasures-damaged-pavilion-at-fair-to-be-delayed.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times 22 0362-4331 115757755 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175000/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/lebanese-treasures-damaged-pavilion-at-fair-to-be-delayed.html live or were incomplete.McPherson William April 19, 1964 World's Fair Will Open Wednesday: What It Will Cost To Visit the Fair The Washington Post, Times Herald A32 0190-8286 142281829 Exhibitors also accused workers of delaying some pavilions' construction to collect overtime pay.April 17, 1964 Workmen Accused Of Lagging at Fair To Raise Overtime https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/workmen-accused-of-lagging-at-fair-to-raise-overtime.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601041848/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/workmen-accused-of-lagging-at-fair-to-raise-overtime.html live Three incomplete pavilions were abandoned, and work on other pavilions continued for several months after the opening. The rich and famous, including government officials and heads of state, visited the fairground in the weeks after it opened.Samuel 2007 . 39–40Tirella 2013 . 207–208 May to October alt=A huge, skeletal, globe-like structure representing Earth dominates a concrete plaza with trees and a bus, and a futuristic building rises in the background.|thumb|Looking south from the Unisphere toward the New York State Pavilion The fair needed 220,000 daily visitors to recover its operating expenses of $300,000 per day. In its first week, the fair recorded nearly a million visitors,Samuel 2007 . 38 and 150,000 daily visitors—60 percent of initial projections—in the first month.May 24, 1964 World's Fair Plagued by Lack of Customers Los Angeles Times D18 0458-3035 168563620 Several problems arose;Schwartz Jock September 30, 1964 The Fair: Review and Preview Newsday 1C 2574-5298 914374708 disputes occurred over labor unions,June 27, 1964 Fair Moves to Counter Bad Publicity https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/27/archives/fair-moves-to-counter-bad-publicity.html June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 maintenance fees,June 22, 1964 Labor Costs Stir Storm at World's Fair: World's Fair Labor Costs Stir Up Storm Chicago Tribune 1 1085-6706 179492570 and a mural in the Jordan pavilion.July 10, 1964 Jordan Pavilion Wins Legal Fight on Mural Newsday 11 2574-5298 964283452 none; July 10, 1964 Court Dismisses 2 Suits Against Jordan Mural; Finds No Legal Basis to Ban Work at Fair Attacked as Derogatory to Israel https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/10/archives/court-dismisses-2-suits-against-jordan-mural-finds-no-legal-basis.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 53–54 Thefts and breakdowns regularly occurred.Samuel 2007 . 45–46 Exhibitors complained about high rental rates and insufficient maintenance of the fairground.June 22, 1964 High Costs Anger Pavilions at Fair; Protest Planned; Official to Hear Complaints of Industrial Group on Maintenance Rates https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/22/archives/high-costs-ange-pavilions-at-fair-protest-planned-official-to-hear.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The Lake Amusement Area was especially unprofitable;Tirella 2013 . 235–236 it had few attractions and was difficult to access.Samuel 2007 . 46–47 The Texas pavilion's show in the Amusement Area, "To Broadway with Love", closed in July 1964,UPI July 29, 1964 Third Stage Show at Fair Closes Down newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-register-third-stage-show-at-fair-cl/195933124/ 2026-04-20 The Register 24 and the "Wonderwork" show nearby also closed before the first season ended. Many of the most-popular exhibits charged an additional fee, and visitors often did not bring enough money for food or for high-priced exhibits.Samuel 2007 . 49 The WFC unsuccessfully attempted to entice visitors by offering discounts to taxi drivers and improving fairground lighting, and the WFC was planning promotional campaigns by the end of June. The J. Walter Thompson Company advertised the fair in New York City–area media.August 7, 1964 'Parable' Draws Crowds at Fair; Disputed Film Helps to Pay for Protestant Center https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/07/archives/parable-draws-crowds-at-fair-disputed-film-helps-to-pay-for.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 By mid-1964, some exhibitors had gone out of business,Samuel 2007 . 47–48 including the two largest shows in the Lake Amusement Area.July 27, 1964 Last 2 Big Shows at Fair Go Dark; 'Ice-Travaganza' and Texas Pavilion Crowds Scarce https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/27/archives/last-2-big-shows-at-fair-go-dark-icetravaganza-and-texas-pavilion.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Employees, especially the 4,000 college students who worked the fair, faced occupational burnout.Samuel 2007 . 50–51 Despite the troubles, the WFC was able to buy back one quarter of its promissory notes in mid-1964,June 30, 1964 World's Fair Will Pay Off Some Notes Ahead of Time The Wall Street Journal 6 0099-9660 132943218 none; June 30, 1964 25% Of Fair's Debt to Be Paid Early; Reduction Aug. 1 Attributed to Advance Sale of Tickets https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/30/archives/25-of-fairs-debt-to-be-paid-early-reduction-aug-1-attributed-to.html June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 54 and to attract visitors, exhibitors publicly downplayed their grievances with the WFC.July 4, 1964 Bad News Upsets Fair's Exhibitors; They Are Shifting Attitude on Their Own Complaints https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/04/archives/bad-news-upsets-fairs-exhibitors-they-are-shifting-attitude-on.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The industrial and international pavilions were more profitable than the amusement area,Schmedel Scott R. September 23, 1964 World's Fair Payoff: Corporate Exhibitors Score Triumphs Though Festival Has Problems The Wall Street Journal 1 0099-9660 132905305July 14, 1964 Lights Are Shining at The Fair For Foreign Exhibitors There Women's Wear Daily 17 109 9 1565178184 whose financial troubles did not bother Moses.August 1, 1964 Moses Shrugs Off Low Crowds And Folding Shows at the Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/01/archives/moses-shrugs-off-low-crowds-and-folding-shows-at-the-fair.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The fair had difficulty attracting more than 200,000 daily visitors, even during July and August when students were on summer break. The fair recorded 13.4 million visitors by the season's midpoint in July 1964,July 21, 1964 News Analysis; Fair's Halfway Mark; Attendance Is Below Expectations but Visitors and Bondholders Are Happy https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/21/archives/news-analysis-fairs-halfway-mark-attendance-is-below-expectations.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331July 22, 1964 Failure, Success Mixed In $Billion World's Fair The Hartford Courant 2 1047-4153 548447209 and it received 5.8 million visitors that August, the highest of any month during the 1964 season.Samuel 2007 . 56–57August 31, 1964 Fair Attendance Climbs in August; 5.8 Million Paid Admissions Expected by Tomorrow https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/31/archives/fair-attendance-climbs-in-august-58-million-paid-admissions.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Nearly half of visitors came from the New York City area, and prospective visitors expressed fears about crime and unrest.Samuel 2007 56–57; Tirella 2013 . 234–235 Attendance declined significantly in September when children returned to school.Samuel 2007 . 57September 12, 1964 Post-Labor Day Doldrums Bring Sudden End to Fair's Long Lines https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/12/archives/postlabor-day-doldrums-bring-sudden-end-to-fairs-long-lines.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 In response, Moses said journalists were tarnishing the fair's reputationSeptember 15, 1964 Moses Upbraids Foes of the Fair; 'Sharpshooters' Attacked in Address to Publishers https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/15/archives/moses-upbraids-foes-of-the-fair-sharpshooters-attacked-in-address.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and accused them of suppressing attendance.Long Tania October 15, 1964 Moses Says Press Harmed the Fair: 'Tricks' of Journalism Are Blamed for Cut in Crowds https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/16/archives/fair-planning-for-65-season-as-it-approaches-hibernation.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times 18 0362-4331 115617892 An exhibitors' committee made several recommendations for increasing attendance but Moses rejected nearly all of them.Tirella 2013 . 268 The fair closed for the season on October 18, 1964.October 19, 1964 Young Employes Say Farewells Gather to Reminisce on Six Months at Fair — Few Expecting to Return https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/19/archives/young-employes-say-farewells-gather-to-reminisce-on-six-months-at.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194354/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/19/archives/young-employes-say-farewells-gather-to-reminisce-on-six-months-at.html May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none; Cassidy Joseph October 19, 1964 Fair's Last Day Draws Crowd newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-fairs-last-day-draws-crowd/147511723/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516195531/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-fairs-last-day-draws-crowd/147511723/ May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 New York Daily News 67 2692-1251Hornaday Mary October 19, 1964 N.Y. World's Fair Closes on Gay Note: Financial Arrangement The Christian Science Monitor 7 0882-7729 510663645 There had been 33 million visitors, including 27 million who paid admission.October 21, 1964 N.Y. World's Fair: Fair's 27,100,000 Gate NSG; 'Wait 'Til Next Year' Variety 62, 66 236 9 962979014 The New York Times cited several reasons for the reduced attendance figures; these included fears of crime, lengthy queues, and high prices.Alden Robert October 18, 1964 Fair Appraises Its First Season And Finds It Relatively Good https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/18/archives/fair-appraises-its-first-season-and-finds-it-relatively-good-major.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times 83 0362-4331 115545985 The WFC had significantly overpaid several contractors,Caro 1974 . 1089Caro Robert A. March 15, 1965 Portent for the Fair: 1 Wrong Move: Newsday Closeup Newsday 5 2574-5298 914436877 and the fair's operating expenditures during 1964 amounted to $33.3 million, twice the original budget. Moses had projected a $53 million surplus, but the surplus stood at only $12.6 million at season's end, barely enough to pay back the city government.October 14, 1964 Fair's 1964 Profit Below Estimate; Costs Found High; Attendance Also Cuts Net to Indicated $12.6 Million—Moses Is Hopeful https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/14/archives/fairs-1964-profit-below-estimate-costs-found-high-attendance-also.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 58 The WFC reduced its estimated total profit for both seasons to $30 million. Despite the financial problems, many industrial pavilions had long queues and tens of thousands of daily visitors, and the General Motors and Vatican pavilions each saw more than 10 million visitors during 1964. The New York Times reported many international exhibitors were pleased with the fair but wanted someone else to operate it.October 19, 1964 Exhibitors Hoping For Many Changes In Second Season https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/19/archives/exhibitors-hoping-for-many-changes-in-second-season.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Off-season Between the 1964 and 1965 seasons, the WFC hired 400 security guards to oversee the fairground, though exhibitors were obligated to maintain and guard their own pavilions.Frederick Robert B. October 21, 1964 N. Y. World's Fair: Hibernating N. Y. Fair Eyes Finale Anni; Seeks New Face for Fun ... Variety 62 236 9 962978940 The WFC planned to spend $1.3 million on renovations,Long Tania October 16, 1964 Fair Planning for '65 Season As It Approaches Hibernation https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/16/archives/fair-planning-for-65-season-as-it-approaches-hibernation.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times 31 0362-4331 115597479 and 3,000 workers began winterizing the fairground in November 1964.Wiemer Robert November 30, 1964 Fair Is Anything But Fair As It Awaits Snow Newsday 11 2574-5298 913625981 none; November 23, 1964 Fair Buttoning Up for Winter Cold; Maintenance Carried On in Silent Surroundings of 600-Acre Ghost Town https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/23/archives/fair-buttoning-up-for-winter-cold-maintenance-carried-on-in-silent.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The WFC planned to create a promotional film and advertisements for the fair,Schmedel Scott R. October 14, 1964 World's Fair Slates Some Changes to Lift Attendance Next Year The Wall Street Journal 11 0099-9660 132932541 and it kept some of the paths and fountains illuminated.September 29, 1964 Fair Acts to Keep Light in Window; Pavilions Urged to Continue Signs During Off Season https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/29/archives/fair-acts-to-keep-light-in-window-pavilions-urged-to-continue-signs.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Deegan said several pavilions would be renovated and 12 new restaurants would be added.November 17, 1964 World's Fair Plans Sportsmens' Show And a Farm Exhibit https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/17/archives/worlds-fair-plans-sportsmens-show-and-a-farm-exhibit.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 59 Moses also traveled around the world to persuade foreign exhibitors to display additional artifacts, such as a Gutenberg Bible and Spanish artwork, during 1965. WFC officials said attendance would rise during the 1965 season,Tirella 2013 . 270 and anticipated 37.5 million visitors. The prediction was unrealistic; previous world's fairs typically had fewer visitors during their second season and no new pavilions were being planned. In its balance sheet, the WFC counted profits from advance ticket sales as part of its income for 1964, which meant revenue would be much lower than expected during 1965.Caro 1974 . 1103 Unless the fair had at least 37.5 million visitors in 1965, it would not be profitable. WFC officials, fearing reprisal from Moses, waited weeks to tell him about the fair's financial troubles. In November 1964, Moses told Wagner the WFC might not be able to repay the city's $24 million loan.November 25, 1964 N.Y.C. Holds The Bag for $24-Mil. On World's Fair Variety 1, 20 237 1 1505734743 none; Knowles Clayton November 24, 1964 City Not Counting on Fair's Money https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/24/city-not-counting-on-fairs-money.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The WFC's financial advisors raised suspicions of financial mismanagement the next month.Caro 1974 . 1104–1105 In January 1965, several of the WFC's financial advisors quit following bitter disputes,January 19, 1965 Five Top Bankers Quit World's Fair Group, Score Financial Policy: First National City President Says New York Fair Needs Substantial Funds by April 22 The Wall Street Journal 8 0099-9660 133056052 none; Devlin John C. January 19, 1965 5 Bank Advisers to Fair Quit in Financial Dispute; 5 Banker Advisers to Fair Resign in Dispute Over Finances https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/19/archives/5-bank-advisers-to-fair-quit-in-financial-dispute-5-banker-advisers.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 70; Tirella 2013 . 274–275 and the WFC requested $3.5 million to reopen the fair.January 23, 1965 New York World's Fair Seeks $3.5 Million: 'Brighter Show' The Christian Science Monitor 3 0882-7729 510690042 The city controller Abraham Beame began auditing the WFC,Samuel 2007 71; Tirella 2013 . 276January 27, 1965 New York World's Fair Doesn't Hope to Repay $24 Million City Spent The Wall Street Journal 9 0099-9660 133044216 none; Alden Robert January 27, 1965 Fair Unable to Repay City Or Finance Queens Parks; But Moses Says Notes Will Be Redeemed – Beame Orders Audit – $4 Million Is Sought to Prepare for April Opening https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/27/archives/fair-unable-to-repay-city-or-finance-queens-parks-but-moses-says.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and the WFC fired Deegan's public-relations firm, which had been receiving $300,000 annually for four years, following criticism over the firm's compensation.Tirella 2013 . 276January 31, 1965 Firm Pulls Out of Fair in Latest Foul-Up The Washington Post, Times Herald B10 0190-8286 142498793 none; January 29, 1965 Deegan Company Leaves the Fair; Publicity Concern Is Headed by Exhibition Executive https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/29/archives/deegan-company-leaves-the-fair-publicity-concern-is-headed-by.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The WFC's internal audit found a $17.5 million deficit,February 8, 1965 World's Fair Corp. Had $17,540,100 Loss in 1964, Audited Report Shows: Executive Tells Holders of Notes Of Efforts to Reduce Costs, Boost Attendance This Year The Wall Street Journal 7 0099-9660 133063089 none; Alden Robert February 6, 1965 World's Fair Had Deficit Of $17,540,100 in 1964; Audited Report Puts Cash on Hand at $629,063 on Dec. 31 – Official Cites Drastic Cuts in Costs for 1965 https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/06/archives/worlds-fair-had-deficit-of-17540100-in-1964-audited-report-puts.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 but lawsuits delayed Beame's audit for several months.May 21, 1965 Top New York Court Rules World's Fair Open Records The Wall Street Journal 14 0099-9660 133027787 none; Apple R. W. Jr May 21, 1965 Beame's Demand for Audit at Fair Upheld by Court https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/beames-demand-for-audit-at-fair-upheld-by-court-appeals-bench.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 By February 1965, at least 14 exhibitors in the 1964 season had declared bankruptcy.Samuel 2007 . 65Phalon Richard February 13, 1965 The World's Fair: A Fiscal Scrutiny; 14 Bankruptcy Pleas Filed Since Opening in April https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/13/archives/the-worlds-fair-a-fiscal-scrutiny-14-bankruptcy-pleas-filed-since.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Franklin National Bank offered to lend the WFC $3.5 million,February 10, 1965 Fair Banks on Franklin For $3.5 Million Loan Newsday 15 2574-5298 914425535 none; Alden Robert February 9, 1965 L.I. Bank Plans to Lend Fair $3.5 Million Needed to Open; Head of Franklin National Says He Will Do All He Can To Help Second Season https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/09/archives/li-bank-plans-to-lend-fair-35-million-needed-to-open-head-of.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 but the WFC indicated it needed only $1 million.February 25, 1965 New York World's Fair Cuts Immediate Need For Cash to $1 Million: Executive Committee Expresses Confidence in President Moses; Efforts to Remove Him Go On The Wall Street Journal 7 0099-9660 133042754 none; Alden Robert February 25, 1965 Fair Executives Divided on Moses; He Gets Vote of Confidence, but 6 Abstain, Including the Mayor's 3 Men https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/25/archives/fair-executives-divided-on-moses-he-gets-vote-of-confidence-but-6.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Though city officials wanted to remove Moses as the WFC's president,Alden Robert February 18, 1965 Top-Level Talks on Fair Consider Replacing Moses; Mayor and Governor Join Parleys – A Better Image Sought for Exposition https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/18/archives/toplevel-talks-on-fair-consider-replacing-moses-mayor-and-governor.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 he retained his position.Tirella 2013 . 277–278 When Moses said he would spend $6.4 million to renovate Flushing Meadows–Corona Park before repaying debts,Samuel 2007 63–64; Tirella 2013 . 278Alden Robert February 15, 1965 Fair's Priorities Revised by Moses; He Says Rebuilding Parks Comes Before Repaying Noteholders and City https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/15/archives/fairs-priorities-revised-by-moses-he-says-rebuilding-parks-comes-be.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 the WFC's finance chairman resigned.Illson Murray February 24, 1965 Fair Aide Resigns, Assailing Moses on Fund Proposal; McLaughlin Says He Seeks to Shift $6.4 Million From Triborough Authority Fair Aide Quits in Dispute With Moses https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/24/archives/fair-aide-resigns-assailing-moses-on-fund-proposal-mclaughlin-says.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Two Marine Midland Bank branches provided a $1 million loan to the WFC that March,March 15, 1965 New York World's Fair Gets $1 Million Loan; Indonesia Pulls Pavilion: Moses Sees Financing by 2 Banks More Than Adequate for Needs Through Reopening on April 21 The Wall Street Journal 12 0099-9660 133065529 none; Alden Robert March 13, 1965 2 Banks Lend Fair $1 Million Needed To Open '65 Season https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/13/archives/2-banks-lend-fair-1-million-needed-to-open-65-season-fair-announces.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 73 which the WFC repaid two months later.May 20, 1965 World's Fair Announces Repayment in Advance Of $1 Million Bank Loan: Moses Says Fair Corp. Is Current With Creditors, Expects Gains In Attendance, Which Trails '64 The Wall Street Journal 10 0099-9660 133044234 none; Alden Robert May 20, 1965 Fair Repays Loan Of $1 Million Early https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/20/archives/fair-repays-loan-of-1-million-early-the-fair-repays-1-million-loan.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331May 20, 1965 Fair Paying Its Debts Newsday 11 2574-5298 914383744 During the off-season, several exhibitors renovated and modified their pavilions,Brown Murray J. March 28, 1965 Fair Re-Opens Soon; Some Changes Made The Hartford Courant 33A 1047-4153 548738120 spending over $7 million between them.Schumach Murray April 21, 1965 $7 Million Spent in Improvements; History and Space Exhibits Added – More Restaurants https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/7-million-spent-in-improvements-history-and-space-exhibits-added.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 At least 50 exhibits were upgradedKursh Harry April 13, 1965 World's Fair Reopens April 21 The Christian Science Monitor 13 0882-7729 510789503 and five major attractions were added,April 19, 1965 World's Fair Reopens Wednesday, Seeking To Lure More Visitors: New Exhibits Part of Attempt To Better 1964's Attendance, But Admission Cost Is Higher The Wall Street Journal 15 0099-9660 133045801 along with free entertainments and science demonstrations.Hornaday Mary April 21, 1965 N.Y. World's Fair Offers Thrilling 'College Courses': Chinese Splendor Space Rendezvous Visits by Astronauts The Christian Science Monitor 4 0882-7729 510781727 New artworks and films were added to several pavilions.Alden Robert July 20, 1965 Seasoned Fairgoers Seek Out New – and Old – Sleeper Exhibits; Having Seen All the Hit Shows They Turn Up Interesting Ones They Have Missed https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/20/archives/seasoned-fairgoers-seek-out-new-and-old-sleeper-exhibits-having.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The struggling Lake Amusement Area became the Lake Area.Joseph Richard January 24, 1965 World's Fair Closed for Winter, But It's Still Busy: Officials Polishing Extravaganza Chicago Tribune H3 1085-6706 179713143Samuel 2007 . 67–68 The WFC asked the New York City Transit Authority to increase subway service to the fair, and 26 exhibitors collaborated on a promotional campaign.Samuel 2007 63–64; Tirella 2013 . 273 Fifty-three exhibitors proposed naming the first week of the 1965 season Fair Festival Week,Alden Robert February 5, 1965 Fair's Exhibitors Plan a Campaign; Ask City for 'Festival Week' to Improve Prospects https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/05/archives/fairs-exhibitors-plan-a-campaign-ask-city-for-festival-week-to.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 to which Wagner agreed.Alden Robert April 7, 1965 Mayor Predicts Success for Fair: Proclaims Festival Week for Second Season Opening https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/07/archives/mayor-predicts-success-for-fair-proclaims-festival-week-for-second.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times 32 0362-4331 116827402 The WFC produced a promotional film titled To the Fair,Samuel 2007 . 63–64Carlson Walter January 31, 1965 Advertising: A Fair in Search of Promotion; World's Fair Seeks to Publicize Plans for New Season Promotional Moves Are Being Made in Several Areas https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/31/archives/advertising-a-fair-in-search-of-promotion-worlds-fair-seeks-to.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and individual exhibitors produced their own films.Schmedel Scott R. March 1, 1965 Troubled World's Fair Gets Help on Publicity From Big Exhibitors The Wall Street Journal 1 0099-9660 133042063 To reduce its debts, the WFC decreased its budget for the 1965 season and dismissed some employees.Benjamin Philip April 21, 1965 Remedy for Debt: Belt-Tightening; Budget and Staff Are Cut After a Hard Winter https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/remedy-for-debt-belttightening-budget-and-staff-are-cut-after-a.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 1965 season thumb|alt=In a misty aerial view, a large building, a major road, a helipad, and two colored domes are visible.|Aerial view of the Transportation and Travel Pavilion and Port Authority Heliport More than 150,000 people attended the reopening of the fair on April 21, 1965.Alden Robert April 22, 1965 158,000 Open the Fair's Second Year; Paid Admissions Are 3 Times More Than First Day's in '64 158,000, Half of Them Children, Attend World's Fair on Crisp, Sunny Opening Day https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/158000-open-the-fairs-second-year-paid-admissions-are-3-times-more.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516213745/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/158000-open-the-fairs-second-year-paid-admissions-are-3-times-more.html May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none; O'Neill Maureen April 22, 1965 The Natives Return—They're Hardy Lot newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-natives-re/147516845/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516213738/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-natives-re/147516845/ May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 Newsday 91 2574-5298Samuel 2007 . 73–74 The Ethiopian long-distance runners Abebe Bikila and Mamo Wolde participated in a ceremonial half marathon,Phillips McCandlish April 22, 1965 Lo, A Magic City Awakens and Wizard Rejoices; People Flock in to the Music of Clicking Turnstiles But for a Moment a Cannon Seems to Fire at Them https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/lo-a-magic-city-awakens-and-wizard-rejoices-people-flock-in-to-the.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none; 1965-04-21 Moses's Fair is the World's Again Robert Caro https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-mosess-fair-i/153757767/ 2024-08-22 Newsday 2574-5298 newspapers.com 3, 106 running from Central Park in Manhattan to Singer Bowl at the fairground.Alden Robert April 21, 1965 The Fair Resumes Today With Many New Exhibits https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/the-fair-resumes-today-with-many-new-exhibits-the-worlds-fair.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Unlike the 1964 opening ceremony, no protests occurred at the fair's reopening, and almost all exhibits were completed on time.April 28, 1965 Vaudeville: Delayed Openings Of Some Exhibs At World's Fair Variety 53 238 10 1017114843 none; April 21, 1965 Show's Ready – Except For New Exhibits Newsday 3 2574-5298 914422823 For the 1965 season, adult admission fees were raised to $2.50 (US 2.50 1965 2 eq $). During the first 20 days of the 1965 season, attendance declined 22 percent compared with the same time period in 1964,May 11, 1965 World's Fair Attendance Still Falling Los Angeles Times 2 0458-3035 155183856 none; Alden Robert May 11, 1965 Fair Attendance Is 22% Lower Than in First 20 Days Last Year https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/11/archives/fair-attendance-is-22-lower-than-in-first-20-days-last-year-fair.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 putting many exhibitors at risk of bankruptcy.Alden Robert May 13, 1965 Fair's Financial Woes; Experts Say Debts Are Reaching Critical Stage as Attendance Lags https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/13/archives/fairs-financial-woes-experts-say-debts-are-reaching-critical-stage.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 In addition, fewer visitors were paying at the gates because more than half of them carried advance tickets. Exhibitors requested a reduction in admission fees,May 7, 1965 People Want Cut in Fair Admission Price Newsday 4 2574-5298 914454238 none; May 6, 1965 Pavilions Ask Cut in Fair Admission; International Group Calls for Immediate Action https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/06/archives/pavilions-ask-gut-in-fair-admission-international-group-calls-for.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and that a reduced-price evening admission ticket be sold.Samuel 2007 . 75Alden Robert March 23, 1965 Lower Night Fee at Fair Debated; More Directors Press for Cut in Admission Charge https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/23/archives/lower-night-fee-at-fair-debated-more-directors-press-for-cut-in.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Moses refused both proposals,May 28, 1965 Pennyweight Fight: Exhibitors Vs. Fair Newsday 5 2574-5298 914441233 none; Alden Robert May 28, 1965 Fair Bars a Cut in Its $2.50 Price; Some Foreign Concessions Threaten Boycott in Face of Lagging Attendance https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/28/archives/fair-bars-a-cut-in-its-250-price-some-foreign-concessions-threaten.html May 23, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and several exhibitors threatened to close their pavilions before retracting.Dougherty Philip H. May 29, 1965 Foreign Exhibits Bar Fair Closings; They Agree Not to Protest Over Rebuff on Price Cut https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/29/archives/foreign-exhibits-bar-fair-closings-they-agree-not-to-protest-over.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 At the beginning of the 1965 season, there were issues such as race-related protests,Samuel 2007 76–77; Tirella 2013 . 294–295April 26, 1965 100 CORE Pickets at Fair Challenged by Youths https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/26/archives/100-core-pickets-at-fair-challenged-by-youths-100-core-pickets-in.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Vietnam War protests,Dougherty Philip H. June 6, 1965 Fairgoers Ignore a Peace Protest; Students Giving Pamphlets on Vietnam Are Unnoticed https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/06/archives/fairgoers-ignore-a-peace-protest-students-giving-pamphlets-on.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 a controversy over a racially insensitive song in one pavilion,June 2, 1965 N.A.A.C.P. Wins Bid To Have 'Dem' Taken From Pavilion Song https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/02/archives/naacp-wins-bid-to-have-dem-taken-from-pavilion-song.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and disputes between Jewish and Arab exhibitors.Long Tania May 2, 1965 Fair Arabs Spurn Kosher Luncheon; U.S.-Israeli Pavilion Pickets Confronted With Food Offer https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/02/archives/fair-arabs-spurn-kosher-luncheon-usisraeli-pavilion-pickets.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Vandalism also increased due to the reduced police presence,Ferretti Fred May 31, 1965 Vandalism Increases at New York World's Fair: Economies Result in Police Cut, Rise in Violence, Rowdyism, Reporter Says Los Angeles Times 10 0458-3035 155207539 and a fairgoer was murdered that May.Dougherty Philip H. May 23, 1965 Two Boys Arrested at Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/23/archives/two-boys-arrested-at-fair-fairgoer-is-slain-outside-pavilion.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 78 WFC officials also tried to invalidate their January 1964 agreement for disbursing the fair's profits, and exhibitors continued to lose money due to lower-than-expected attendance.June 2, 1965 World's Fair Exhibs Still Jittery Despite Memorial Weekend Spurt Variety 1, 71 239 2 1017117090 none; Alden Robert June 1, 1965 Fair Exhibitors Still in the Red; More Jammed Days Needed to Bring in the Profits https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/01/archives/fair-exhibitors-still-in-the-red-more-jammed-days-needed-to-bring.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Fewer visitors came during the evening,Alden Robert June 29, 1965 Crowds Desert World's Fair at Night The Atlanta Constitution 30 1557057345 but the WFC again rejected a proposal for discounted evening admission in July 1965.July 9, 1965 New York World's Fair Panel Rejects Admission-Price Cut The Wall Street Journal 4 0099-9660 133000948 none; Alden Robert July 9, 1965 Fair Rejects Bid to Cut $2.50 Fee; Motion by Screvane Urging $1 Admission in Evening Is Soundly Defeated https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/09/archives/fair-rejects-bid-to-cut-250-fee-motion-by-screvane-urging-1.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Despite increased attendance in mid-1965, the fair continued to record decreased revenue compared with 1964.July 2, 1965 World's Fair Attendance Rises Sharply Chicago Tribune B17 1085-6706 180065924 none; Alden Robert August 2, 1965 Fair Attendance Shows Sharp Rise; But Total Is Still 27% Below '64 Figure https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/02/archives/fair-attendance-shows-sharp-rise-but-total-is-still-27-below-64.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Many exhibitors recorded substantial losses from the costs of their pavilions.Alden Robert August 16, 1965 Industries Wary of Future Fairs; Major Exhibitors Here Point to High Costs of Pavilions https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/16/archives/industries-wary-of-future-fairs-major-exhibitors-here-point-to-high.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 By August 1965, the WFC was preparing to clear the fairground after the fair,Alden Robert August 1, 1965 Anybody Can Have Fair Pavilion Free https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/01/archives/anybody-can-have-fair-pavilion-free-pavilions-at-fair-are-offered.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Johnson Thomas A. Schwartz Jack August 3, 1965 Fair Pavilions For Sale Free (Pretty Nearly) Newsday 4 2574-5298 914378034 though 13 exhibitors had declared bankruptcy and could not afford to demolish or move their pavilions.Alden Robert August 11, 1965 A Legacy of Fair: Unwanted Relics; Exhibitors Are Required to Raze Pavilions, But 13 Have Gone Bankrupt https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/11/archives/a-legacy-of-fair-unwanted-relics-exhibitors-are-required-to-raze.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Beame's interim report, which was published at the end of August, found the WFC had squandered money by not awarding contracts through competitive bidding and by spending nearly everything it had on expenses it incurred before and during 1964.August 31, 1965 Beame Raps Fair's Fiscal Policies Newsday 1 2574-5298 915310376 none; Alden Robert September 1, 1965 World's Fair Mismanaged, Beame Charges in Report; Says Audit Shows 'Poor Planning' and 'Improper Payments' – Moses Scoffs at Controller's 'Political Comment' https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/01/archives/worlds-fair-mismanaged-beame-charges-in-report-says-audit-shows.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 79 Despite Moses's denials of wrongdoing,Samuel 2007 79–80; Tirella 2013 . 313 Queens district attorney Frank D. O'Connor opened a criminal inquiry into the WFC shortly afterward.September 2, 1965 O'Connor Joins the Let's-Probe-Fair Club Newsday 98 2574-5298 915182149 none; Alden Robert September 2, 1965 O'Connor Orders Inquiry Into the Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/02/archives/oconnor-orders-inquiry-into-the-fair.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Moses installed highway signs promoting the fair and refused to remove them, even after city traffic commissioner Henry A. Barnes called the signs a safety hazard.September 11, 1965 Barnes Withdraws In Battle of Signs But Is Still Fighting https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/11/archives/barnes-withdraws-in-battle-of-signs-but-is-still-fighting.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 78–79; Tirella 2013 . 313 By mid-September, estimates of the fair's total attendance had been reduced from 70 to 50 million.O'Neill Maureen September 21, 1965 Big Weekend Turnout Too Late to Save Fair Newsday 21 2574-5298 914412921 By the end of September, the fair had recorded 17 million visitors during the 1965 season, less than half the number of visitors needed to break even. At this point, the WFC had barely enough money to pay its weekly expenses.Caro 1974 . 1112 Toward the end of the 1965 season, there was a sustained increase in attendance,O'Neill Maureen Smith Edward G. October 11, 1965 Now the Fair's In; That's the Way It Goes: The Last-Minute Rush Is On at the World's Fair Newsday 4 2574-5298 964248996 none; Alden Robert October 11, 1965 Record Crowds Rush to the Fair; New Attendance Mark Set As Sunday's Closing Nears https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/11/archives/record-crowds-rush-to-the-fair-new-attendance-mark-set-as-sundays.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and the fair recorded more than 250,000 daily visitors for three consecutive weeks. Exhibitors worried potential visitors would be dissuaded by the overcrowding.Alden Robert October 13, 1965 Fair So Crowded Managers Worry; Pavilions Fear Long Waits in Final Days Stir Ill Will Instead of Goodwill https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/13/archives/fair-so-crowded-managers-worry-pavilions-fear-long-waits-in-final.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The architect and writer Robert A. M. Stern attributed the increase in attendance to a prevailing feeling the 1964 fair would be one of the last lavish world's fairs.Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1055 Pope Paul VI visited the fair on October 4, 1965, during the first-ever papal visit to the United States.Glass Andrew October 4, 1965 Pope Paul VI Visits the U.S., Oct. 4, 1965 https://www.politico.com/story/2012/10/this-day-in-politics-081968 June 4, 2024 Politico The fair closed on October 17, 1965,Abrams Arnold Smith Edward G. October 18, 1965 Drunks and Vandals Close the Fair: They Dig the World's Fair on Its Last Day newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-drunks-and-van/149444310/ Newsday 5, 79 2024-06-16 2574-5298 914444914 none; Alden Robert October 18, 1965 Vandalism Mars Last Day Of the Two-Year Exposition; Weeping Children, Sad Employes and Vandalism Abound as World's Fair Closes https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/18/archives/vandalism-mars-last-day-of-the-twoyear-exposition-weeping-children.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215354/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/18/archives/vandalism-mars-last-day-of-the-twoyear-exposition-weeping-children.html May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 83; Tirella 2013 . 320–321 and recorded its highest-ever daily attendance of 446,953 on its final day.October 18, 1965 World's Fair Closes as Financial Flop Los Angeles Times 12 0458-3035 155292449 The fair's final day was chaotic, with reports of vandalism and theft. In total, the fair had recorded 51,607,448 admissions,Samuel 2007 . 83 seven million more than the 1939 fair and ten million more than Expo 58.Alden Robert October 17, 1965 Despite Controversies, Attendance Passes All Other Expositions; World's Fair, Closing Today, To Establish Record With More Than 51 Million Visitors in 2 Years https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/17/archives/despite-controversies-attendance-passes-all-other-expositions.html June 5, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The GM and Vatican pavilions had been the most popular. The fair had lost an additional $1 million in 1965Grutzner Charles April 8, 1967 2d Year of Fair $1-Million In Red; Decreased Costs and Rise in Admission Fee Cut Loss https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/08/archives/2d-year-of-fair-1million-in-red-decreased-costs-and-rise-in.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and had a deficit of up to $40 million at its closing;October 15, 1965 Color Ny World's Fair Red To Cool Tune Of $40 Million Women's Wear Daily 8 111 75 1523533780 The New York Times partly attributed the fair's underperformance to Moses's stubborn attitude and refusal to take advice. Fairground right horizontal 150 30 years of progress, 1934-1964 - Department of Parks - 300th anniversary of the City of New York - New York World's Fair. (1964) (16639606536).jpg A black-and -white, aerial image of an urban area; visible are roads and buildings, a river, and labels saying "Shea Stadium", Van Wyck Expressway", and "Grand Central Parkway". Aerial view of the northern part of the fairground during the 1964 World's Fair 30 years of progress, 1934-1964 - Department of Parks - 300th anniversary of the City of New York - New York World's Fair. (1964) (16458228567).jpg Aerial view of the southern part of the fairground during the 1964 World's Fair A black-and-white, aerial image of an urban area; visible are roads and buildings, a river, and labels saying "Island Expressway", "Meadow Lake", and "Worlds's Fair". center The fairground was divided into five regions. Exhibits for individual U.S. states and the U.S. federal government were concentrated in the Federal & State Area at the center of the fairground near the Unisphere.Samuel 2007 . 125 The international exhibits were concentrated in the International Area—a group of pavilions surrounding the Unisphere. Industry pavilions were concentrated around the Industrial Area on the eastern end near the Van Wyck Expressway.Lane Roger December 5, 1963 New York World's Fair Shaping As Top US Business Showcase The Austin Statesman B2 1522492960Robbins Liz April 18, 2014 50 Years After the New York World's Fair, Recalling a Vision of the Future https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/20/nyregion/worlds-fair-1964-memories.html May 22, 2024 The New York Times May 22, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024958/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/20/nyregion/worlds-fair-1964-memories.html live The Transportation Area was on the western side of the fairground. South of the Long Island Expressway, connected with the rest of the fair only via one overpass, was the Lake Amusement Area (known as the Lake Area during 1965). Eight gates provided access to the fairground. The 1964 World's Fair had 139 pavilions on opening day, in addition to 34 concessions and shows.Doughtery Philip H. April 22, 1964 Statistics Prove It's a Whopping Spectacle; 40 Miles of Walkways Wind Through City of Enchantment; 114 Restaurants Will Help Feed 250,000 Who Visit Daily https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/statistics-prove-its-a-whopping-spectacle-40-miles-of-walkways-wind.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240515232622/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/statistics-prove-its-a-whopping-spectacle-40-miles-of-walkways-wind.html May 15, 2024 May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331This is sometimes cited as more than 200 exhibits and pavilions. Of the pavilions and shows, either 121May 9, 1964 World's Fair Offers 121 Free Shows New York Amsterdam News 27 226773594 or 124 were free, and the rest required an additional payment.Alpert 1964 . 21 Scattered across the fairground were 5,300 trees, 3,500 benches, 1,400 telephones, and 60 mailboxes.Rhoades Liz April 17, 2014 Fifty Years Ago a Fair Opened in Queens https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/fifty-years-ago-a-fair-opened-in-queens/article_90ff09cb-2f1c-545e-bc28-091f01cc6104.html May 30, 2024 Queens Chronicle May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531153634/https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/fifty-years-ago-a-fair-opened-in-queens/article_90ff09cb-2f1c-545e-bc28-091f01cc6104.html live The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965 4 . There were also bank branches, picnic areas, and restrooms. Accessible bathrooms, wheelchair rental stands, and Braille guidebooks were provided for disabled visitors.April 26, 1964 Wheel Chairs at Fair; Many Pavilions Easily Accessible To the Physically Handicapped https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/wheel-chairs-at-fair-many-pavilions-easily-accessible-to-the.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530182943/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/wheel-chairs-at-fair-many-pavilions-easily-accessible-to-the.html live There were also several hotels nearby, albeit few campgrounds.March 22, 1964 Few Campsites Near World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/few-campsites-near-worlds-fair.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531193726/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/few-campsites-near-worlds-fair.html live A spokesman for the 1964 fair said the exposition was supposed to be "cultural and sophisticated",Talese Gay April 29, 1962 Fair Takes Shape on Office Charts; Meadow Itself Shows Only Dirt Mounds and Debris https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/29/archives/fair-takes-shape-on-office-charts-meadow-itself-shows-only-dirt.html May 25, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 25, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240525024710/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/29/archives/fair-takes-shape-on-office-charts-meadow-itself-shows-only-dirt.html live and Deegan claimed that the exposition would be the "greatest single event in history".Rogers John G. September 13, 1962 For the World's Fair, Superlatives New York Herald Tribune 17 1941-0646 1325994848 Pavilions List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions right vertical 250 US NY NYC 1964-65 Worlds Fair Bell System Pavilion (processed 05-1965) 04 CE Family Coll (51904197970).jpg A flat, white, rectangular, elongated building and a tall, cylindrical column on the far shore of a small lake. The Bell System Pavilion Wisconsin Pavilion, Neillsville.jpg A round, bandstand-like structure with a pointed golden roof and a radio antenna that bears the word "WISCONSIN" in red letters placed along its length. The Wisconsin Pavilion, which has since been relocated to Neillsville, Wisconsin Each section of the fair was designed in several architectural styles,Phillips McCandlish April 22, 1964 250,000 Expected; Huge Security Force to Guard Johnson—Parade Is Planned https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240531214835/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html May 31, 2024 May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 99Barry Edward July 26, 1964 The Wonderful World of Art: A Gigantic Work of Art—That's New York's World's Fair Chicago Tribune N4 1085-6706 179539708 and many of the pavilions were designed in a Space Age style.Rohan Virginia April 21, 2009 A Fair to Remember: 45 Years Ago in Queens, We Saw the Future The Record F.1 426610123 Some pavilions used experimental designs; for example, the Bell System Pavilion was supported by massive cantilevers, while the IBM Pavilion was shaped like a giant egg.February 2, 1964 New Techniques Are Found Scarce In Fair Buildings The New York Times R1 0362-4331 115672730 Most of the structures were designed so they could easily be demolished after the fair and rebuilt elsewhere.Hornaday Mary April 23, 1965 What Happens When the Fair Is Over?: Demolition Set Buildings to Remain Monorail Considered Space Subsidy Sought The Christian Science Monitor 5 0882-7729 510706863 Any person or entity who could afford to rent the land and construct a pavilion could rent exhibition space at the fair.Tirella 2013 . 205 Thus, the space was dominated by large corporations.Beckerman Jim April 9, 2024 History of Waffles: How the NY World's Fair Novelty Became Breakfast https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ May 27, 2024 Bergen Record May 27, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240527163716/https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ live Private companies spent a combined $300 million on their pavilions.Samuel 2007 . 98 The Big Three car manufacturers—Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors—alone spent a combined $110 million on attractions such as Chrysler's artificial islands, Ford's Magic Skyway, and General Motors' Futurama car ride. Twenty-three state pavilions were built.Hornaday Mary September 23, 1963 New York World's Fair Takes Tangible Form: One Pavilion Completed The Christian Science Monitor 9 0882-7729 510487114Tirella 2013 . 47 The fair included exhibits from 24 U.S. states;Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation April 18, 2017 April 19, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101516/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 live these were Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the six states in New England. New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1039 Nineteen of the state pavilions were in the Federal and State Area,Samuel 2007 . 128 and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair. None of the state governments had to pay rent for the land,July 25, 1963 20 States Balk at World's Fair The Washington Post, Times Herald F8 0190-8286 141780100 but they had to fund the buildings. Twenty states and Washington, D.C., did not pay for exhibits at the fair. There were 45 pavilions in the International Area, most of which featured exhibits from foreign countries. Individual exhibits were presented by 66 nations, including the United States, whose pavilion was in the Federal and State Area.Samuel 2007 . 124 If nations that were represented only by one city or region are included,For example, West Germany, which was represented by West Berlin the fair had attractions from 80 countries.Tirella 2013 . 202 Foreign nations rented land from the WFC,Nicoletta 2010 . 503 and paid for staff lodgings, food, and other expenses.Trumbull Robert April 20, 1964 Fair Personnel Lead Double Life; Foreign Pavilions Contrast Sharply With New York https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531210500/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html live Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.Gray Beverly January 25, 1964 So It Will Soon Be Heigh-Ho, Everyone, Come to the New York World's Fair! The Globe and Mail 21 1283415626 Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, boycotted the fair because the BIE had not approved it.February 22, 1961 No Endorsement by Int'l Expositions Bureau Hits N.Y. 1964 World's Fair Variety 1 221 13 1032412420 none; Freeman Ira Henry February 18, 1961 3 Nations Decline to Join Fair Here; Britain, France and Italy Cite Exhibit Treaty – Private Shows Are Possible https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524004147/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html live Because of a lack of participation from BIE members, only six major countries—Egypt, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, and Pakistan—had official exhibits at the fair. Some BIE member countries hosted unofficial exhibits or were represented by those of private companies,Higgins Marguerite March 3, 1961 20 Nations to Have Pavilions at Fair New York Herald Tribune 6 1941-0646 1336636161Newsweek 1964a 44 . and several countries were represented solely by an industry exhibit. Other countries were represented by regional pavilions, such as those for the Caribbean and Africa.Tirella 2013 . 202–203 Many of the international pavilions sold merchandise.Samuel 2007 . 104–105April 22, 1964 Pavilions to Sell Unusual Wares; Items From Many Lands Are Available for Shoppers https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none June 8, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142456/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html live ; Carlton Helen https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 Life A Bazaar of Bizarre Bargains July 17, 1964 18 0024-3019 June 3, 2024 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603151508/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 live The Industrial Area had 43 pavilions,Alpert 1964 . 22 representing nearly 350 American companies.Newsweek 1964a 43 . Most of the companies were consolidated within four exhibit buildings, though about 36 companies had their own pavilions. Corporations rented land from the WFC, while religious organizations were not required to pay for their space. Large firms such as Bell Telephone Company, DuPont, IBM, Kodak, RCA, The Travelers Companies, and US Royal Tires participated.Schmedel Scott R. May 9, 1962 GM Plans Costliest Pavilion for New York World's Fair of '64–65: Company Undecided on Contents; Fair Officials Hope the Plan Will Spur Leasing of Space The Wall Street Journal 9 0099-9660 132775520 The 1964 fair included only a few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries and did not include any non-American car manufacturers.Schreiber Ronnie The Cars (and Exhibits) of the 1964 New York World's Fair Hagerty Media February 6, 2026 https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/cars-of-worlds-fair-1964-new-york-worlds-fair/ February 7, 2026 Transportation companies, including the Big Three car makers,Wood 1964 . 10–11 displayed products in the Transportation Area of the fairground. Several of the industry pavilions offered free merchandise or other sponsorships,August 16, 1964 Advertising: Making Friends at the Fair; Some Concerns Get Much Publicity at Low Cost https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192316/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html June 3, 2024 June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 101–102 which often attracted customers. Moses provided about 7 acre of land for religious groups and invited every major sect of Christianity to the fair.Samuel 2007 . 21 Eight religious pavilions were built,April 22, 1964 Religion Present Throughout Fair; 8 Pavilions Add Depth to Spirit of Carnival https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215825/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html live each of which was staffed by volunteers.July 20, 1964 Church Pavilions Use Volunteers; 250 Serving in 8 Exhibits at Fair in Leisure Time https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 30, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215826/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html live Some exhibits were planned but never built, such as the Soviet and Israel pavilions, but were displayed on official maps, causing confusion among visitors.August 11, 1964 Visitors at the Fair Seek Sights Not to Be Seen https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603174958/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html live Amusement In addition to pavilions, the Lake Area included several rides and attractions during 1964.The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965 19 . John Ringling North operated a circusFebruary 7, 1962 Continental-Style Circus Signed for '64 World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/07/archives/continentalstyle-circus-signed-for-64-worlds-fair.html May 26, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 26, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240526005858/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/07/archives/continentalstyle-circus-signed-for-64-worlds-fair.html live February 24, 1962 World's Fair Will Have Circus Acts New York Amsterdam News 15 2293396739 that performed in a 5,000-seat tent. Nearby was a wax museum. The amusement area also included a children's play area, a puppet show, a porpoise show, and other amusements. A lake cruise traveled off the shore of Meadow LakeFebruary 2, 1963 Fair Lake Area To Have Fla., Hawaii Exhibits New York Amsterdam News 26 226822636 and an early log flume ride was also installed at the fair.Calise Gabrielle Let's revisit Florida's bizarre lost theme parks from before the Disney era Tampa Bay Times March 18, 2019 https://www.tampabay.com/florida/2019/03/18/lets-revisit-floridas-bizarre-lost-theme-parks-from-before-the-disney-era/ June 16, 2024 A replica of the ship Santa María was displayed in the lake.Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1054 There was a 10,000-seat outdoor theater in the amusement area as well. Two Coney Island carousels were combined to form the Flushing Meadows Carousel.June 5, 2013 Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Carousel Rides Again https://www.qgazette.com/articles/flushing-meadows-corona-park-carousel-rides-again/ May 21, 2024 Queens Gazette none May 21, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240521004720/https://www.qgazette.com/articles/flushing-meadows-corona-park-carousel-rides-again/ live ; March 7, 2012 You Spin Me Right Round, Baby, Right Round Like a Carousel ... http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ April 3, 2017 WNET April 7, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210407073856/https://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ live The Florida pavilion took over much of the Lake Area in 1965,Alden Robert March 3, 1965 Free Water Show Planned at Fair; Florida Will Present Skiing in Amphitheater – Moses Predicts Big Success https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/free-water-show-planned-at-fair-florida-will-present-skiing-in.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 4, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240604150706/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/free-water-show-planned-at-fair-florida-will-present-skiing-in.html live and two amusement areas called Carnival and Continental Park were added. Outside the Lake Area were the Fiesta Playground and the Sculpture Continuum Playground.Weitekamp Rossana April 22, 2015 Saviors of the Chunkies https://www.liherald.com/stories/saviors-of-the-chunkies,66293 June 1, 2024 Herald Community Newspapers June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601195400/https://www.liherald.com/stories/saviors-of-the-chunkies,66293 live Transportation exhibits by transportation companies at the fair List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions#Transportation pavilionsthumb|Monorail at the 1964 fair |alt=A tall, white building with a curved roof serves as a monorail station. A white train leaves the station while another arrives. The American Machine and Foundry Company constructed a suspended monorail with two 4000 ft m -long mid tracks in the Lake Area.May 8, 1963 World's Fair to Get 3-Million Monorail System; Train to Run Around Lake Port Body Building to Get Restaurant and Club https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/08/archives/worlds-fair-to-get-3million-monorail-system-train-to-run-around.html May 22, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 22, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240522024954/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/08/archives/worlds-fair-to-get-3million-monorail-system-train-to-run-around.html live July 23, 1963 AMF Plans Monorail at New York World's Fair The Washington Post, Times Herald A21 0190-8286 141825692 none; July 29, 1963 AMF takes flyer on monorail: The company, building its first monorail at the World's Fair, has plans for world-wide selling Railway Age 68 155 5 882954650September 6, 1965 Bid to Sell World's Fair Monorail Brings Enthusiastic Response: Decision Data Help Wanted The Washington Post, Times Herald D5 0190-8286 142599694 The line had seven 80-passenger, two-car-long trains. Another transport attraction at the fair was the Swiss Sky Ride, a ski lift or aerial gondola that was sponsored by the Government of Switzerland.Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1043 During the 1964 season, visitors could rent one of 147 Greyhound Escorters, which were driven by chauffeurs. Sixty-one Glide-a-Ride trolleys also served the fairground during both seasons.April 21, 1965 3-Wheeled 'Bugs' Gone This Year: But Glide-A-Train And Bus Transport Will Be Back https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/3wheeled-bugs-gone-this-year-but-glideatrain-and-bus-transport-will.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times 37 0362-4331 116821150 June 4, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240604172008/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/3wheeled-bugs-gone-this-year-but-glideatrain-and-bus-transport-will.html live none; Hornaday Mary April 21, 1965 N.Y. World's Fair Offers Thrilling 'College Courses': Chinese Splendor Space Rendezvous Visits by Astronauts The Christian Science Monitor 4 0882-7729 510781727 The fairground was accessed via highways on Long Island that had been upgraded.Samuel 2007 13; Tirella 2013 . 44 An expanded World's Fair Marina provided access via Flushing Bay.June 12, 1961 Fair to Make More Room For Boatmen: Flushing Marina Plan To Cost $4,300,000 New York Herald Tribune 17 1941-0646 1327587313 none; June 12, 1961 Marina for Excursion Boats and 800 Yachts Planned at World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/12/archives/marina-for-excursion-boats-and-800-yachts-planned-at-worlds-fair.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524191621/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/12/archives/marina-for-excursion-boats-and-800-yachts-planned-at-worlds-fair.html live The fair was also served by a short-lived ferry service to Manhattan, as well as other ferry routes to ports in New York and New Jersey.May 3, 1964 32-M.P.H. Hydrofoils in Fleet That Shuttles to Flushing Bay https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/32mph-hydrofoils-in-fleet-that-shuttles-to-flushing-bay.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601002513/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/32mph-hydrofoils-in-fleet-that-shuttles-to-flushing-bay.html live A helicopter shuttle provided services to the Pan Am Building and Lower Manhattan heliports.April 18, 1964 Transportation To The 'Fair' New Pittsburgh Courier 1 371626341 Local buses, airport shuttle buses, the New York City Subway, and the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) also stopped near the fairground. The subway cars R33S and R36WF were constructed for the number seven route that served Willets Point station near the fair.Kursh Harvey March 3, 1964 World's Fair: Big, Big, Big!: Lots of Edification The Christian Science Monitor 16 0882-7729 510513528 Although a dedicated subway line had served the 1939 fair, no such route was built for 1964.Cunningham Joseph https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ&q=world%27s+fair+railroad A History of the New York City Subway System DeHart Leonard O. 1993 J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang 27, 83 en June 5, 2024 September 30, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230930164825/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ&q=world%27s+fair+railroad live Samuel 2007 . 41 A luxury bus service carried "distinguished guests" to and from the fair.June 30, 1961 You'll Ride In High Style At World's Fair The Atlanta Constitution 29 1616075167 none; June 29, 1961 De Luxe Transport For Footsore Due At World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/29/archives/de-luxe-transport-for-footsore-due-at-worlds-fair.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524193125/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/29/archives/de-luxe-transport-for-footsore-due-at-worlds-fair.html live There were 20,000 parking spaces,February 16, 1964 Wiley Outlines Traffic at Fair; Remote-Controlled Signs to Help With Parking https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/wiley-outlines-traffic-at-fair-remotecontrolled-signs-to-help-with.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182702/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/wiley-outlines-traffic-at-fair-remotecontrolled-signs-to-help-with.html live and shuttle buses transported people from the parking lots to the main gate. Other features thumb|U.S. Space Park, as it appeared in December 1963 before its official opening|alt=Against a twilight cityscape stand two rockets, a space capsule, a rocket engine, and a lunar lander. They are illuminated with floodlights. The fairground had nine fountains; the fountains of progress north and south, the fountains of the fairs east and west, the lunar fountain, the solar fountain, the astral fountain, the fountain of the continents, and the fountain of the planets and two reflecting pools.Shipp Bill May 10, 1964 It's R-R-Really Big—N.Y. World's Fair The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution 4F 1636074933 Seven of the fountains had custom designs, although none have survived.Cotter Young 2008 . 88 At the center of the fair was the Unisphere, which was constructed by American Bridge Company.Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1032Schmertz Mildred F. July 1964 Architecture at the New York World's Fair usmodernist.org https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215444/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf July 27, 2020 July 27, 2020 Architectural Record 150 136 Weighing 700000 lb 0,http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1925.pdf The Unisphere May 16, 1995 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1995 June 5, 2024 November 4, 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191104175718/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1925.pdf live the globe was created to symbolize "man's achievements on a shrinking globe in an expanding universe".Stern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1032–1033 The Fountain of the Planets (Pool of Industry), which is located at the far eastern end of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, could spray water up to 625 ft high,Stewart Barbara August 29, 2000 Back-Of-The-Park Treatment For Fountain of the Planets https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/29/nyregion/back-of-the-park-treatment-for-fountain-of-the-planets.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/29/nyregion/back-of-the-park-treatment-for-fountain-of-the-planets.html live and it hosted nightly fireworks displays and music performances.Samuel 2007 . 94 The Unisphere and Fountain of the Planets are connected via the Fountain of the Fairs,Parry Bill October 29, 2020 City Completes $6.8 Million Restoration of Fountains at Flushing Meadows Corona Park – QNS https://qns.com/2020/10/city-completes-6-8-million-restoration-of-fountains-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ May 24, 2024 QNS June 25, 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210625113928/https://qns.com/2020/10/city-completes-6-8-million-restoration-of-fountains-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ live which included a five-section reflecting pool and two rectangular pools.Then and Now: NYC rebuilds iconic Fountain of the Fairs as a fog garden American Society of Civil Engineers June 11, 2024 https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/civil-engineering-magazine/article/2021/02/then-and-now-nyc-rebuilds-iconic-fountain-of-the-fairs-as-a-fog-garden June 16, 2024 The fairground had 28 mi, 39 mi,Alpert 1964 21, cited the fair as having 14 mi of roads and 25 mi of paths. or 40 mi of paths, and numerous plazas. Throughout the fairground were information booths operated by Greyhound Bus. Near the northern end of the fairground was a customs building,May 18, 1962 For N. Y. World's Fair—Special Customs Building New York Herald Tribune 12 1941-0646 1335979864 where customs officials examined items bound for the fair's international pavilions and concessionaires.May 5, 1964 Customs Agents Find Job Hectic; All Imports for Fair Must Be Checked on Arrival https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/05/archives/customs-agents-find-job-hectic-all-imports-for-fair-must-be-checked.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175005/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/05/archives/customs-agents-find-job-hectic-all-imports-for-fair-must-be-checked.html live There was a press building next to the Grand Central Parkway, with a reporters' bullpen, offices for major news agencies, a press conference room, and offices.Chapman Ralph August 23, 1962 For World Fair Newsmen: Ground Broken for Press Building New York Herald Tribune 10 1941-0646 1326035027 The on-site, 22-room Atomedic Hospital was constantly staffed, and there were five first-aid stations.November 1, 1964 Fair Medical Unit Gave Aid to 53,000; Broad Range of Ailments Treated in First Season https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/01/archives/fair-medical-unit-gave-aid-to-53000-broad-range-of-ailments-treated.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240603211952/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/01/archives/fair-medical-unit-gave-aid-to-53000-broad-range-of-ailments-treated.html June 3, 2024 June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 About 300 closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs) were installed across the fairground, and a film studio for independent filmmakers was also built.July 8, 1963 Multi-Level Studio For World's Fair Boxoffice E-1 83 11 1670945912 none; Archer Eugene July 3, 1963 Real Film Studio Planned for Fair; Visitors to Flushing Could See Movies Being Made $1,000,000 Project German Films Scheduled 'Leopard' Coming Aug. 12 'Iguana' Roles Assigned https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/03/archives/real-film-studio-planned-for-fair-visitors-to-flushing-could-see.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531203816/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/03/archives/real-film-studio-planned-for-fair-visitors-to-flushing-could-see.html live Pinkerton matrons operated a lost-child bureau with activities and games for lost children.Herzig Doris September 24, 1964 Fair Bureau Is Lost Child's Haven Newsday 69 2574-5298 913675642 Culture Foreign cultures and American technologies were featured at the fair.Bashan Yoni April 23, 2014 Fans Glimpse World's Fair History http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304279904579517771852184630.html June 7, 2024 The Wall Street Journal en-US 0099-9660 May 20, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240520144317/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304279904579517771852184630 live While WFC rules technically prevented the fair's officials from influencing the design or contents of any exhibits, the WFC retained a significant influence on the contents of exhibits. For example, developing nations were encouraged to show their art and culture rather than technology, and WFC officials pressured Islamic nations to emphasize their religion.Nicoletta 2010 504 . Cuisine Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair The fair had a large number of restaurants and eateries.Hulse Jerry June 28, 1964 How to Stay Flush at Flushing Meadows Los Angeles Times B8 0458-3035 168622358 When it opened, there were between 110 and 114 eateries, 61 of which were within pavilions.Samuel 2007 . 153 There were six specialty restaurants and 25 fine-dining restaurants operated by Brass Rail.May 9, 1964 Highlights Of New York World's Fair New York Amsterdam News 21 226732966 Restaurant Associates was contracted to operate several of the restaurants but its contract was canceled because of a dispute over signage,August 9, 1961 Vaudeville: World's Fair-RA Deal KO'd by Tiff Over Signs Variety 48 223 11 1014831447 none; August 3, 1961 Food Concern Ends Contract With Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/03/archives/food-concern-ends-contract-with-fair.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 24, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203016/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/03/archives/food-concern-ends-contract-with-fair.html live and Brass Rail instead received the contract.September 8, 1961 Brass Rail Gets Contract to Feed Visitors to Fair New York Herald Tribune 19 1941-0646 1327520914 Ten of Brass Rail's restaurants were designed by Victor Lundy and had canopies shaped like bunches of white balloons.April 22, 1964 Architecture:Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html May 27, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 12, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240512191449/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html live For the 1965 season, the fair was expanded to include 198 restaurants. Cuisine sold at the fair included Belgian waffles, 7 Up drinks, dumplings, pizza, tacos, kimchi, Turkish coffee, tandoori chicken, and hummus. Many of these dishes became popular in New York City and in the U.S. after the fair closed.Smith Andrew F. https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651 Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City Oxford University Press 2015 978-0-19-939702-0 651 June 1, 2024 May 21, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240521012206/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651#v=onepage&q&f=false live Levy Nicole April 26, 2018 1964 World's Fair Introduced New Yorkers to Belgian Waffles and Falafel https://www.amny.com/lifestyle/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/ June 4, 2024 amNewYork June 4, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240604204620/https://www.amny.com/lifestyle/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/ live The Thailand pavilion included North America's first Thai restaurant, while the Malaysia pavilion served Tiger Beer and satay.Van Esterik Penny https://books.google.com/books?id=gn7DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 Food Culture in Southeast Asia Bloomsbury Publishing 2008 978-0-313-34420-6 Food Culture around the World 93 June 3, 2024 June 3, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240603175002/https://books.google.com/books?id=gn7DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 live During the 1964 season, many meals cost 99 cents because any food below $1 could not be taxed.Alden Robert May 17, 1965 Food Is Cheaper at Fair This Year; Several Restaurants Open for Budget-Minded Visitor https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/17/archives/food-is-cheaper-at-fair-this-year-several-restaurants-open-for.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 4, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240604191531/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/17/archives/food-is-cheaper-at-fair-this-year-several-restaurants-open-for.html live Brewers spent millions of dollars persuading exhibitors to sell their beers.April 24, 1964 Food and Drink Makers Invest Heavily at Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/24/archives/food-and-drink-makers-invest-heavily-at-fair-change-in-law-helps.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 4, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240604233914/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/24/archives/food-and-drink-makers-invest-heavily-at-fair-change-in-law-helps.html live Performances thumb|A puppet show building at the fair|alt=A single-story, glass-fronted building with a sign saying "Les Poupées de Paris" (The Dolls of Paris). There were more than 30 entertainment events at the fair.Gardner Paul June 14, 1963 World's Fair Planning to Offer More Than 30 Entertainments https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/14/archives/worlds-fair-planning-to-offer-more-than-30-entertainments.html May 26, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 May 26, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240526005858/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/14/archives/worlds-fair-planning-to-offer-more-than-30-entertainments.html live Moses disdained carnival-style attractions,Chapman Ralph March 20, 1961 Moses Bars Crude, Cheap 'Fun' at Fair: Retorts to Critical Article in 'Variety' New York Herald Tribune 18 1941-0646 1326872094 none; Moses Michael Valdez December 16, 2010 Modernists as Critics http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545445.013.0009 Oxford Handbooks Online 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545445.013.0009 978-0-19-954544-5 June 5, 2024 June 8, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142959/https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28344/chapter-abstract/215148224?redirectedFrom=fulltext live subscription Tirella 2013 . 236–237 saying there would be "no whiskered women, tattooed giants, nudes on ice ... The appeal of a world's fair should not be entirely below the Adam's apple". As the WFC's president, Moses reserved the right to ban any project from the fair.Tirella 2013 . 211 Shows that appealed to prurient interests, like semi-nude dancing, were excluded.Chaimowitz Len June 29, 1962 Here's What WON'T Be at '64 World's Fair Newsday 3C 2574-5298 913666728 An exception was the adult-only, musical puppet show Les Poupées de Paris (The Dolls of Paris).May 16, 1964 At the Fair: 'Les Poupees De Paris'; Lavish Show Has Lots of Gallic Bounce https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/16/archives/at-the-fair-les-poupees-de-paris-lavish-show-has-lots-of-gallic.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 8, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142958/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/16/archives/at-the-fair-les-poupees-de-paris-lavish-show-has-lots-of-gallic.html live The lack of adult shows may have contributed to the amusement area's unpopularity in 1964. The ban on adult shows was relaxed in 1965, and nine discotheques opened at the fair during that season.Caro 1974 . 1106 That May, a striptease show in the Louisiana pavilion lasted two performances before it was canceled.Dougherty Philip H. May 8, 1965 A Stripper Lasts 2 Shows at Fair; She Gets Down to a Bikini, But Won't Be Back https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/08/archives/a-stripper-lasts-2-shows-at-fair-she-gets-down-to-a-bikini-but-wont.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 4, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240604183557/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/08/archives/a-stripper-lasts-2-shows-at-fair-she-gets-down-to-a-bikini-but-wont.html live Musical and theatrical performances took place at several pavilions, and there were fireworks and water shows at the Pool of Industry. Among the theatrical shows were the revues To Broadway With Love,April 30, 1964 Theater: Tribute to Musical Comedies; 'Broadway With Love' Opens at the Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/30/archives/theater-tribute-to-musical-comedies-broadway-with-love-opens-at-the.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601002506/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/30/archives/theater-tribute-to-musical-comedies-broadway-with-love-opens-at-the.html live Samuel 2007 48; Tirella 2013 . 235 Wonder World—which lasted two months—July 6, 1964 Holiday Crowds Disappoint Fair; 'Wonder World' Closes and Ice Show Posts Notice https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/06/archives/holiday-crowds-disappoint-fair-wonder-world-closes-and-ice-show.html June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601070527/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/06/archives/holiday-crowds-disappoint-fair-wonder-world-closes-and-ice-show.html live and Summer Time Revue.July 19, 1964 Fair's Lake Area Gets a New Show; 20-Man Operation Replaces Defunct 'Wonder World' https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/19/archives/fairs-lake-area-gets-a-new-show-20man-operation-replaces-defunct.html June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601013158/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/19/archives/fairs-lake-area-gets-a-new-show-20man-operation-replaces-defunct.html live DuPont presented a musical revue in its own pavilion, The Wonderful World of Chemistry.Cotter Young 2008 . 96 A controversial minstrel show in the Louisiana pavilion was canceled after two days.Gan Vicky April 28, 2014 The Story Behind the Failed Minstrel Show at the 1964 World's Fair https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/minstrel-show-1964-worlds-fair-180951239/ May 31, 2024 Smithsonian Magazine May 31, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182658/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/minstrel-show-1964-worlds-fair-180951239/ live International pavilions, such as the African, Indonesia, and Spain pavilions, also hosted dance and other live shows.June 15, 1964 Ethnic Dances Abound for Visitors to Fair; Spanish and African Pavilions Afford Widest Choice https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/15/archives/ethnic-dances-abound-for-visitors-to-fair-spanish-and-african.html June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 June 1, 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240601010156/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/15/archives/ethnic-dances-abound-for-visitors-to-fair-spanish-and-african.html live Sporting events, such as wrestling, boxing, gymnastics, fencing, judo, and weightlifting, took place at the fair. Some of these events were presented as part of the 1964 Summer Olympics tryouts in New York City.Marsh Irving T. June 21, 1962 New York Gets Olympic Trials: World's Fair Site for Tryouts New York Herald Tribune 23 1941-0646 1326912528 none; June 21, 1962 Olympic Tryouts to Be Held Here; World's Fair and City Will Serve as Hosts in 1964 https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/21/archives/olympic-tryouts-to-be-held-here-worlds-fair-and-city-will-serve-as.html May 26, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Other shows included the ice-skating show Dick Button's Ice-Travaganza at the New York City Pavilion,Mayer Robert December 24, 1963 Cash Vital If You Plan Trip to Fair Newsday 4 2574-5298 913683684 and the Auto Thrill Show in the Transportation Area.April 5, 1964 Big 3's World's Fair Costs Will Reach $110 Million https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/05/archives/big-3s-worlds-fair-costs-will-reach-110-million.html May 26, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 To Broadway With Love and the Ice-Travaganza closed within a few months of the fair's opening. A parade traveled across the fairground every day. The evangelist Billy Graham gave daily sermons at the Billy Graham Pavilion.Eisenberg Carol May 27, 2005 Last NY-Area Crusade, Billy Graham Returns Next Month to City That Propelled His Career for Extravaganza at Flushing Meadows Newsday A09 2574-5298 279956694 Music and film 230px "1964 New York World's Fair From the Air" – promotional film of the architectural styles utilized in the fairgrounds (1964) on Internet Archive The fairground did not emphasize music, although a "World's Fair Festival" took place at Lincoln Center in Manhattan.Rich Alan August 2, 1964 World's Fair Unfair to Music The Washington Post, Times Herald G1 0190-8286 142182543 Popular and classical music was broadcast from 800 luminaries around the fairground.July 4, 1964 800 Lampposts Sources for World's Fair Background Music The Billboard 55 76 27 1286252120 The fair also had an official band; Cities Service's World's Band of America, a 50-piece ensemble, was headed by the conductor Paul Lavalle.April 23, 1964 Music: A Listener's Fill; Fair Has an Official Band, Many Other Ensembles and a Brand-New Suite https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/music-a-listeners-fill-fair-has-an-official-band-many-other.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Other ensembles, including Guy Lombardo, the United States Marine Band, and the United States Navy Steel Band, performed throughout the fair.Martin Andrew R. https://books.google.com/books?id=G2olDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 Steelpan Ambassadors: The US Navy Steel Band, 1957–1999 University Press of Mississippi 2017 978-1-4968-1243-8 Caribbean Studies Series 82 During 1964, the amusement area hosted rock-and-roll concerts that were popular among local youth; Moses, who abhorred the genre, canceled these concerts when he learned about them.Tirella 2013 . 240–241 The Jamaican delegation included performers Jimmy Cliff, Prince Buster, Eric "Monty" Morris, Byron Lee and the Dragonaires; record producers such as Edward Seaga and Ken Khouri; and choreographers Alphonso Castro and Ronnie Nasrala. The Jamaican delegation's trip, occurring less than two years after the Independence of Jamaica, is considered the first global promotion of Jamaican music and the introduction of the genre of ska, which later evolved into rocksteady and reggae.Curator T. R. M. 2025-12-06 The Jamaican Delegation to the 1964 World’s Fair – A Defining Moment in Globalizing Jamaican Music & Style https://thereggaemuseum.com/the-jamaican-delegation-to-the-1964-worlds-fair-a-defining-moment-in-globalizing-jamaican-music-style/ 2026-10-02 THE REGGAE MUSEUM en-US none; Nidel Richard O. World Music: The Basics 2005 Routledge Taylor and Francis Group 0-415-96800-3 subscription https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0/page/282 none; Moskowitz David V. Caribbean Popular Music 2006 Greenwood Press 0-313-33158-8 270 The fairground contained about 40 movie theaters, most of which were housed within pavilions, for which fifty films were produced.Shepard Richard F. April 22, 1964 Show Biz and Big Biz Are Offering Entertainment https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/show-biz-and-big-biz-are-offering-entertainment.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 These included several religious films: Parable at the Protestant and Orthodox pavilion;May 15, 1964 'Parable Movie' Splits Fairgoers; Film at Protestant Pavilion Proves Puzzling to Some https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/15/archives/parable-movie-splits-fairgoers-film-at-protestant-pavilion-proves.html June 1, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Man in the 5th Dimension at the Billy Graham pavilion;Finstuen Andrew https://books.google.com/books?id=wDskDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 Billy Graham: American Pilgrim Wacker Grant Wills Anne Blue Oxford University Press 2017 978-0-19-068353-5 200 June 1, 2024 and Man's Search for Happiness at the LDS pavilion.Hunter J. Michael https://books.google.com/books?id=wEPPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 Mormons and Popular Culture: The Global Influence of an American Phenomenon [2 Volumes] Bloomsbury Publishing 2012 978-0-313-39168-2 21 June 1, 2024 The Johnson's Wax pavilion screened a film titled To Be Alive!, which later won an Academy Award. The WFC produced a film promoting the fair in seven languages in 1964.September 13, 1964 World's Fair Film Produced Los Angeles Times H10 0458-3035 154993218 Art and artifacts Originally, the WFC made no effort to coordinate art exhibitions at the 1964 World's Fair, and Moses did not wish to subsidize art exhibits on the fairground, nor did he want to pay for an art pavilion himself.March 2, 1964 Art Societies Say Moses Vetoed Plan for Major Exhibit at Fair; Fear of a Controversy Over Contemporary Works Seen by Backers of Ldea https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/02/archives/art-societies-say-moses-vetoed-plan-for-major-exhibit-at-fair-fear.html May 30, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Tirella 2013 . 97–98 After commentators spoke about the lack of art at the fair, Moses changed his mind and allowed states to display art in their pavilions.Nicoletta 2010 . 503–504 Ten pop artists designed art for the New York State Pavilion's Theaterama,Goldberger Paul April 22, 2014 What Will Become of New York's Most Beautiful Ruin? https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/04/new-york-state-pavilion-reopen live https://web.archive.org/web/20230610010930/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/04/new-york-state-pavilion-reopen June 10, 2023 May 12, 2024 Vanity FairStern Mellins Fishman 1995 . 1036 and the Fine Arts pavilion displayed 250 contemporary artists' work.May 13, 1964 Pavilion at Fair to Show Fine Art; Former Argentine Unit to Display American Works https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/13/archives/pavilion-at-fair-to-show-fine-art-former-argentine-unit-to-display.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Foreign nations also displayed art and artifacts at the fair.November 22, 1963 Important Role for Arts In N.Y. World's Fair Plan The Globe and Mail B3 1282792724 Spain displayed works from artists such as Francisco Goya, El Greco, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, and Diego Velázquez.Nicoletta 2010 505–506 . The United Arab Republic displayed artifacts from several historical eras;January 25, 1964 Fair to Get Touch of Ancient Egypt; Collection of Treasures to Be Sent by U. A. R. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/25/archives/fair-to-get-touch-of-ancient-egypt-collection-of-treasures-to-be.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 the Sudan pavilion displayed a 1,300-year-old Madonna fresco;June 26, 1964 Sudan's Madonna Damaged at Fair; Cracks in Ancient Fresco Force Closing of Hall https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/26/archives/sudans-madonna-damaged-at-fair-cracks-in-ancient-fresco-force.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 the Jordan pavilion showed the Dead Sea Scrolls; and the Republic of China pavilion displayed Chinese jade. During the 1965 season, the Mexico pavilion displayed art, including Mesoamerican pieces and works by José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo.Nicoletta 2010 508–509 .May 26, 1965 Art From Mexico Is Shown at Fair; Rivera Painting and Carving by Aztecs on Display https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/26/archives/art-from-mexico-is-shown-at-fair-rivera-painting-and-carving-by.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times 0362-4331 Though art was also displayed in gift shops throughout the fair, WFC officials generally only publicized artwork that was exhibited in pavilions.Nicoletta 2010 512–513 . There were 95 sculptures at the fair, including five permanent sculptures,Rhoades Liz May 15, 2014 Wide Range of Art at '64 World's Fair https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/wide-range-of-art-at-64-world-s-fair/article_05a5ef3c-c28a-58d8-a1f7-79de2c5290a4.html May 26, 2024 Queens Chronicle four which remain in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park: Forms in Transit by Theodore Roszak, Freedom of the Human Spirit by Marshall Fredericks, Free Form by José de Rivera, and Rocket Thrower by Donald De Lue. Armillary Sphere by Paul Manship, was vandalized and the remaining pieces were stolen in 1980.Colangelo Lisa L. June 24, 2014 Two Rare World's Fair Sculptures Once Stolen from Flushing Meadows Corona Park Are Part of a New Exhibit at the Arsenal Gallery in Central Park https://www.nydailynews.com/2014/06/24/two-rare-worlds-fair-sculptures-once-stolen-from-flushing-meadows-corona-park-are-part-of-a-new-exhibit-at-the-arsenal-gallery-in-central-park/ May 26, 2024 New York Daily News The temporary sculptures included Pietà by Michelangelo at the Vatican pavilion, which was one of the fair's most-popular exhibits.Tirella 2013 . 48 Consumer products The 1964 World's Fair introduced and showed many consumer products,Harpaz Beth J. April 27, 2014 Relics of the 1964 World's Fair Reveal Our Fascination with Outer Space https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/apr/27/relics-of-the-1964-worlds-fair-reveal-our/ May 27, 2024 Spokesman The Associated PressBonanos Christopher April 22, 2014 10 Innovations From the 1964–65 World's Fair That Didn't Work Out (And 5 That Did) https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/04/near-miss-inventions-from-the-64-worlds-fair.html June 4, 2024 Intelligencer in what one magazine called "the ultimate marketing bonanza of [its] time".Yarbrough John F. Jun 1996 Fair Game: Yesterday's Dream, Today's Collectibles Sales and Marketing Management 26 148 6 211850935 Color television was popularized at the fair,McGrath Charles April 18, 2014 The Fair to End All Fairs https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/nyregion/the-fair-to-end-all-fairs.html May 27, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and the Ford Mustang was launched just before its appearance at the fair.April 12, 2014 A Look at Predictions from the 1964 World's Fair https://whyy.org/articles/a-look-at-predictions-from-the-1964-worlds-fair/ June 6, 2024 WHYY Associated Press The fair also displayed technologies such as Picturephones and IBM computers,Tirella 2013 . 201–202April 22, 2014 1964 World's Fair: Visions of the Future https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/1964-worlds-fair-visions-of-the-future/2/ June 4, 2024 CBS News as well as electronic devices that could display personalized data to visitors. Some pavilions incorporated personal computers into their exhibits, and many visitors saw touchtone phones for the first time while at the fair. Other innovations, such as thermonuclear fusion power plants, undersea hotels, underground houses, jet packs, and Corfam synthetic leather, never became popular.Rhoades Liz June 12, 2014 Legacies Abound from World's Fair https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/legacies-abound-from-world-s-fair/article_61ebaee2-25bc-525e-882b-be1fc4d7f5d1.html June 4, 2024 Queens Chronicle Aftermath Site usage Site clearing Flushing Meadows–Corona Park#Late 20th century thumb|Terrace on the Park in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park was built as the heliport for the 1964 World's Fair but now houses a restaurant.|alt=A futuristic, one-story building is elevated on two concrete columns. Moses predicted the WFC would need to spend $11.6 million to clear Flushing Meadows–Corona Park after the fair closed.O'Neill Maureen October 18, 1965 It Was Great Fun, But Not for Investors newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-it-was-great-fu/149444374/ Newsday 5, 87 June 16, 2024 2574-5298 914444455 He recommended the demolition of most of the pavilions.March 4, 1965 Moses Taps 2 Pavilions for Long Run newspapers.com https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-moses-taps-2-p/147513573/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194356/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-moses-taps-2-p/147513573/ May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 Newsday 4 2574-5298 914411421 none; Alden Robert March 5, 1965 Pavilions Listed for Future Uses; Moses Suggests Demolition of Many Noted Structures https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/05/archives/pavilions-listed-for-future-uses-moses-suggests-demolition-of-many.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194355/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/05/archives/pavilions-listed-for-future-uses-moses-suggests-demolition-of-many.html May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 By mid-1965, the WFC proposed the preservation of 19 structures, while the remaining pavilions were offered to anyone who could afford to relocate them. Several exhibitors, including U.S. Steel and Thailand, chose to sell their buildings due to the high cost of demolition,Samuel 2007 . 82Dougherty Philip H. June 26, 1965 For Sale at Fair: Tire Ahd Temple; Ferris Wheel and Exhibit of Thailand Seek Buyers https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/26/archives/for-sale-at-fair-tire-ahd-temple-ferris-wheel-and-exhibit-of.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 while others sold the contents of their pavilions,Samuel 2007 . 81155262802 World's Fair Arranging Super Rummage Sale September 26, 1965 E8 Los Angeles Times 0458-3035 and people offered to salvage parts of some buildings. Any other buildings had to be demolished within 90 days of the fair's closure.Knowles Clayton October 19, 1965 City May Get U.S. And State Pavilions https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/city-may-get-us-and-state-pavilions.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240518173504/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/city-may-get-us-and-state-pavilions.html May 18, 2024 May 16, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331Samuel 2007 . 84 Each exhibitor was supposed to have placed money in escrow or posted a bond to cover the demolition costs, but most exhibitors had not done so. The WFC feared exhibitors would abandon their pavilions.Alden Robert October 20, 1965 Fair Faces Lag in Demolitions; Fears Many Exhibitors Will Default on Restorations https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/20/archives/fair-faces-lag-in-demolitions-fears-many-exhibitors-will-default-on.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215355/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/20/archives/fair-faces-lag-in-demolitions-fears-many-exhibitors-will-default-on.html May 16, 2024 May 16, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Demolition began the day after the fair closed and the rubble was dumped into Flushing Bay.Feinstein Selwyn October 14, 1965 Wreckers to Enter World's Fair Monday In Smashing Finale to Controversial Show The Wall Street Journal 32 0099-9660 133005094 By November, the site was filled with rubbish and rats.Brody Jane E. November 28, 1965 Rubbish and Rats Plague Fair Site; Workmen Combine Cleanup With Tear-Down Operation https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/28/archives/rubbish-and-rats-plague-fair-site-workmen-combine-cleanup-with.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Scientists temporarily preserved three of the fair's buildings for structural testing.April 19, 1966 World's Fair Buildings Will Fall to Science: Tests to Run Into May The Washington Post, Times Herald B3 0190-8286 142880643 none; April 15, 1966 Scientists Will Rattle World's Fair Skeleton Newsday 11 2574-5298 915191388 The deadline for demolition was extended to December 1966,Porterfield Byron February 20, 1966 Wreckers Press Fairgrounds Job; Deadline Extended to Dec. 31 https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/20/archives/wreckers-press-fairgrounds-job-deadline-extended-to-dec-31.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and by the middle of that year, about 24 structures remained.April 4, 1966 Park on Fair Site Due in December; Last 23 Doomed Buildings to Be Torn Down by July https://www.nytimes.com/1966/04/04/archives/park-on-fair-site-due-in-december-last-23-doomed-buildings-to-be-to.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Moses suggested his Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority should provide funding to convert the fairground into a park.Samuel 2007 . 86Alden Robert August 19, 1965 Moses Gives Plan on Fair Site Work; He Tells Executive Board Triborough Authority Will Undertake Revamping https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/19/archives/moses-gives-plan-on-fair-site-work-he-tells-executive-board.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The city government took over Flushing Meadows–Corona Park from the WFC in June 1967.June 5, 1967 Moses' '27 Dream Becomes a Reality Newsday 15 2574-5298 915469728 none; Schumach Murray June 4, 1967 Moses Gives City Fair Site as Park; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here https://www.nytimes.com/1967/06/04/archives/moses-gives-city-fair-site-as-park-flushing-meadows-in-queens.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Few improvements were made to the park for several yearsWeiss Samuel September 10, 1972 Future of the Fair Site Still Debated https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/10/archives/future-of-the-fair-site-still-debated.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331August 11, 1974 A Fair Revisited, A Plan Unrealized The Washington Post M16 0190-8286 146140243 and many of the remaining structures were vandalized.Peck Richard October 21, 1973 In Flushing Meadows The Glitter Is Gone But Hope Still Flourishes https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/21/archives/in-flushing-meadows-the-glitter-is-gone-but-hope-still-flourishes.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 According to a 1986 report, the city government had to spend $107 million ($US 107 1986 c million in US) to turn the fairground into a park.Schachter Harvey June 7, 1986 From Euphoria to Debt: A World Fair Review The Whig-Standard 1 353374980 In the 1980s, a 1989 World's Fair was proposed for the site to mark the 25th Anniversary of the 1964 fair, but the proposal was unsuccessful.Polsky Carol April 23, 1989 Another NY World's Fair? Hopes Fade 39 and '64 Expos Fondly Remembered Newsday 19 2574-5298 278141630 The paths remain almost unchanged into the 21st century.May 3, 2015 Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re live https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145529/https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re April 1, 2017 March 31, 2017 Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation 71 Issuu Remaining structures 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions#Remaining pavilions thumb|The New York State Pavilion (left) and the Unisphere (right) remain in Flushing Meadows.|alt=On a sunny summer day, a futuristic building and a huge sculpture representing Earth are visible behind trees and parkland. Some of the structures from the 1964 World's Fair, including the fair's symbol the Unisphere, remain in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park.Caro 1974 . 1113 Near the Unisphere is the Column of Jerash from Jordan's pavilion, a stone bench marking the site of the Vatican pavilion,Marcus Jon June 13, 1999 The Future Was Then; NYC Dusts Off Relics of Its World's Fairs The Washington Post E01 0190-8286 408480364 and a plaque on the site of the Garden of Meditation.Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments: Garden of Meditation https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/570 June 1, 2024 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation The New York City Pavilion houses Queens Museum,Samuel 2007 . 196Cotter Holland November 7, 2013 A Local Place for a Global Neighborhood https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/08/arts/design/the-expanded-queens-museum-reopens.html May 21, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and the New York Hall of Science is also preserved as a museum.https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/hopeful-future-museum-but-citys-hall-of-science-still-retains-aura.html Hopeful Future Museum; But City's Hall of Science Still Retains Aura Reminiscent of the World's Fair September 22, 1966 April 6, 2008 Walter Sullivan The New York Times 0362-4331 The western side of the fairground site includes the Port Authority pavilion, which became the Terrace on the Park banquet hall; the Winston Churchill Tribute, which became an aviary for Queens Zoo; and the Flushing Meadows Carousel. The New York State Pavilion is largely unused 2024 y,Chayes Matthew April 27, 2024 Restoration Aims to Restore Luster of Decaying 1964 World's Fair Pavilion https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/1964-worlds-fair-nuvob91o live https://web.archive.org/web/20240429135330/https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/1964-worlds-fair-nuvob91o April 29, 2024 April 29, 2024 Newsday 2574-5298 but its former Theaterama is used by Queens Theatre in the Park.Samuel 2007 . 197 The World's Fair Marina along Flushing Bay still operates.Marinas: World's Fair Marina https://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/marinas/13 May 23, 2024 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Other buildings, including the Transportation and Travel and Greyhound pavilions, stayed late into demolition; the Greyhound Pavilion survived until a few months after the park's reopening.Saraniero Nicole PHOTOS: Flushing Meadows Before, During and After the 1964 World's Fair in NYC Untapped New York 2018-11-21 https://www.untappedcities.com/photos-flushing-meadows-before-during-and-after-the-1964-worlds-fair-in-nyc/ 2026-04-25 The United States Pavilion,Cotter Young 2008 55, 67 . the Aquacade amphitheater,Marzlock Ron March 22, 2012 The Fair's Million-Dollar Aquacade https://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/the-fair-s-million-dollar-aquacade/article_185ee7eb-bb73-52f4-84a3-b537ebba079a.html May 22, 2024 Queens Chronicle press building, and the Singer Bowl remained for several years before their demolition.August 27, 2018 Janis and Jimi Jamming at the Singer Bowl https://www.villagevoice.com/janis-and-jimi-jamming-at-the-singer-bowl/ https://web.archive.org/web/20231201085734/https://www.villagevoice.com/janis-and-jimi-jamming-at-the-singer-bowl/ dead December 1, 2023 May 20, 2024 The Village Voice Other structures were relocated after the fair closed;Hornaday Mary September 23, 1965 World's Fair Plans for Closing Curtain: Pavilions to Move The Christian Science Monitor 11 0882-7729 510830485Samuel 2007 . 85–86 among these were the Austria, Christian Science, Denmark, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mormon, Parker Pen, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, and Wisconsin pavilions, in addition to the Uniroyal Giant Tire and Golden Rondelle Theater.Samuel 2007 . 85 In some cases, only parts of buildings were preserved due to the high cost of full preservation.Alden Robert August 15, 1965 Wreckers to Get Fair's Ornaments; Cost of Salvage Is Too High for Individual Sales https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/15/archives/wreckers-to-get-fairs-ornaments-cost-of-salvage-is-too-high-for.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The LIRR, Mormon, Socony Mobil, and West Berlin pavilions, as well as the monorail, Poupees des Paris, and the wax museum, were preserved within New York.Cohn Al June 24, 1967 What Ever Happened to the World's Fair Newsday 14W 2574-5298 915293358 Other objects, including parts of the Hollywood and Ireland pavilions, the Coca-Cola pavilion's carillon, the It's a Small World ride, Progressland carousel, and the Swiss Sky Ride, were sent further afield.https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_WI/12000021.pdf Wisconsin Pavilion February 14, 2012 National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service June 6, 2024 Some pavilions, such as Clairol's "color carousel" and Sinclair Oil's dinosaur exhibits, became traveling exhibitions. Profitability and effect on other world's fairs Profits from the fair would have been used to improve Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, and many of its restaurants broke even.Alden Robert October 14, 1965 Restaurants at Fair Are Recouping 1964 Losses https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/14/archives/restaurants-at-fair-are-recouping-1964-losses.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 On the fair's closing day, the WFC had $11.58 million in cash. Moses anticipated the WFC would not be able to repay the remaining $22.4 million in promissory notes,October 19, 1965 New York World's Fair Won't Reduce Principal Of $22,371,250 Notes: Moses, President, Says Holders Will Get 2 Interest Payments, Recover Half of Investments The Wall Street Journal 8 0099-9660 133005094 and the WFC was expecting to default on 60 percent of the bonds it had issued.Samuel 2007 . 87Alden Robert December 22, 1965 Fair Audit Calls Management Lax; Data on '64 Operation Show Insufficient Cash Reserve for Demolition Job https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/22/archives/fair-audit-calls-management-lax-data-on-64-operation-show.html June 5, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 In December 1965, Beame determined the fair had lost $20.1 million in 1964 due to improper management.December 22, 1965 New York City Official Says World's Fair Loss In '64 Exceeded Report: Comptroller Charges Fair Gave Credit to Bad-Risk Exhibitors, And Pre-Selected Some Bidders The Wall Street Journal 7 0099-9660 132969719 The WFC later agreed to pay noteholders another $4 million in mid-1966,June 4, 1966 World Fair To Settle Claims At 20 Cents On The Dollar The Sun A4 537525799 none; Tomasson Robert E. June 4, 1966 Accord Approved on World's Fair; Noteholders to Be Paid 19.2 Cents to the Dollar https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/04/archives/accord-approved-on-worlds-fair-noteholders-to-be-paid-192-cents-to.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 although it struggled to fulfill its obligation to restore the fairground.December 11, 1965 Problems of Fair Are Still Unsettled https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/11/archives/problems-of-fair-are-still-unsettled.html June 5, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 During the late 1960s, the WFC was separately investigated on charges of financial mismanagement regarding the Belgian Village pavilion,Zion Sidney E. January 23, 1968 Inquiry Started on World's Fair; Mackell Studies Charge of Kickback at Belgian Village https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/23/archives/inquiry-started-on-worlds-fair-mackell-studies-charge-of-kickback.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and the New York state government opened a racketeering investigation into the fair's construction.Renner Tom May 8, 1968 Fear Hampers Rackets Probe Of World's Fair Newsday 11 2574-5298 915109692 The city government received $1.5 million in profits from the fair in 1972, following several years of legal disputes.Arnold Martin February 18, 1972 Books Are Closed On World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/18/archives/books-are-closed-on-worlds-fair.html June 10, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The fair recorded a net loss of $21.1 million,Mooney Richard E. December 29, 1967 World's Fair Loss Put at $21,159,660; Bondholders Cover Major Share of Deficit, With City Writing Off the Rest https://www.nytimes.com/1967/12/29/archives/worlds-fair-loss-put-at-21159660-bondholders-cover-major-share-of.html June 5, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none; December 29, 1967 World's Fair Losses Put at $21.1 Million https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-worlds-fair-losses-put-at-2/148781172/ June 5, 2024 New York Daily News 18 newspapers.com and bondholders received back about one-third of their original investments. In total, the WFC and other public agencies had spent $83.832 million on permanent improvements to the site during the 1964 fair.Caro 1974 . 1113–1114 In part because of the 1964 fair's unprofitability, many industrial exhibitors were reluctant to sponsor major exhibits at the next world's fair, Expo 67 in Montreal, Canada,Alden Robert June 25, 1965 Fair's Costs Here Felt in Montreal; Exhibitors Show Reluctance to Sign Up for '67 Show https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/25/archives/fairs-costs-here-felt-in-montreal-exhibitors-show-reluctance-to.html June 4, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and two other American cities withdrew proposals for world's fairs in the 1960s and 1970s. Citing the 1964 fair, Expo 67's organizers heavily invested in amusement attractions, sought and received BIE approval, and constructed pavilions ahead of schedule.Landry Robert October 20, 1965 Miscellany: Montreal Faces Sour After-Taste Of 'Who Needs Another World's Fair?' Variety 2, 78 240 9 1017131469 none; October 24, 1965 Woes of N. Y. Fair Echo in Montreal; Planners Hope '67 Program Will Escape '65 Problems https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/24/archives/woes-of-ny-fair-echo-in-montreal-planners-hope-67-program-will.html June 5, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Expo 67 officials also sought positive press coverage for their fair, a significant departure from Moses's negative reaction to every perceived criticism.Zel Lurie Jesse July 6, 1965 Montreal Expo Woos the Press: Canadian World's Fair Organizers Learn from New York's Mistakes The Jerusalem Post 5 929686515 Impact Reception thumb|alt=A foggy aerial view of city shows a long, white, low-rise building with the words General Motors on its roof.|The General Motors Pavilion Contemporaneous Before the fair opened, The Washington Post called it a "mixed boon" to New York City because BIE members had boycotted the fair.February 20, 1961 World's Fair Mixed Boon To New York The Washington Post, Times Herald A3 0190-8286 141392737 In late 1963, just before the fair opened, an Associated Press reporter called it "a big city cousin to the familiar county fair" and said it was becoming one of the United States' most comprehensive exhibits of industries and businesses. A British newspaper called the fair "a great big grown-up Disneyland". After the fair's opening, Life and Ebony magazines called it one of mankind's largest expositions, and Newsweek wrote the attractions and pavilions were "hard to resist". Several writers criticized the large number of industrial exhibits at the fair, and observers complained about the wastefulness of the pavilions' temporary nature.Samuel 2007 . 95–96 During the second season, Time magazine wrote the fair was unsuccessful because of long queues, meager exhibits, high prices, and the overwhelmingly large number of attractions for visitors.July 16, 1965 Fairs: What the Matter Can Be https://time.com/archive/6627843/fairs-what-the-matter-can-be/ June 7, 2024 Time When the fair closed, a Wall Street Journal reporter wrote it had failed because it "lacked coordination, a common purpose that could be transmitted to the community".Schmedel Scott R. October 15, 1965 World's Fair Lesson: New York Exposition Points Up Difficulty Of Attracting Attention in Today's World The Wall Street Journal 16 0099-9660 133007427 Russell Lynes said the concept of the fair was flawed because instant communication between countries was already possible.Lynes Russell October 1, 1965 Goodbye to World's Fairs https://harpers.org/archive/1965/10/goodbye-to-worlds-fairs/ June 7, 2024 Harper's Magazine There was also commentary on the conflicting architectural styles,Bernstein Fred A. April 18, 2014 Architects Remember the '64–65 World's Fair https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/3121-architects-remember-the-64-65-worlds-fair May 31, 2024 Architectural RecordSamuel 2007 42; Tirella 2013 . 208–209 which were controversial even before the official opening. In 1961, John Canaday of The New York Times wrote he would be surprised if the fair were not "a mess and disaster architecturally".Canaday John July 30, 1961 The World's Fair; Architects and Critics See a Monster Developing for 1964–65 https://www.nytimes.com/1961/07/30/archives/the-worlds-fair-architects-and-critics-see-a-monster-developing-for.html May 24, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 After the fair opened, Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times wrote the fair was architecturally "grotesque",April 22, 1964 Ada Louise Huxtable Architecture: Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240512191449/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html May 12, 2024 May 12, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 while other critics criticized the structures as befitting Coney Island or a street fair. The critic Vincent Scully Jr., in a Life magazine article, wrote: "If This Is Architecture, God Help Us". In June 1964, Time said the fair had "grace and substance" despite the presence of some "tacky" attractions,June 5, 1964 Fairs: The World of Already https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,938607-1,00.html May 30, 2024 Time a sentiment repeated in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. The American Institute of Architects gave awards for excellence in design to several pavilions.November 12, 1964 Architects Praise 4 Pavilions at Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/12/archives/architects-praise-4-pavilions-at-fair.html June 3, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 A Newsday reporter described the fair as "both garish and subtle, tawdry and tasteful, ephemeral and lasting". After the fair closed, architectural critic Wolf Von Eckardt said the fair was "a frightening image of ourselves" because of its "chaotic" architecture.Von Eckardt Wolf https://archive.org/details/placetolivecrisi00vone A Place to Live; The Crisis of the Cities Delacorte Press 1968 New York 217–218 321361 registration Retrospective In 1967, New York Times reporter Robert Alden wrote the 1964 fair benefited from "participation of private industry on a massive scale" and that more countries were participating in Expo 67.Alden Robert May 1, 1967 The World on Display; Montreal Fair Outshines New York's In Some Respects, But Not in All https://www.nytimes.com/1967/05/01/archives/the-world-on-display-montreal-fair-outshines-new-yorks-in-some.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Another Times writer said in 1989: "The 1964 fair was not as self-conscious a portrayal of the future so much as a display of contemporary American achievements".Brown Patricia Leigh March 2, 1989 Fifty Years After the Fair, Where Is Tomorrow? https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/02/garden/fifty-years-after-the-fair-where-is-tomorrow.html June 7, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The same year, a Newsday reporter wrote the 1964 fair had occurred at a time when audiences were no longer awed by cultural and technological innovations. Robert A. M. Stern wrote in 1995 the 1964 fair had been so attractive in part because "it was out of place amid the realities of life in the nuclear age". David W. Dunlap wrote in 2001 the 1964 fair was still ingrained in the public imagination, even though it had been "a tailfin-tacky celebration of jet-age technological hubris" and an "unhappy final chapter" to Moses's career as New York City's main urban planner.Dunlap David W. August 26, 2001 A Queens Park's Past Shapes Its Future https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/26/realestate/a-queens-park-s-past-shapes-its-future.html June 7, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 According to the author Lawrence R. Samuel, the fair's motto "peace through understanding" was overshadowed by the fair's focus on profits, and a Bloomberg reporter wrote in 2013 the fair had been dominated by corporate exhibitors.Byrnes Mark October 17, 2013 New York's 1964 World's Fair Was Actually Something of a Failure https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-17/new-york-s-1964-world-s-fair-was-actually-something-of-a-failure May 23, 2024 Bloomberg.com In the same year, Joseph Tirella wrote although "peace through understanding continues to elude us", the United States had become more ethnically diverse due to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which was enacted just before the fair ended.Tirella 2013 . 329 According to New York Daily News in 2012, the remaining structures from the fair "have provided [Flushing Meadows–Corona Park] with some of its most striking structures".Colangelo Lisa L. June 14, 2012 Park Administrator Has Community Touch New York Daily News 7 2692-1251 1462680741 For the fair's 50th anniversary, Smithsonian magazine wrote the fair's "limitless faith in material and social progress" had been counteracted by the social upheaval in the U.S. that took place during the mid-1960s.Abel Allen August 20, 2014 The Great Big, Beautiful Tomorrow https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/great-big-beautiful-tomorrow-180952395/ May 27, 2024 Smithsonian Magazine In 2018, The New York Times wrote the fair was a showcase for futuristic technology and a place where "foreigners could broadcast their best wares and fairgoers could catch a glimpse into their far-off cultures". Influence Economic and regional influence thumb|The Unisphere, one of the fair's remaining structures|alt=On a sunny day, in a pool with a fountains, sits a huge, skeletal representation of Earth, with North and South America visible. The fair was credited with increasing tourism in New York City, even before the formal opening.May 14, 1964 Manhattan Still Remains the Attraction as the Tourists Start Pouring Into the City https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/14/archives/manhattan-still-remains-the-attraction-as-the-tourists-start.html May 31, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The city's hotels and garages were often overcrowded during the fair's 1964 season.July 3, 1964 Fair City Has Number of Problems: New York Seen More Foul-Up Than 'Festival' in Some Ways The Sun 3 533657040 Broadway theaters recorded increased ticket sales, as did other visitor attractions such as the Empire State Building and Radio City Music Hall. Though major department stores and restaurants saw increased business, other merchants reported the fair had not had a measurable effect on their businesses.July 3, 1964 Fair No Big Boon to City's Business; Visitors Spend Little Here, Many Merchants Report https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/03/archives/fair-no-big-boon-to-citys-business-visitors-spend-little-here-many.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 To avoid crowds, many residents left the city during the fair.July 9, 1964 The Talk of New York; Invasion of Kinsfolk; New Yorkers Are Erecting Defenses Against Hordes Arriving for the Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/09/archives/the-talk-of-new-york-invasion-of-kinsfolk-new-yorkers-are-erecting.html June 2, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Attendance at local amusement parks declined during the fair and some parks, such as Freedomland U.S.A., permanently closed.Phillips McCandlish May 8, 1966 With Fair Over, Amusement Parks See a Big Year https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/08/archives/with-fair-over-amusement-parks-see-a-big-year.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 At the end of the 1964 season, the city's Convention and Visitors Bureau estimated the city had earned $400 million due to the fair. The Christian Science Monitor wrote in 1965 the fair had only partially benefited the area's economy.Hornaday Mary July 14, 1965 New York: What Kind of Future?: Crime and Crowding Budget Soars Major Problems Noted The Christian Science Monitor 1 0882-7729 510739085 After the fair ended, The New York Times estimated it had increased local restaurant profits by eight percent, while stores in Midtown Manhattan saw their profits increase by approximately four percent. The highways leading to the fairground remained in use after the fair's closure, and residential development in Queens increased.Porterfield Byron May 1, 1966 Fairs Come and Go but Growth They Spawned Goes On in Queens; Borough 'Discovered' by the Visitors to Expositions—New Roads Help https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/01/archives/fairs-come-and-go-but-growth-they-spawned-goes-on-in-queens-borough.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Cultural influence and media At the fair's 50th anniversary, a writer for amNewYork Metro wrote it helped influence 21st-century technologies and highlighted Flushing Meadows–Corona Park as an attraction in itself.Pereira Ivan April 21, 2014 World's Fair 50th Anniversary Brings Renewed Push for Pavilion Restoration https://www.amny.com/news/world-s-fair-50th-anniversary-brings-renewed-push-for-pavilion-restoration-1-7783882/ June 7, 2024 amNewYork The fair helped popularize several consumer products such as Belgian waffles and the Ford Mustang. The 1964 World's Fair included several exhibits and technologies that were later included in Disney parks;Antos Jason D. February 26, 2020 How The 1964 World's Fair Influenced Walt Disney Explored In New Book https://www.qgazette.com/articles/how-the-1964-worlds-fair-influenced-walt-disney-explored-in-new-book/ May 24, 2024 Queens Gazette for example, the Illinois Pavilion's Audio-Animatronic of Abraham Lincoln was so popular Audio-Animatronics were later added to many Disney rides.February 9, 1966 Disneyland Sets $23-Mil Expansion; To Install N.Y. World's Fair Exhibits Variety 47 241 12 1032431899 Walt Disney designed exhibits at the World's Fair; It's a Small World, the Progressland carousel, and the Magic Skyway were later incorporated into Disney parks.Disney history: Disney rides open at World's Fair Orange County Register April 20, 2014 https://www.ocregister.com/2014/04/20/disney-history-disney-rides-open-at-worlds-fair/ June 5, 2024 The fair has been the subject of documentary films such as The 1964 World's Fair (1996),Dick Jeff March 15, 1999 The 1964 World's Fair: Relive the Wonder The Booklist 1347–1348 95 14 235408685 After the Fair (2014),October 21, 2014 Glenside Couple Creates Documentary About the New York 1964–'65 World's Fair https://www.thereporteronline.com/2014/10/21/photo-gallery-video-glenside-couple-creates-documentary-about-the-new-york-1964-65-worlds-fair/ June 6, 2024 The Reporter Online and Peace Through Understanding: The 1964–65 New York World's Fair.Leduff Charlie March 17, 1996 Neighborhood Report: Flushing; Preserving The Relics Of the Fairs https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/17/nyregion/neighborhood-report-flushing-preserving-the-relics-of-the-fairs.html June 7, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The fair and its structures have been depicted in popular media; for example, the New York State Pavilion and the Unisphere appear in the films Men in Black and Iron Man 2.For the New York State Pavilion, see De Aenlle Conrad May 1, 2015 World's Fairs and Their Legacies https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/04/arts/international/worlds-fairs-and-their-legacies.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20240516004843/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/04/arts/international/worlds-fairs-and-their-legacies.html May 16, 2024 May 15, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 For the Unisphere, see Famous Movie And Television Locations Around The U.S. CBS New York October 8, 2013 https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/famous-movie-and-television-locations-around-the-u-s/ June 30, 2024 Historians have created websitesFountain Henry January 26, 1998 Taking In the Sites; A Virtual Trip to World Fairs Past https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/26/business/taking-in-the-sites-a-virtual-trip-to-world-fairs-past.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and written books about the fair.See, for example: Roberts Sam July 27, 2008 A Fair, A Law and the Urban Walker https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/27/nyregion/thecity/27read.html June 7, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 none; Colangelo Lisa L. December 1, 2013 In his 'Sphere' Local author flashes back to 1964 World's Fair New York Daily News 3 2692-1251 1462680741 The fair has been the subject of several exhibitions at venues including the Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts,Harrison Helen A. July 11, 1985 20-Year Old Perspective on World's Fair https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/11/garden/20year-old-perspective-on-worlds-fair.html June 6, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Queens Museum,Iverem Esther November 5, 1989 Queens Culture Museum in the Park Recalls World's Fairs Newsday 9 2574-5298 278141630 none; Shepard Richard F. December 29, 1989 In Queens, A Look Back At 2 Visions Of the Future https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/29/arts/in-queens-a-look-back-at-2-visions-of-the-future.html June 7, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 Flushing Town Hall, and the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages.Jacobson Aileen April 1, 2011 Back to the Futurama and the Ferris Wheel https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/nyregion/03artsli.html June 7, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 The fair's 50th anniversary in 2014 was celebrated with six months of parties, exhibits, and other events across Queens.Colangelo Lisa L. October 17, 2014 50th Anniversary Bash Ending New York Daily News 32 2692-1251 1613089662 Hobbyists have collected memorabilia from the fair,Brenzel Kathryn April 22, 2014 World's Fair of 1964 Lives on in New Milford Man's Home, Report Says https://www.nj.com/bergen/2014/04/worlds_fair_of_1964_lives_on_in_new_milford_mans_home_report_says.html June 7, 2024 The Star-Ledger NJ.com none; Pace Eric November 13, 1988 World's Fair Buffs Gather in Queens https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/nyregion/world-s-fair-buffs-gather-in-queens.html June 7, 2024 The New York Times en-US 0362-4331 and several collectors have founded the World's Fair Collectors Society.Caldwell Kelly September 15, 1995 It Happened at The World's Fair: Remembering the 1964–65 Exposition in Flushing Meadows at a Town Hall Exhibit Newsday B25 2574-5298 2870133300 Collectors have preserved objects such as bracelets, medallions, ponchos, purses, and pocketknives.Yan Ellen World's Fair collectors say time travel is possible, by way of their 1964 memorabilia Newsday June 11, 2024 https://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/family/worlds-fair-1964-collectors-aqz3swcp June 15, 2024 The Smithsonian Institution and Queens Museum also own objects from the World's Fair, and there have been efforts to develop a World's Fair museum. See also 1960s New York City Holidays Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations – 1853 World's Fair in New York City List of world expositions List of world's fairs References Notes Citations Sources Alpert Hollis Jul 1964 Guide to the New York World's Fair: There's Something for Everyone in the Family at the 1964–'65 New York World's Fair Woman's Day 21–28 7 1815457600 Cotter Bill Young Bill The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair: Creation and Legacy July 21, 2008 Arcadia Publishing 978-0-7385-5745-8 Nicoletta Julie December 1, 2010 Art Out of Place: International Art Exhibits at the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965 https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=ias_pub Journal of Social History 44 2 499–519 10.1353/jsh.2010.0066 0022-4529 subscription Samuel Lawrence R. The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair 1st August 30, 2007 Syracuse University Press 978-0-8156-0890-5 https://archive.org/details/endofinnocence190000samu registration 1960 Tirella Joseph Tomorrow-Land: The 1964–65 World's Fair and the Transformation of America Lyons Press 2013 978-1-4930-0333-4 https://archive.org/details/tomorrowland19640000tire/page/n5/mode/2up registration https://archive.org/details/newyorkworldsfai00time/page/n3/mode/2up New York World's Fair, 1964/1965: Official Souvenir Book 1964 Time, Inc Wood Norton registration Internet Archive January 13, 1964 World's Fair '64: a Preview Newsweek 43–45 63 2 1879126400 Newsweek 1964a https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/booklets/your-guide-to-fair.pdf Your Guide to the Fair The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965 The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965 Further reading Bletter Rosemarie Haag https://books.google.com/books?id=_aSgQgAACAAJ Remembering the Future: The New York World's Fair from 1939–1964 Queens Museum Rizzoli 1989 978-0-8478-1122-9 The World's Fair American Heritage https://www.americanheritage.com/worlds-fair-1 John Steele Gordon October 2006 57 5 Taylor Alan June 2, 2014 1964: The New York World's Fair https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/06/1964-the-new-york-worlds-fair/100749/ May 27, 2024 The Atlantic External links 1964 New York World's Fair 1964 New York World's Fair 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – nywf64.com 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – worldsfairphotos.com New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation records New York Public Library April 1, 2013 https://archives.nypl.org/mss/2234 1964–65 New York World's Fair groundbreaking and dedication booklets Category:1960s in Queens Category:1964 in New York City Category:1964 in science Category:1965 in New York City Category:Flushing Meadows–Corona Park Category:Futurism Category:New York (state) historical anniversaries Category:Robert Moses projects Category:1965 in science