1975 Panjshir Valley uprising

Iranian–Pakistani backed uprising in Afghanistan 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising Late July 1975Dossiers of rebel field commanders https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/dossiers-rebel-field-commanders 2023-07-30 digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org Panjshir Valley, Parwan Province Afghanistan (modern-day Panjshir Province) Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Islamic rebels Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg Jamiat-e Islami Pakistan ISIOwen L. Sirrs, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations, Routledge (2016), pp. 112-113https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/13/archives/afghanpakistani-trouble-brewing-again-near-the-khyber-pass.html Afghan-Pakistani Trouble Brewing Again Near the Khyber Pass The New York Times 13 August 1975 Kiessling Hein Unity, Faith and Discipline: The Inter-Service Intelligence of Pakistan 2016 Oxford University Press The era of ISI action in Afghanistan now began. A first large scale operation in 1975 was encouragement of large scale rebellion in the Panjshir valley.Houèrou Fabienne La Humanitarian Crisis and International Relations 1959-2013 2014 Bentham Science Publisher 150 The president Khan revived adversarial stance not only toward Pakistan, but to the sponsor, USSR. First Daoud Khan set off proxy war in Pakistan, but in retaliation faced growing Islamic movement within AfghanistanNewton Michael Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia 106 ABC-CLIO 2014 By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.Supported by: Pahlavi Iran 16px SAVAKOwen L. Sirrs, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations, Routledge (2016), pp. 112-113The Afghan Communists https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Chapter-1-3.pdf www.brookings.edu Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Mohammad Daoud KhanRepublic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Abdul Karim MustaghniRepublic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Faiz MohammedRepublic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Ghulam Haidar RasuliRepublic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Mohammad Aslam Watanjar Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg Burhanuddin RabbaniFlag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg Ahmad Shah MassoudFlag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg Gulbuddin HekmatyarPakistan Zulfikar Ali BhuttoPakistan Ghulam Jilani KhanPakistan Naseerullah Khan Babar Afghan government victory Uprising suppressed successfully Jamiat-e Islami commanders flee to PakistanOwen L. Sirrs, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations, Routledge (2016), pp. 112-113 End of the 1975 rebels in Afghanistan Light Heavy Unknown 5,000+ 20px Afghan Army Republican Guard Brigade 20px Afghan Commando Forces 444th Commando Battalion 20px Afghan Air Force 373rd Air Transport Regiment Panjshiri locals Afghan guerrilla troops Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts The 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising (ps ۱۴۵۴ د پنجشېر د درې پاڅون, prs شورش دره پنجشیر ۱۳۵۴) was part of a larger conservative Tajik uprising led by Jamiat-e Islami against the government of Daoud Khan, and was the first ever ISI operation that took place in Afghanistan.1975-08-13 Afghan-Pakistani Trouble Brewing Again Near the Khyber Pass (Published 1975) The New York Times en https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/13/archives/afghanpakistani-trouble-brewing-again-near-the-khyber-pass.html 2023-07-30Kiessling Hein Unity, Faith and Discipline: The Inter-Service Intelligence of Pakistan 2016 Oxford University Press The era of ISI action in Afghanistan now began. A first large scale operation in 1975 was encouragement of large scale rebellion in the Panjshir valley. It was in "retaliation to Afghanistan’s proxy war and support to the militants against Pakistan".Houèrou Fabienne La Humanitarian Crisis and International Relations 1959-2013 2014 Bentham Science Publisher 150 The president Khan revived adversarial stance not only toward Pakistan, but to the sponsor, USSR. First Daoud Khan set off proxy war in Pakistan, but in retaliation faced growing Islamic fundamentalists movement within AfghanistanNewton Michael Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia 106 ABC-CLIO 2014 By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. The Republic of Afghanistan support to anti-Pakistani militants had forced then-Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Naseerullah Khan Babar, then-Inspector General of the Frontier Corps in NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), to adopt a more aggressive approach towards Afghanistan. As a result, ISI, under the command of Major General Ghulam Jilani Khan set up a 5,000-strong Afghan guerrilla troop, which would include influential future leaders like Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud,Martyrs Week, Massoud's Death Anniversary Commemorated https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/martyrs-week-massoud%E2%80%99s-death-anniversary-commemorated 2024-03-17 TOLOnews en to target the Afghan government, the first large operation, in 1975, being the sponsoring of an armed rebellion in the Panjshir valley.Hein Kiessling, Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan, Oxford University Press (2016), p. 34 The 1975 rebellion, though unsuccessful, shook Daoud Khan and made him realize that a friendly Pakistan was in his best interests.H. Emadi. Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan: The British, Russian, and American Invasions. Springer. 18 October 2010. "These actions by Bhutto forced Daoud to soften his rhetoric and consider normalizing relations with Pakistan, as he came to realize that a friendly Pakistan was in his best interest...". He started improving relations with Pakistan and made state visits there in 1976 and 1978. During the 1978 visit, he agreed to stop supporting anti-Pakistan militants and to expel any remaining militants in Afghanistan to the dismay of the Khalqists who would overthrow Daoud that same year in the Saur Revolution.Shaista Wahab, Barry Youngerman. A Brief History of Afghanistan. 2007. Infobase Publishing, 2007. p. 133 Background In 1973, former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan was brought to power in a coup d'état backed by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, and the Republic of Afghanistan was established. These developments gave rise to an Islamist movement opposed to the increasing communist and Soviet influence over Afghanistan.Roy Gutman How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC. 1st ed., 2008 34 During that time, while studying at Kabul University, Massoud became involved with the Muslim Youth (Sazman-i Jawanan-i Musulman), the student branch of the Jamiat-e Islami (Islamic Society), whose chairman then was the professor Burhanuddin Rabbani. Kabul University was a center for political debate and activism during that time.Shahram Akbarzadeh Islam And the West: Reflections from Australia Samina Yasmeen University of New South Wales Press 2005 81–82 The uprising Infuriated by the arrogance of his communist peers and Russian professors, a physical altercation between Massoud and his Russian professor led Massoud to walk out of the university, and shortly after, Kabul. Two days later, Massoud and a number of fellow militant students traveled to Pakistan where, goaded by another trainee of the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Massoud agreed to take part in a coup against Daoud with his forces rising up in the Panjshir and Hekmatyar's elsewhere. In July 1975, Massoud, with help from the Pakistani intelligence, led the first rebellion of Panjshir residents against the government of Daoud Khan.Ansar Massoud 9 September 2018 Furious Kabul Residents Slam Govt Over Massoud Day Mayhem https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/furious-kabul-residents-slam-govt-over-massoud-day-mayhem TOLOnews en While the uprising in the Panjshir began saw initial success, even taking the military garrison in Rokha, the promised support from Kabul never came and the rebellion was suppressed by the 444th Commando Battalion sending Massoud back into Pakistan (after a day hiding in Jangalak) where he would attend a secret, paramilitary ISI training center in Cherat.Gall Sandy Afghan Napoleon: The Life of Ahmad Shah Massoud 2021 Haus Publishing 978-1-913368-22-7 London 20–21, 22 Sandy Gall Dissatisfied, Massoud left the center and returned to Peshawar where he committed himself to personal military studies. Massoud read Mao Tse-Tung's writings on the Long March, of Che Guevara's career, the memoirs of General de Gaulle, General Võ Nguyên Giáp, Sun Tzu's Art of War, and an unnamed handbook on counterterrorism by an American general which Massoud called "the most instructive of all". As part of the operation, smaller militant detachments were sent to the nearby areas of Laghman, Nangarhar and Badakhshan; these were unsuccessful. Fighters either faced defeat after the Afghan Commando Forces were sent to the three provinces to curb the uprising or were arrested upon arrival, with neither local nor army support.Kakar M. Hassan https://archive.org/details/afghanistansovie0000kaka/ Afghanistan: The Soviet invasion and the Afghan response, 1979-1982 1995 University of California Press 0520085914 89–90 Englishhttps://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ&dq=1975+laghman+uprising&pg=PT84 The Wars of Afghanistan Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers 2013 PublicAffairs 9781610394123 40 English ebook The Afghan Republican Army did not have to be called in to suppress any of the uprisings.Giustozzi Antonio 1 June 2003 Re-building the Afghan Army https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/28363/ Re-building the Afghan Army After this failure, a "profound and long-lasting schism" within the Islamic anti socialist movement began to emerge. The Islamic Society split between supporters of the more moderate forces around Massoud and Rabbani, who led the Jamiat-i Islami, and more radical Islamist elements surrounding Hekmatyar, who founded the Hezb-i Islami. The conflict reached such a point that Hekmatyar reportedly tried to kill Massoud, then 22 years old.Marcela Grad Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader Webster University Press 2009 3109780982161500 The 1975 rebellion, though unsuccessful, made Daoud Khan realize that a friendly Pakistan was in his best interests. He started improving relations with Pakistan and made state visits there in 1976 and 1978. During the 1978 visit, he agreed to stop supporting anti-Pakistan militants and to expel any remaining militants in Afghanistan. References March 2024 Category:1975 in Afghanistan Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Category:Afghanistan–Iran relations Category:Rebellions in Afghanistan