1993 Spanish general election

none 1993 Spanish general election Spain parliamentary no 1989 Spanish general election 1989 1996 Spanish general election 1996 All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election 31,030,511 10px 4.8% 23,718,816 (76.4%)10px 6.7 pp 6 June 1993 170x170px Felipe González Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 28 September 1979 Madrid 177 seats, 40.1%"PSOE+EE" Results for PSOE (39.6%, 175 deputies) and EE (0.5%, 2 deputies) in the 1989 Congress election. 159 10px 18 9,150,083 38.8% 10px 1.3 pp 170x170px José María Aznar People's Party (Spain) 2 September 1989 Madrid 107 seats, 25.8% 141 10px 34 8,201,463 34.8% 10px 9.0 pp 170x170px Julio Anguita United Left (Spain) 12 February 1989 Madrid 17 seats, 9.1% 18 10px 1 2,253,722 9.6% 10px 0.5 pp 170x170px Miquel Roca Convergence and Union 4 July 1982 Barcelona 18 seats, 5.0% 17 10px 1 1,165,783 4.9% 10px 0.1 pp 170x170px Iñaki Anasagasti Basque Nationalist Party 1986 Biscay 5 seats, 1.2% 5 10px 0 291,448 1.2% 10px 0.0 pp 170x170px Luis Mardones Canarian Coalition 18 April 1986 Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1 seats, 0.3% 4 10px 3 207,077 0.9% 10px 0.6 pp x315px|Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by constituency Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress) x315px|Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by autonomous community Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress) x315px|Map of Spain showcasing seat distribution by Congress of Deputies constituency Election results by constituency (Congress) Prime Minister Prime Minister after election Felipe González Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Felipe González Spanish Socialist Workers' Party A general election was held in Spain on 6 June 1993 to elect the members of the 5th es Cortes Generales no under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate. The outcome of the 1989 election—amid accusations of irregularities and a re-run in Melilla—had seen the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) under Prime Minister Felipe González forming a de facto majority government, thanks to Herri Batasuna's policy of abstentionism. His third term saw Spain's participation in the Gulf War, the completion of major infrastructure works such as the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line, the hosting of events such as the Seville Expo '92 and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, and the signing of the Maastricht Treaty (which led to the adoption of an austerity agenda to meet the euro convergence criteria). This period also saw the unveiling of scandals affecting the ruling PSOE: the Juan Guerra affair (which led to Alfonso Guerra's resignation as deputy prime minister), the Ibercorp affair (involving suspicions of misconduct by the Bank of Spain), and a judicial probe on the alleged illegal funding of PSOE campaigns (the Filesa affair). The outset of the early 1990s recession and the 1992 European Monetary System crisis, and their impact on the Spanish economy—amid rising inflation and unemployment—forced the government to devalue the peseta three times. The mounting crises and political tensions prompted González to call a snap election for June 1993. Opinion polling predictions of a very close result and economic uncertainty polarized the campaign and fueled a large voter turnout of 76.4%, the highest since 1982. González's PSOE overperformed expectations and emerged as the largest party for a fourth consecutive time, gaining one million votes from 1989, though it lost the overall majority it had held after one decade in power. In contrast, the People's Party (PP) under José María Aznar benefitted from the collapse of the Democratic and Social Centre, making significant inroads by increasing its support to almost 35% of the vote with three million more votes, but it slightly underperformed expectations (which hinted at the PP securing the most seats); this was attributed to González being perceived as decisively defeating Aznar in the second of two head-to-head leaders' debates.Álvarez José 24 March 2020 https://www.elespanol.com/corazon/bluper/20200324/felipe-gonzalez-elecciones-gracias-debate-electoral-television/77742265_0.html El día que Felipe González ganó unas elecciones gracias a un debate electoral en televisión es Bluper 7 August 2026Campo Vidal Manuel 24 May 2023 https://elpais.com/opinion/2023-05-24/los-debates-gonzalez-aznar-30-anos-despues.html Los debates González-Aznar, 30 años después es El País 7 August 2026 United Left (IU) remained stagnant, with party leader Julio Anguita having suffered a stroke that prevented him from campaigning.29 May 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/05/29/espana/738626435_850215.html Una angina de pecho retira a Anguita de la campaña es El País Barcelona / Madrid 7 August 2026 In his victory speech, an emotional González proclaimed having "understood the message" and the citizens' desire for "change upon change".Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 7 June 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/06/07/espana/739404048_850215.html Felipe González: "He entendido el mensaje" es El País Madrid 7 August 2026 For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, but parliamentary arithmetics meant that the PSOE remained the only party able to form a government. His animosity with IU's Anguita forced González to seek the support from peripheral nationalist groups—such as Convergence and Union (CiU) and the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV)—in order to renew his tenure, in exchange for concessions on regional autonomy. His fourth government was a minority one, in spite of coalition offerings made to CiU and PNV being rejected. Background The 175-seat victory of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the 1989 general election (exactly half of Congress), together with Herri Batasuna's policy of abstentionism, allowed Felipe González to form a de facto majority government in Spain.De la Cuadra Bonifacio 11 June 1990 https://elpais.com/diario/1990/06/11/espana/645055202_850215.html La llave de la mayoría absoluta es El País Madrid 18 March 202522 June 1990 https://elpais.com/diario/1990/06/22/espana/646005602_850215.html Los socialistas tendrán que buscar más apoyo de sus socios es El País Madrid 18 March 2025 Reports of election irregularities over the electoral roll in a number of constituencies saw a re-run in Melilla and only 332 lawmakers being sworn-in by the time of González's investiture as prime minister of Spain,Valdecantos Camilo 13 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/13/espana/734652002_850215.html La impugnación de las elecciones marcó la legislatura desde el inicio es El País Madrid 18 March 2025 prompting him to submit (and win) a confidence motion in April 1990.5 December 1989 https://elpais.com/diario/1989/12/05/espana/628815604_850215.html González acepta crear una comisión parlamentaria que investigue con rigor el censo electoral es El País Madrid 18 March 20256 April 1990 https://elpais.com/diario/1990/04/06/portada/639352802_850215.html La cuestión de confianza mostró la distancia del Gobierno con IU y PP es El País 18 March 2025Galán Javier 30 August 2016 https://elpais.com/politica/2016/08/30/actualidad/1472549784_532521.html Felipe González, diciembre de 1989, antesala a la cuestión de confianza es El País 18 March 2025 On the international stage, Spain participated in the multinational military coalition formed in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait leading to the Gulf War (which saw an increase in conscientious objectors to compulsory military service in Spain),https://www.defensa.gob.es/misiones/en_exterior/historico/listado/primera-guerra-del-golfo.html Primera guerra del Golfo es Ministry of Defence 20 March 2025Mora Miguel J. Campo Ramón 26 February 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/02/26/espana/667522820_850215.html Una guerra dentro de la guerra es El País Madrid 20 March 2025 and in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, which established the European Union (EU) and provided a roadmap towards a common currency.https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/PoliticaExterior/Paginas/EspanaUE.aspx España y la Unión Europea es Ministry of Foreign Affairs 20 March 2025 Domestically, González's third government oversaw the liberalization of the television market (seeing the first private TV channels in Spain—Antena 3, Telecinco and Canal+—challenge RTVE's monopoly on television broadcasting),Fernández Beaumont José 15 February 1990 https://elpais.com/diario/1990/02/15/sociedad/635036402_850215.html Más de media España podrá ver antes de fin de año las emisiones de los canales de televisión privada es El País Madrid 4 August 202629 May 2018 https://www.rtve.es/rtve/20180529/llegan-cadenas-privadas/1741700.shtml Llegan las cadenas privadas es RTVE 21 March 20254 January 2020 https://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-televisiones-privadas-cumplen-30-anos-retransmisiones-espana-20200104115351.html Las televisiones privadas cumplen 30 años retransmisiones en España es Europa Press Madrid 4 August 2026 and a tax harmonization with the European Communities (seeing reforms in VAT and excise taxes such as alcohol, tobacco or fuel).Tobarra Sebastián 1 July 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/07/01/economia/678319205_850215.html Directos al alza, indirectos a la baja es El País Barcelona 4 August 2026Carvajal Victoria 5 November 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/11/05/economia/689295612_850215.html La CE considera positivo el aumento al 13% del IVA en España para 1992 es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Marcos Pilar 24 October 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/10/24/economia/719881206_850215.html El Gobierno aprueba subir los impuestos sobre alcohol, tabaco y carburantes es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 Reforms were enacted in 1991 to improve the procedures for election petition and electoral roll updating.10 March 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/03/10/opinion/668559607_850215.html Reforma electoral es El País 4 August 2026 The establishment of a "European citizenship" by Maastricht required a constitutional reform (the first since the approval of the 1978 Constitution) to introduce active and passive suffrage in local elections for nationals of EU member states.Valdecantos Camilo 8 July 1992 La primera reforma de la Constitución arranca con el consenso total de las fuerzas parlamentarias https://elpais.com/diario/1992/07/08/espana/710546414_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026EFE 28 August 2022 https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20220828/treinta-anos-primera-reforma-constitucional/2398684.shtml La primera reforma constitucional cumple 30 años a la espera de la tercera es RTVE 18 March 2025https://app.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/reforma/primera_reforma.htm Primera Reforma Constitucional (1992) es Congress of Deputies 20 March 2025 These years also saw the country hosting events such as the Madrid Conference of 1991,Vacas Constanza 30 October 2023 https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/paz-entre-israel-y-palestina-pudo-haberse-firmado-madrid_20372 Conferencia de Madrid: Un intento de paz para el conflicto palestino-israelí es National Geographic 21 March 2025 the Seville Expo '92 (celebrating the Columbus Quincentenary), Madrid's European Capital of Culture designation and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona (which served as a demonstration of Spain's soft power),Echarri Miquel 28 October 2015 https://elpais.com/elpais/2015/10/26/icon/1445854444_919801.html 1992, el año en el que España subió a primera división es El País 18 March 2025Sánchez-Mellado Luz Galloway, Heather (translation) 25 April 2017 https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/04/25/inenglish/1493113824_209564.html 1992: the year Spanish soft power conquered the world El País Madrid 5 August 2026https://humanidades.com/espana-democratica/ España democrática. Los gobiernos de Felipe González (1982-1996) es Enciclopedia Humanidades 18 March 2025 "(...) En las elecciones de 1989, el PSOE volvió a ganar por mayoría absoluta. En esta tercera legislatura del PSOE (1989-1993), España celebró en 1992 dos acontecimientos internacionales, los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona y la Expo de Sevilla, que mostraron una imagen de país moderno muy diferente a la España de la dictadura de Franco." as well as the completion of major infrastructure works such as the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line and the establishment of the first AVE service.Amiguet Teresa 14 April 2022 https://www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20220414/8198780/ave-emprende-vuelo.html El AVE emprende el vuelo es La Vanguardia 20 March 2025 thumb|left|alt=A Renfe Series 100 in Sevilla Santa Justa station|The Spanish economy temporarily weathered the impact of the early 1990s recession thanks to investments in the Seville Expo '92, the Barcelona Olympics or the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line. The ETA group intensified its attacks in the run up to the Barcelona Olympics to gain wider attention,20 March 1992 Los Juegos Olímpicos, una caja de resonancia para los etarras https://elpais.com/diario/1992/03/20/espana/701046001_850215.html es El País Barcelona 4 August 2026 seeing the 1990 Sabadell bombing,Uría Lluís 9 December 1990 Seis policías muertos y varios heridos en Sabadell en un atentado de ETA con coche bomba https://elpais.com/diario/1990/12/09/espana/660697212_850215.html es El País Barcelona 4 August 2026 the 1991 bombings in Mutxamel and Vic (the latter killing 5 children),30 May 1991 Un coche bomba de ETA causa nueve muertos y 45 heridos al destruir la casa cuartel de Vic https://elpais.com/diario/1991/05/30/espana/675554401_850215.html es El País Barcelona 4 August 20264 June 1991 Miles de personas expresan en Barcelona su condena a ETA por el atentado contra la casa cuartel de Vic https://elpais.com/diario/1991/06/04/espana/675986419_850215.html es El País Barcelona 4 August 2026Illán Menchu 17 September 1991 Un coche bomba de ETA mata a dos policías locales y a un vecino de un pueblo de Alicante https://elpais.com/diario/1991/09/17/espana/685058414_850215.html es El País Alicante 4 August 2026 and the 1992 Madrid bombing,Duva Jesús 7 February 1992 ETA asesina a cuatro militares y un civil en Madrid https://elpais.com/diario/1992/02/07/espana/697417214_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 as well as a number of attacks in the Netherlands.Cembrero Ignacio 18 November 1989 Interior considera los atentados de ETA en Holanda un aviso a Santo Domingo https://elpais.com/diario/1989/11/18/espana/627346813_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Ferrer Isabel 7 July 1990 Tres heridos en Amsterdam al estallar una bomba en la sede del BBV https://elpais.com/diario/1990/07/07/internacional/647301614_850215.html es El País Amsterdam 4 August 2026 A major Franco–Spanish police operation in March 1992 resulted in the arrest of the ETA leadership at the time in the French commune of Bidart.MEC Borja 1 May 2006 Bidart: la caída de la cúpula de ETA https://www.expansion.com/especiales/20aniversario/20diasespana/eta.html es Expansión Madrid 21 March 2025Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 27 March 2017 Bidart, hito policial en la lucha contra ETA https://elpais.com/politica/2017/03/27/actualidad/1490633541_273179.html es El País Bilbao 4 August 2026La historia de ETA. El golpe de Bidart https://www.elmundo.es/eta/historia/golpe_bidart.html es El Mundo 4 August 2026 The 1992 Citizen Security Protection Law, aimed both at repealing outdated public security legislation (in force since Franco's dictatorship) and helping the fight against drug-related crimes (which in June 1990 had already seen major action against the Galician mafia),6 April 2018 https://www.lasexta.com/programas/sexta-columna/noticias/farina-galicia-12-de-junio-de-1990-el-dia-que-estallo-la-guerra-contra-la-droga-donde-como-y-por-que-se-fraguo-la-operacion-necora_201804065ac7cfe20cf2d00c34e1d126.html 12 de junio de 1990, el día que estalló la guerra contra la droga: cómo y por qué se fraguó la 'operación Nécora' es laSexta Madrid 4 August 2026L. Álvarez Laura 14 June 2020 https://www.larazon.es/especiales/20200614/7eqbs4lmc5eqxl3op7rgdmbc6a.html Garzón, 30 años después de la “operación Nécora”: “Todo estuvo a punto de irse al traste cinco horas antes” es La Razón 4 August 2026 was criticized due to it empowering law enforcement forces to enter a home without the need for a warrant.26 September 1991 https://www.servimedia.es/noticias/magistrado-tribunal-constitucional-critica-ley-corcuera/1410759522 Un magistrado del Tribunal Constitucional critica la "Ley Corcuera" es Servimedia Seville 20 March 202531 January 2019 https://www.lasexta.com/programas/donde-estabas-entonces/mejores-momentos/la-ley-corcuera-o-como-el-gobierno-permitia-en-1992-que-la-policia-entrara-en-una-casa-sin-la-autorizacion-de-un-juez-video_201901315c536fd80cf2be7ee48445d0.html La 'ley Corcuera' o cómo el Gobierno permitía en 1992 que la Policía entrara en una casa sin la autorización de un juez es laSexta Madrid 20 March 2025 These provisions (which earned the bill the "Kick in the Door Law" nickname)Davison Phil 20 November 1993 Gonzalez delays decision on minister's future https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/gonzalez-delays-decision-on-minister-s-future-1505582.html The Independent 4 August 2026 would be eventually struck by the Spanish Constitutional Court in November 1993, prompting the resignation of the interior minister and the law's promoter, José Luis Corcuera.González Ibañez Juan De la Cuadra Bonifacio Díez Anabel 19 November 1993 Corcuera comunica a González su decisión de dimitir https://elpais.com/diario/1993/11/19/espana/753663618_850215.html es El País Madrid 20 March 2025Herrera Elena 9 April 2021 https://www.eldiario.es/politica/treinta-anos-ley-corcuera-frustrada-patada-puerta-resurgido-plena-pandemia_1_7393265.html Treinta años de la ley Corcuera, la frustrada 'patada en la puerta' que ha resurgido en plena pandemia es elDiario.es 20 March 2025 165px|thumb|alt=Photo of Alfonso Guerra|The Juan Guerra affair forced Alfonso Guerra's resignation as deputy prime minister. Divisions formed within the PSOE over strategy after one decade in power.Redondo Javier 30 September 2016 https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2016/09/30/57ed7cb3468aebb8158b464b.html El PSOE, un partido abonado a las luchas internas es El Mundo Madrid 21 March 2025 The party's apparatus under deputy leader Alfonso Guerra (referred to as guerristas) reasserted its control in the 1990 congress (which also formalized the party's separation from the Workers' General Union),Parra Carmen 9 November 1990 El PSOE eliminará la afiliación obligatoria a UGT, que en la práctica no se cumple https://elpais.com/diario/1990/11/09/espana/658105227_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 11 November 1990 El congreso del PSOE cierra el paso a los que han abogado por la apertura del partido https://elpais.com/diario/1990/11/11/espana/658278011_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026González Ibáñez Juan 12 November 1990 Solchaga reconoce que Guerra y el 'aparato' le han derrotado en la batalla por la ejecutiva https://elpais.com/diario/1990/11/12/espana/658364420_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 but a schism arose with those advocating for the government's political autonomy and greater openness (influenced by González).Díez Anabel 5 October 1990 González indicó a dirigentes del PSOE que la política del Gobierno no se hace en el partido https://elpais.com/diario/1990/10/05/espana/655081203_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 The rift between the two leaders and the Juan Guerra affair (involving Guerra's brother in a nepotism, influence peddling and tax evasion scandal)6 April 1990 El PP e IU exigen de nuevo la dimisión de Guerra https://elpais.com/diario/1990/04/06/espana/639352807_850215.html es El País Madrid 18 March 2025Rosell Francisco 18 October 2007 https://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2007/10/comunicacion/18elmundo/juanguerra.html Juan Guerra abre despacho en el patio de monipodio es El Mundo 17 March 2025 prompted Guerra's resignation as deputy prime minister in January 1991.González Ibáñez Juan 13 January 1991 Guerra afirma que dimite para facilitar "un buen Gobierno" https://elpais.com/diario/1991/01/13/espana/663721210_850215.html es El País Madrid 18 March 2025Méndez Juan 13 January 1991 El 'caso Juan Guerra', elemento clave de la caída https://elpais.com/diario/1991/01/13/espana/663721205_850215.html es El País Seville 18 March 202515 January 1991 AIfonso Guerra dimitió después de que Felipe González le plantease la posible renuncia https://elpais.com/diario/1991/01/15/espana/663894025_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 Opposition to the Socialist government coalesced around the People's Party (PP) and its new party leader, José María Aznar.González Ibáñez Juan 31 March 1990 https://elpais.com/diario/1990/03/31/espana/638834413_850215.html El PP inicia hoy un congreso diseñado para aclamar a Aznar como nuevo presidente es El País Madrid 21 March 2025 The 1991 local and regional elections saw the PSOE losing important local councils to PP-supported coalitions, such as Valencia and Seville,Prieto Joaquín 28 May 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/05/28/espana/675381619_850215.html El PP gana 600.000 votos y el PSOE pierde más ciudades es El País Madrid 21 March 202514 June 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/06/14/espana/676850421_850215.html El PSOE pierde las alcaldías de Sevilla y Valencia tras pactar el Partido Popular con los regionalistas es El País Madrid 21 March 2025 as well as the collapse of the Democratic and Social Centre and the farewell of its leader, Adolfo Suárez, from active politics.Martín del Pozo Concha 27 May 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/05/27/espana/675295225_850215.html Adolfo Suárez dimite tras descalabro electoral del CDS es El País Madrid 21 March 2025 During this period, a string of political scandals undermined the government's public image.Díez Anabel González Ibáñez Juan 23 March 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/03/23/espana/701305225_850215.html Del caso de Juan Guerra a Ibercorp es El País Madrid 17 March 202530 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/30/espana/723078013_850215.html González: "No hay una situación de corrupción grave, pero sí alarma social" es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 The Juan Guerra affair was joined in May 1991 by the unveiling of the Filesa affair (the illegal funding of PSOE campaigns in the 1980s, using money funnelled through various party-linked companies in exchange for fictitious consultancy works).González Ibáñez Juan Díez Anabel 30 May 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/05/30/espana/675554423_850215.html El fiscal del Estado ordena investigar a dos firmas que financiaron irregularmente al PSOE es El País Madrid 17 March 20251 December 2000 https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2000/12/1/espana/975687028.html Un grupo de sociedades financiaron ilícitamente campañas del PSOE en 1989 es El Mundo Madrid 17 March 2025Ramírez L. 1 May 2006 https://www.expansion.com/especiales/20aniversario/20diasespana/filesa.html Estalla el "caso Filesa" es Expansión Madrid 17 March 2025 Julián García Valverde was forced to resign as health minister in January 1992 after it was revealed that RENFE—the state-owned company operating the national Iberian-gauge railway network, which he had presided between 1985 and 1991—had purchased overpriced lands hinting at a possible embezzlement.14 January 1992 García Valverde dimite como ministro de Sanidad por el escándalo de Renfe https://elpais.com/diario/1992/01/14/espana/695343617_850215.html es El País 18 March 202514 January 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/01/14/espana/695343603_850215.html Operaciones sospechosas en San Sebastián de los Reyes es El País Madrid 18 March 2025 The Ibercorp affair in February 1992 saw the governor of the Bank of Spain, Mariano Rubio, accused of owning stock shares in the Ibercorp investment bank and concealing these from the National Securities Market Commission;Ayuso Javier Noceda Miguel Ángel 13 February 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/02/13/economia/697935601_850215.html La Comisión de Valores volverá a investigar a Ibercorp por la venta masiva de acciones es El País Madrid 2 August 2026Justicia Francisco 18 October 2007 https://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2007/10/comunicacion/18elmundo/ibercop.html La corrupción del poder económico y sus amigos es El Mundo 16 March 2025 while Rubio denied all accusations, he was not renewed for a new term in the post.6 March 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/03/06/portada/699836402_850215.html Mariano Rubio prepara acciones legales en relación con el 'caso Ibercorp' es El País 2 August 202630 June 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/06/30/economia/709855205_850215.html González nombra a Luis Ángel Rojo gobernador del Banco de España en sustitución de Mariano Rubio es El País Madrid 21 March 2025 November that year saw the uncovering of an illegal kickback-for-contract scheme involving the overpriced purchase of newsprint for the Official State Gazette (BOE), in what would become known as the BOE affair.De la Cuadra Bonifacio 2 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/02/espana/720658807_850215.html Una juez investiga a tres ex altos cargos del BOE por un presunto fraude de 1.010 millones es El País Madrid 17 March 2025De la Cuadra Bonifacio 2 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/02/espana/720658804_850215.html Una actuación contraria al "más elemental principio de economía" es El País Madrid 17 March 2025 From 1992 onwards—amid González's efforts to meet the euro convergence criteria,Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 20 March 1992 El Gobierno presentará un plan abierto sobre la convergencia europea https://elpais.com/diario/1992/03/20/espana/701046014_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 202625 March 1992 González anuncia severas medidas de ajuste en sanidad y política de empleo https://elpais.com/diario/1992/03/25/espana/701478011_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 23 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/23/espana/730422017_850215.html González asegura que mantendrá el plan de convergencia y la peseta dentro del SME es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 which earned him a general strike in 1992 over cuts to unemployment benefits and a proposed Law on StrikesDíez Anabel 8 May 1992 El presidente cree que en dos meses "dará la vuelta" al mensaje sindical https://elpais.com/diario/1992/05/08/espana/705276003_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Marcos Pilar 15 May 1992 El Gobierno aprueba el proyecto de ley de huelga sin recoger ninguna propuesta de los sindicatos https://elpais.com/diario/1992/05/15/economia/705880822_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026González Miguel 29 May 1992 González pide "reflexión" a CC OO y UGT tras el "relativo fracaso" de ayer https://elpais.com/diario/1992/05/29/espana/707090409_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Montañés Érika 28 March 2012 La ley de huelga de Felipe González que jamás entró en vigor https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-huelga-general-gonzalez-201203280000_noticia.html es ABC 4 August 2026—the Spanish economy was severely affected by the early 1990s worldwide recession, the high debt incurred by public administrations and companies over the investments in events and public works (which had temporarily helped Spain weather the crisis's impact),Codina Esperanza 22 February 2017 Los fastos del 92, un dique que no evitó la crisis https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/02/22/andalucia/1487764033_638628.html es El País Málaga 4 August 2026Maqueda Antonio Alonso Antonio Clemente Pomeda Yolanda 29 January 2021 Las mayores crisis de la economía española https://elpais.com/economia/2021-01-29/las-mayores-crisis-de-la-economia-espanola.html es El País Madrid 20 March 2025 and rising inflation stemming from the 1992 European Monetary System crisis (aggravated by the outcome of the 1992 Danish Maastricht Treaty referendum and the Bundesbank's raise of German interest rates in response to excess expenditure on German reunification).Oller José Luis 10 July 1992 El 'no' danés y los mercados de futuros https://elpais.com/diario/1992/07/10/economia/710719222_850215.html es El País 4 August 2026Martí Font José María 17 July 1992 El Bundesbank alemán eleva los tipos de interés del 8% al 8,75% https://elpais.com/diario/1992/07/17/economia/711324020_850215.html es El País Bonn 4 August 202616 September 1992 La caída de la libra y la depreciación de la peseta provocan una crisis total del Sistema Monetario Europeo https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/17/economia/716680809_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 The currency crisis and the economic slowdown strained the Bank of Spain's reserves and led to a sharp increase in the unemployment rate,4 October 1992 El Banco de España gastó 1,35 billones de las reservas para mantener la peseta en septiembre https://elpais.com/diario/1992/10/04/economia/718153205_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Parra Carmen Marcos Pilar 28 October 1992 Más de 5.500 personas se quedan en paro cada día en la Comunidad Europea y Estados Unidos https://elpais.com/diario/1992/10/28/economia/720226801_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026https://humanidades.com/espana-democratica/ España democrática. Los gobiernos de Felipe González (1982-1996) es Enciclopedia Humanidades 18 March 2025 "Sin embargo, la recesión mundial iniciada a principios de los años noventa golpeó duramente a España. La crisis económica disparó la inflación y el desempleo, que alcanzó la cifra de tres millones de desocupados." worsening economic forecasts,23 August 1992 En 1993 la evolución de la economía será peor que la de este año, según varios expertos https://elpais.com/diario/1992/08/23/economia/714520802_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026Missé Andreu 23 September 1992 Los Presupuestos prevén 500.000 parados más en 1993 que el plan de convergencia https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/23/economia/717199218_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 and the country entering recession in Q4 1992.Marcos Pilar 13 March 1993 La economía entró en recesión en el último trimestre de 1992 con una caída de la inversión de seis puntos https://elpais.com/diario/1993/03/13/economia/731977222_850215.html es El País 4 August 2026 This forced the government to devalue the peseta three times in nine months (on 17 September and 21 November 1992, and 13 May 1993; the latter becoming known as "Black Thursday"),22 November 1992 Siete devaluaciones desde 1959 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/22/economia/722386813_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 March 202614 May 1993 'Jueves negro' para la economía española https://elpais.com/diario/1993/05/14/economia/737330426_850215.html es El País Madrid 20 March 2025Mars Amanda 14 February 2010 El ataque que ganaron los especuladores https://elpais.com/diario/2010/02/14/economia/1266102006_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 approve broad budget cuts,6 August 1992 Felipe González asegura que, de ser necesario, el recorte del gasto se aplicará por igual en todas las partidas https://elpais.com/diario/1992/08/06/economia/713052001_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 202630 September 1992 El Gobierno asume el coste electoral del presupuesto de 1993, que considera el más restrictivo en 20 años https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/30/economia/717807632_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 and freeze civil servants' wages for 1993 (partially reversed in January that year).Agencias 4 November 1992 Los sindicatos convocan dos días de huelga general en la Administración https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/04/economia/720831611_850215.html es El País Barcelona 4 August 2026Marcos Pilar 17 December 1992 Gobierno y Parlamento congelan los salarios de los funcionarios en 1993 por falta de acuerdo https://elpais.com/diario/1992/12/17/espana/724546824_850215.html es El País 4 August 2026Gómez Mardones Inmaculada 9 January 1993 El Gobierno aumenta en un 1,8% los salarios públicos y reduce a 13.940 plazas su oferta de empleo en 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/09/espana/726534003_850215.html es El País Madrid 4 August 2026 The last months of the legislative term were dominated by an increasingly hostile opposition from the PP (fueled by improving ratings and the government's growing unpopularity in opinion polls),Ibáñez Juan 10 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/10/espana/726620401_850215.html Aznar: "El PP ganaría hoy las elecciones" es El País Valladolid 5 August 2026Díez Anabel 19 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/19/espana/730076412_850215.html El PSOE pierde 20 escaños y el PP, que gana 20, se coloca a cinco puntos de los socilalistas es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis Díez Anabel 21 March 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/03/21/espana/732668418_850215.html La ventaja del PSOE sobre el PP se reduce a tres escaños es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 mounting revelations in the ongoing scandals affecting the ruling party,Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 28 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/28/espana/722905207_850215.html Serra dice que el 80% del voto que pierde el PSOE se debe a la corrupción es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Díez Anabel 17 December 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/12/17/espana/724546823_850215.html Dirigentes del PSOE reconocen que el 92 es un año "catastrófico" por los casos de corrupción es El País Madrid 21 March 2025Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 14 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/14/espana/729644418_850215.html El temor a perder las elecciones obliga a los socialistas a relegar a sus 'caras quemadas' es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 and the continuation of internal problems within the PSOE (with a growing confrontation between González and the guerrista faction and doubts about the prime minister's willingness to stand for re-election).Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis Díez Anabel 30 June 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/06/30/espana/709855201_850215.html El aparato del PSOE trabaja con la doble hipótesis de si González se presenta o no a las elecciones es El País Madrid 5 August 20264 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/04/opinion/726102002_850215.html Un año de penitencia para España es El País London 5 August 2026Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 17 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/17/espana/729903620_850215.html El PSOE teme que las tensiones entre González y Guerra causen su alejamiento definitivo es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis Díez Anabel 13 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/13/espana/734652006_850215.html La división en el PSOE ha estado a punto de deteriorar la autoridad de González es El País Madrid 21 March 2025 Polling predictions of a hung parliament also increased the role of regionalist and peripheral nationalist parties as prospective kingmakers (particularly Convergence and Union and the Basque Nationalist Party),Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 5 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/05/espana/726188411_850215.html El PNV exige fuertes inversiones y el cierre del proceso autonómico para pactar con el Gobierno es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 6 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/06/espana/726274814_850215.html 6 partidos regionalistas irán a las elecciones con un programa común para ser la 'bisagra' parlamentaria es El País Madrid 5 August 202610 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/10/espana/729298808_850215.html Pujol admite que podría participar en un Gobierno de coalición es El País Barcelona 5 August 2026 with the PP trying a rapprochement with these to overcome the party's perceived difficulty in securing an outright majority.6 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/06/espana/726274802_850215.html El PP, dispuesto a establecer un diálogo con los nacionalistas es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Valdecantos Camilo 25 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/25/espana/727916402_850215.html El voto nacionalista y regionalista hace "casi imposible" la mayoría absoluta del PP, según expertos electorales es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 4 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/04/espana/728780424_850215.html Los regionalistas se muestran receptivos a la oferta del PP de crear "una nueva mayoría" la próxima legislatura es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 González ultimately chose to run for a fourth term and to advance the election to June 1993, in an effort to prevent further erosion to his party.Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 13 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/13/espana/734652017_850215.html González adelanta las elecciones al 6 de junio es El País Madrid 5 August 202618 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/18/espana/722041204_850215.html González dice que la crisis le obliga a optar a la reelección es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 Overview Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish es Cortes Generales no were conceived as an imperfect bicameral system.Constitution 1978 art. 66.https://app.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/sinopsis/sinopsis.jsp?art=66&tipo=2 Constitución española. Título III. De las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 66 es Congress of Deputies 11 October 2025 , summarizing Constitution 1978 art. 66. The Congress of Deputies held greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to grant or withdraw confidence from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority.Constitution 1978 arts. 90 & 99. Nonetheless, the Senate retained a limited number of specific functions—such as ratifying international treaties, authorizing cooperation agreements between autonomous communities, enforcing direct rule, regulating interterritorial compensation funds, and taking part in constitutional amendments and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to override by Congress.Constitution 1978 arts. 74, 94, 122, 145, 155, 158–159 & 166–167. Date The term of each chamber of the es Cortes Generales no—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.Constitution 1978 arts. 68–69. The election decree was required to be issued no later than 25 days before the scheduled expiration date of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between 54 and 60 days after the decree's publication.LOREG 1985 arts. 42 & 167. The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 29 October 1993. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 5 October 1993, setting the latest possible date for election day on 4 December 1993.C. Vergés Josep 18 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/18/espana/722041205_850215.html El 3 de diciembre de 1993, última fecha posible para las elecciones generales es El País Madrid 27 July 2026 The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year after a previous one.Constitution 1978 arts. 115–116. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.Constitution 1978 art. 99. Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate.https://app.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/sinopsis/sinopsis.jsp?art=115&tipo=2 Constitución española. Título V. De las relaciones entre el Gobierno y las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 115 es Congress of Deputies 31 October 2025 , summarizing Constitution 1978 art. 115. Still, as of , there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution. Speculation on whether a snap election would be called had been ongoing for over one year before the actual date.13 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/13/espana/734652001_850215.html González negó durante un año el adelantamiento de los comicios es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 In February 1992, González rejected using the 1992 events (the "wonderful year") to gain electoral advantage through an early dissolution.González Enric 2 February 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/02/12/espana/697849206_850215.html González afirma a 'The Times' que no habrá elecciones este año es El País London 5 August 2026 Amid a worsening economic outlook and falling approval ratings for the government and his party,Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 30 June 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/06/30/espana/709855202_850215.html Los malos augurios de las encuestas es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Díez Anabel 30 June 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/06/30/espana/709855203_850215.html La oposición cree que la economía marcará el ritmo electoral es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 González rejected in June and August 1992 that he was considering an early election.González Ibáñez Juan 22 August 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/08/22/espana/714434416_850215.html González considera que la "delicada" situación económica desaconseja adelantar las elecciones es El País Palma de Mallorca 5 August 2026 In November 1992, the prevailing view was that both González and his government preferred to serve out their term in the face of the adverse economic and political situation.Díez Anabel 30 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/30/espana/723078015_850215.html El PSOE y el Gobierno prefieren ahora apurar la legislatura es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 Renewed speculation emerged in January 1993 after the government reserved several sports pavilions from April to July and from September to December to house computer facilities for electoral organization,19 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/19/espana/727398006_850215.html Gobierno no despeja las dudas sobre el adelanto de las elecciones es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 despite González's insistence of an autumn election.Yárnoz Carlos Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 24 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/24/espana/727830018_850215.html González confirma que habrá elecciones en otoño y advierte del peligro de "los Gobiernos débiles" es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 20 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/20/espana/730162810_850215.html Crece la presión para el adelanto electoral ante el silencio del Gobierno sobre la crisis y el paro es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 Ultimately and amid growing economic and political pressure,Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 11 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/11/espana/734479211_850215.html González presidirá un nuevo comite electoral mientras medita el adelanto de los comicios es El País Madrid 5 August 2026Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 12 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/12/espana/734565610_850215.html Los interlocutores de González en la crisis, convencidos de que las elecciones serán en junio es El País Madrid 5 August 2026 González U-turned and announced the election for 6 June 1993—half-a-year earlier than scheduled—justifying it in the need to solve "tensions in Spanish political life" that prevented his government from "addressing the economic crisis".13 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/13/espana/734652005_850215.html No se ha agotado ninguna legislatura es El País Madrid 21 March 2025 The es Cortes Generales no were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993 with the publication of the corresponding decree in the BOE, setting election day for 6 June and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 29 June.Royal Decree 534/1993 1993 arts. 1–2 & 5. Electoral system Voting for each chamber of the es Cortes Generales no was based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they had not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence, nor were legally incapacitated.LOREG 1985 arts. 2–3.Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1077 The Congress of Deputies had a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 350. Of these, 348 were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the provinces of Spain—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 distributed in proportion to population—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency. The remaining two seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts elected by plurality voting.Constitution 1978 art. 68; LOREG 1985 arts. 162–164. The use of this electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.Gallagher Michael 30 July 2012 http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php Effective threshold in electoral systems Trinity College Dublin Dublin https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php 22 July 2017 30 July 2017 As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:Royal Decree 534/1993 1993 art. 3. Seats ConstituenciesThe provinces of Gerona and Lérida were officially renamed as "Girona" and "Lleida" on 1 March 1992.Law 2/1992 1992 arts. 1–2 & final prov.. 34 Madridgreen (+1) 32 Barcelona 16 Valencia 12 Seville 10 Alicante, Málaga 9 Asturias, Biscayred (−1), Cádiz, La Coruña, Murcia 8 Pontevedra 7 Balearicsgreen (+1), Córdoba, Granada, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza 6 Badajoz, Guipúzcoared (−1), Jaén, Tarragonagreen (+1) 5 Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Girona, Huelva, León, Lugo, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid 4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lleida, Orensered (−1), Salamanca 3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora 208 Senate seats were elected using open-listParties could group candidates into lists, although each candidate was treated separately for the purpose of the voting procedure. partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing four seats could choose up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, up to two; and in single-member districts, one. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, while in insular provinces—such as the Balearic and Canary Islands—the districts were the islands themselves, with the larger ones (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller ones (Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional seat per million inhabitants.Constitution 1978 art. 69; LOREG 1985 arts. 162 & 165–166.Carreras de Odriozola Tafunell Sambola 2005 1083 The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term were filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.LOREG 1985 arts. 46, 48, 164, 166 & 170–171. Outgoing parliament The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.Lozano Carles https://www.historiaelectoral.com/grups.html Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado es Historia Electoral.com 25 August 2025Lozano Carles https://www.historiaelectoral.com/senado7.html Composición del Senado 1977- es Historia Electoral.com 25 August 2025 auto + Parliamentary composition in April 1993https://www.congreso.es/web/guest/grupos/composicion-en-la-legislatura Grupos parlamentarios es Congress of Deputies 7 December 2020 Congress of Deputies Groups Parties Deputies Seats Total Socialist Group of the Congress PSOE 155 175 PSC 20 People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 104 106 UPN 2 Catalan Parliamentary Group(Convergence and Union) CDC 13 18 UDC 5 United Left–Initiative for CataloniaParliamentary Group IU 14 17 IC 3 CDS Parliamentary Group CDS 12 12 Basque Parliamentary Group (PNV) EAJ/PNV 5 5 Mixed Parliamentary Group HB 4 17 PA 2 UV 2 EA 2 EE 1 EuE 1 PAR 1 AIC 1 INDEP 3Carlos Revilla and Antoni Fernández Teixidó, former CDS legislators; Felipe Baeza, former PP legislator. 1em + Parliamentary composition in April 1993https://www.senado.es/web/composicionorganizacion/gruposparlamentarios/gruposparlamentariosdesde1977/index.html Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977 es Senate of Spain 7 December 2020 Senate Groups Parties Senators Seats Total Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 120 128 PSC 8 People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 88 91 UPN 2 UM 1 Convergence and Union'sCatalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate CDC 11 14 UDC 3 Basque Nationalist Senators' Parliamentary Group EAJ/PNV 6 6 Mixed Parliamentary Group IU 3 15 HB 3 AIC 3 CDS 1 EA 1 PAR 1 AM 1 AHI 1 ENV 1 Candidates Nomination rules Spanish citizens with the right to vote could run for election, provided that they had not been criminally imprisoned by a final sentence or convicted—whether final or not—of offences that involved loss of eligibility or disqualification from public office (such as rebellion or terrorism, when involving crimes against life, physical integrity or personal freedom). Additional causes of ineligibility applied to the following officials:Constitution 1978 art. 70; LOREG 1985 arts. 6 & 154. Members of the Spanish royal family and their spouses; Holders of a number of senior public or institutional posts, including the heads and members of higher courts and state institutions;These comprised the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council. the Ombudsman; the State's Attorney General; high-ranking officials of government departments, the Office of the Prime Minister and other state agencies; government delegates in the autonomous communities and civil governors; the director-general of RTVE; the director of the Electoral Register Office; the governor and deputy governor of the Bank of Spain; the heads of official credit institutions; and members of electoral commissions and of the Nuclear Safety Council; Heads of diplomatic missions abroad; Judges and public prosecutors in active service; Members of the Armed Forces and law enforcement bodies in active service. Other ineligibility provisions also applied to a number of territorial officials in these categories within their areas of jurisdiction, as well as to employees of foreign states and members of regional governments. Incompatibility rules included those of ineligibility, and also barred running in multiple constituencies or lists, and combining legislative roles (deputy, senator, and regional lawmaker) with each other or with:Constitution 1978 art. 67; LOREG 1985 arts. 46 & 155–159. A number of senior public or institutional posts, including the presidency of the Competition Defence Court; and leadership positions in RTVE, government offices, public authorities (such as port authorities, hydrographic confederations, or highway concessionary companies), public entities and state-owned or publicly funded companies; Any other paid public or private position, except university teaching. Parties and lists List of political parties in Spain The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list.LOREG 1985 arts. 44 & 169. Below is a list of the main parties and alliances which contested the election: Candidacy Parties andalliances Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Government Ref. References Congress Senate Vote % Seats Vote % Seats PSOE List on Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) 50px Felipe González Social democracy 40.1%"PSOE+EE" 177 40.7%Results for PSOE (40.1%, 107 senators) and EE (0.5%, 0 senators) in the 1989 Senate election. 107 15 Díez Anabel Rodríguez Aizpeolea Luis 12 September 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/12/espana/716248819_850215.html El PSOE proclama candidato a la presidencia a González pese a que este mantiene la incógnita es El País Madrid 27 July 2026Larrauri Eva 1 January 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/10/espana/726620405_850215.html Socialistas y Euskadiko Ezkerra ponen en marcha su proyecto de fusión es El País Bilbao 27 July 2026Larrauri Eva 22 February 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/02/22/espana/730335604_850215.html 318 afiliados de Euskadiko Ezkerra aprueban la fusión con el PSE-PSOE es El País Bilbao 27 July 2026 PP List on People's Party (PP) Navarrese People's Union (UPN) 50px José María Aznar ConservatismChristian democracy 25.8% 107 26.1% 78 15 Muez Mikel 18 March 1991 https://elpais.com/diario/1991/03/18/espana/669250801_850215.html El PP desaparece en Navarra al fusionarse con Unión del Pueblo Navarro es El País Pamplona 27 July 2026Ruiz de Azúa Victorino 30 November 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/11/30/espana/723078014_850215.html Aznar será proclamado candidato del PP a La Moncloa el 16 de enero es El País Madrid 27 July 2026 CiU List on Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC) 50px Miquel Roca Catalan nationalismCentrism 5.0% 18 5.3% 10 15 Antich José 26 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/26/espana/735775210_850215.html Roca rechaza cualquier pacto que implique "una aventura incierta" es El País Barcelona 27 July 2026 IU List on United Left (IU)– Communist Party of Spain (PCE)– Socialist Action Party (PASOC)– Republican Left (IR)– Collectives for the Unity of Workers (CUT)– Galician Left (EG) Initiative for Catalonia (IC)– Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) 50px Julio Anguita SocialismCommunism 9.1% 17 8.8% 1 15 Díez Anabel 26 November 1990 https://elpais.com/diario/1990/11/26/espana/659574013_850215.html Izquierda Unida crea una estructura para funcionar y pospone el debate sobre la disolución de partidos es El País Madrid 27 July 2026González Ibáñez Juan Díez Anabel 25 May 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/05/25/espana/706744825_850215.html Anguita clausura la asamblea de Izquierda Unida admitiendo que hay dos proyectos enfrentados es El País Madrid 27 July 202625 April 1993 https://www.servimedia.es/noticias/elecciones-93-anguita-elegido-candidato-presidente-62-ciento-direccion-iu-apoyo-renovadores/1410832842 Elecciones 93. Anguita, elegido candidato a presidente por el 62 por ciento de la dirección de IU y sin el apoyo de los renovadores es Servimedia Madrid 27 July 2026 CDS List on Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 50px Rafael Calvo Ortega CentrismLiberalism 7.9% 14 7.6% 1 15 20 September 1992 https://elpais.com/diario/1992/09/20/espana/716940010_850215.html Calvo Ortega, candidato es El País 27 July 2026 EAJ/PNV List on Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 50px Iñaki Anasagasti Basque nationalismChristian democracy 1.2% 5 1.3% 4 15 Guenaga Bidaurrazaga Aitor 14 April 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/04/14/espana/734738402_850215.html El PNV justifica el adelanto electoral por la "degradación de la política" es El País Bilbao 27 July 2026 HB List on Popular Unity (HB)– Basque Nationalist Action (EAE/ANV)– Patriotic Socialist Committees (ASK) 50px Jon Idigoras Basque independenceAbertzale leftRevolutionary socialism 1.1% 4 1.1% 3 15 PA List on Andalusian Party (PA) 50px Salvador Pérez Bueno Andalusian nationalismSocial democracy 1.0% 2 1.2% 0 15 UV List on Valencian Union (UV) 50px Vicente González Lizondo BlaverismConservatism 0.7% 2 0.6% 0 15 EA–EuE List on Basque Solidarity (EA) Basque Left (EuE) 50px Xabier Albistur Basque nationalismSocial democracy 0.7% 2 0.7% 0 15 PAR List on Aragonese Party (PAR) 50px José María Mur RegionalismCentrism 0.4% 1 0.4% 0 15 CC List on Canarian Independent Groups (AIC)– Tenerife Group of Independents (ATI)– La Palma Group of Independents (API)– Gomera Group of Independents (AGI)– Independents of Fuerteventura (IF)– Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL) Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN) Independent Canarian Centre (CCI) Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) Majorera Assembly (AM) 50px Lorenzo Olarte RegionalismCanarian nationalismCentrism 0.3%"AIC" Results for AIC in the 1989 election. 1 0.2%"AIC" 4 15 ERC List on Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 50px Pilar Rahola Catalan independenceLeft-wing nationalismSocial democracy 0.4% 0 0.4% 0 15 Campaign Party slogans Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref. References PSOE « Vota futuro »« Por el progreso de la mayoría » "Vote for the future""For the progress of the majority" 19 May 1993 https://www.servimedia.es/noticias/elecciones-93-psoe-pone-telefono-gratuito-para-electores-hablen-candidatos/1410802036 Elecciones 93. El PSOE pone un teléfono gratuito para que los electores hablen con sus candidatos es Servimedia Madrid 7 August 2026 PP « Ahora. Gobierno para todos » "Now. Government for everyone" Ruiz de Azúa Victorino 13 May 1993 https://elpais.com/diario/1993/05/13/espana/737244025_850215.html Los populares desconfían de la imparcialidad de Correos es El País Madrid 7 August 2026 CiU « Ara, decidirem » "Now, we shall decide" 8 May 1993 https://www.servimedia.es/noticias/elecciones-93el-papel-decisivo-ciu-formacion-gobierno-centrara-campana-coalicion/1410800721 Elecciones 93. El papel decisivo de CiU en la formación de gobierno centrará la campaña de la coalición es Servimedia Barcelona 7 August 2026 IU « Izquierda Unida, sí. La alternativa necesaria » "United Left, yes. The necessary alternative" 28 April 1993 https://www.servimedia.es/noticias/elecciones-93-izquierda-unida-si-alternativa-necesaria-lema-iu-para-esta-campana/1410833289 Elecciones 93. "Izquierda Unida, sí. La alternativa necesaria", lema de IU para esta campaña es Servimedia Madrid 7 August 2026 CDS « Ahora más que nunca, el centro es necesario »« Esta vez, el voto útil es al auténtico centro » "Now more than ever, the centre is necessary""This time, tactical voting is for the true centre" 6 May 1993 https://www.servimedia.es/noticias/elecciones-93-ahora-mas-nunca-centro-es-necesario-lema-cds-para-proximos-comicios/1410800397 Elecciones 93. "Ahora más que nunca el centro es necesario", lema del CDS para los próximos comicios es Servimedia Madrid 8 August 2026 Debates The 1993 election was the first in Spanish history to see the use of leaders' debates.Fernández-Miranda Campoamor 1994 267–268Terrasa Rodrigo 13 October 2015 https://www.elmundo.es/enredados/2015/10/13/561d1f9646163f102b8b4639.html Cinco debates en 11 elecciones: del 'desastre' de Felipe a la 'niña' de Rajoy es El Mundo Madrid 27 July 2026 + 1993 Spanish general election debates Date Organizer(s) Moderator(s)    black #90FF90  P  PresentDenotes a main invitee attending the event.   black #D0F0C0  S  SurrogateDenotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.  black #A2B2C2  NI  Not invited  black #FFFF90  I  Invited   black #FF9090  A  Absent invitee  PSOE PP Audience Ref. References 24 May Antena 3 Manuel Campo Vidal PGonzález PAznar 61.8%(9,625,000) 21 February 2008 https://www.formulatv.com/noticias/6878/los-debates-gonzalez---aznar-entre-las-emisiones-mas-vistas-de-la-historia-de-antena-3-y-telecinco/ Los debates González - Aznar, entre las emisiones más vistas de la historia de Antena 3 y Telecinco es FormulaTV 27 July 2026 31 May Tele 5 Luis Mariñas PGonzález PAznar 75.3%(10,526,000) Opinion polls + Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate Debate Polling firm/Commissioner PSOE PP Tie None 24 May Demoscopia/El PaísTriunfo claro de Aznar en el primer debate https://elpais.com/diario/1993/05/26/espana/738367204_850215.html es El País 26 May 1993 21.0 50.0 29.0 Opina/La VanguardiaAznar superó a González en el debate http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1993/05/26/pagina-11/33719388/pdf.html es La Vanguardia 26 May 1993 18.4 42.5 8.1 13.9 17.2 Sigma Dos/El MundoLas encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1993/05/26/027.html es ABC 26 May 1993 28.0 49.8 22.2 31 May Demoscopia/El PaísVictoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo https://elpais.com/diario/1993/06/02/espana/738972046_850215.html es El País 2 June 1993 48.0 18.0 34.0 Opina/La VanguardiaGonzález ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1993/06/02/pagina-11/34720219/pdf.html es La Vanguardia 2 June 1993 36.2 15.3 17.4 13.6 17.5 Opinion polls Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election OpinionPollingSpainGeneralElection1993.svg 750px Local regression trend line of poll results from 29 October 1989 to 6 June 1993, with each line corresponding to a political party. Voter turnout The table below shows registered voter turnout during the election. Figures for election day do not include non-resident citizens, while final figures do. Region Time (Election day) Final 14:00 18:00 20:00 1989 1993 +/– 1989 1993 +/– 1989 1993 +/– 1989 1993 +/– Andalusia 34.43% 42.12% +7.69 55.25% 61.65% +6.40 69.46% 76.52% +7.06 69.33% 76.20% +6.87 Aragon 37.60% 44.95% +7.35 56.33% 62.83% +6.50 70.31% 78.48% +8.17 70.21% 78.16% +7.95 Asturias 36.73% 41.68% +4.95 57.22% 62.00% +4.78 69.13% 76.16% +7.03 68.90% 75.43% +6.53 Balearic Islands 34.63% 41.46% +6.83 50.40% 56.61% +6.21 63.59% 72.78% +9.19 63.54% 72.56% +9.02 Basque Country 35.89% 37.92% +2.03 52.92% 54.60% +1.68 67.00% 69.99% +2.99 66.90% 69.73% +2.83 Canary Islands 27.65% 31.24% +3.59 45.05% 51.59% +6.54 62.31% 69.34% +7.03 62.15% 68.92% +6.77 Cantabria 36.59% 38.60% +2.01 59.16% 62.49% +3.33 74.51% 79.61% +5.10 74.28% 78.98% +4.70 Castile and León 37.70% 43.39% +5.69 59.61% 64.42% +4.81 73.59% 78.92% +5.33 73.35% 78.27% +4.92 Castilla–La Mancha 39.10% 45.59% +6.49 62.19% 67.35% +5.16 76.54% 82.37% +5.83 76.44% 82.13% +5.69 Catalonia 36.27% 41.68% +5.41 54.52% 59.16% +4.64 67.71% 75.69% +7.98 67.62% 75.37% +7.75 Extremadura 40.83% 47.49% +6.66 60.67% 66.14% +5.47 75.72% 80.89% +5.17 75.57% 80.46% +4.89 Galicia 27.91% 34.74% +6.83 49.17% 55.62% +6.45 60.80% 71.30% +10.50 60.13% 69.64% +9.51 La Rioja 39.42% 47.45% +8.03 57.64% 65.23% +7.59 72.21% 80.37% +8.16 72.04% 80.00% +7.96 Madrid 34.70% 40.67% +5.97 58.64% 64.20% +5.56 72.88% 78.99% +6.11 72.72% 78.92% +6.20 Murcia 39.19% 47.65% +8.46 61.27% 66.19% +4.92 74.41% 81.96% +7.55 74.25% 81.56% +7.31 Navarre 34.07% 40.00% +5.93 53.38% 57.08% +3.70 68.72% 74.05% +5.33 68.54% 73.58% +5.04 Valencian Community 41.92% 48.43% +6.51 62.16% 68.11% +5.95 74.93% 82.10% +7.17 74.80% 81.71% +6.91 Ceuta 30.23% 35.49% +5.26 45.86% 50.07% +4.21 56.14% 62.55% +6.41 55.94% 62.13% +6.19 Melilla1989 turnout figures in Melilla correspond to the March 1990 re-run. 30.82% 35.06% +4.24 46.96% 51.37% +4.41 51.97% 66.87% +14.90 51.89% 66.14% +14.25 Total 35.78% 41.83% +6.05 56.20% 61.57% +5.37 69.93% 76.94% +7.01 69.74% 76.44% +6.70 Sourceshttps://infoelectoral.interior.gob.es/es/elecciones-celebradas/resultados-electorales/ Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales es Ministry of the Interior 15 April 2022 5 August 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240805154842/https://infoelectoral.interior.gob.es/es/elecciones-celebradas/resultados-electorales/ dead Results Congress of Deputies results by autonomous community/constituency Results of the 1993 Spanish Congress election + ← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results → center|400px Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 9,150,083 38.78 −1.33 159 −18 People's Party (PP) 8,201,463 34.76 +8.97 141 +34 United Left (IU) 2,253,722 9.55 +0.48 18 +1 Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,165,783 4.94 −0.10 17 −1 Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 414,740 1.76 −6.13 0 −14 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 291,448 1.24 ±0.00 5 ±0 Canarian Coalition (CC)2 207,077 0.88 +0.45 4 +3 Popular Unity (HB) 206,876 0.88 −0.18 2 −2 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 189,632 0.80 +0.39 1 +1 The Greens (Verdes)3 185,940 0.79 −0.11 0 ±0 Aragonese Party (PAR) 144,544 0.61 +0.26 1 ±0 Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 129,293 0.55 −0.12 1 −1 Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 126,965 0.54 +0.31 0 ±0 Valencian Union (UV) 112,341 0.48 −0.23 1 −1 Andalusian Party (PA) 96,513 0.41 −0.63 0 −2 The Ecologists (LE) 68,851 0.29 −0.38 0 ±0 Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 54,518 0.23 −0.84 0 ±0 Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 43,169 0.18 New 0 ±0 Valencian People's Union (UPV) 41,052 0.17 −0.03 0 ±0 Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 30,068 0.13 −0.27 0 ±0 Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 27,005 0.11 New 0 ±0 Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 20,118 0.09 +0.05 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 18,608 0.08 New 0 ±0 Alavese Unity (UA) 16,623 0.07 New 0 ±0 Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 16,452 0.07 New 0 ±0 Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 15,246 0.06 New 0 ±0 Leonese People's Union (UPL) 13,097 0.06 New 0 ±0 Natural Law Party (PLN) 11,392 0.05 New 0 ±0 Asturianist Party (PAS) 11,088 0.05 +0.02 0 ±0 United Extremadura (EU) 10,653 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 10,233 0.04 −0.27 0 ±0 Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 10,053 0.04 New 0 ±0 Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE) 9,249 0.04 −0.06 0 ±0 Humanist Party (PH) 8,834 0.04 −0.04 0 ±0 Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 8,667 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0 Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 8,000 0.03 −0.09 0 ±0 Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4 7,991 0.03 −0.03 0 ±0 Riojan Party (PR) 7,532 0.03 New 0 ±0 Aragonese Union (CHA) 6,344 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0 Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 4,663 0.02 New 0 ±0 Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 4,647 0.02 New 0 ±0 Galician Alternative (AG) 3,286 0.01 New 0 ±0 Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 3,063 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0 Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2,715 0.01 New 0 ±0 Party of El Bierzo (PB) 2,681 0.01 New 0 ±0 Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 2,086 0.01 New 0 ±0 Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 1,959 0.01 New 0 ±0 Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5 1,917 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0 Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 1,644 0.01 New 0 ±0 Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 1,517 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1,415 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0 People's Palentine Group (APP) 1,410 0.01 New 0 ±0 Rainbow (Arcoiris) 1,407 0.01 New 0 ±0 The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 1,375 0.01 New 0 ±0 Cantonal Party (PCAN) 1,300 0.01 New 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1,193 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 1,178 0.00 New 0 ±0 Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 1,159 0.00 New 0 ±0 Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,155 0.00 New 0 ±0 Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 1,009 0.00 New 0 ±0 Castilianist Union (UC) 949 0.00 New 0 ±0 Andecha Astur (AA) 787 0.00 New 0 ±0 Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 747 0.00 New 0 ±0 Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 715 0.00 New 0 ±0 Progressive Front of Spain (FPE) 641 0.00 New 0 ±0 Union of Autonomies (UDLA) 594 0.00 New 0 ±0 Socialist October (OS) 540 0.00 New 0 ±0 Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 528 0.00 New 0 ±0 Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 466 0.00 New 0 ±0 Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 416 0.00 New 0 ±0 Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 408 0.00 New 0 ±0 Party of The People (LG) 385 0.00 New 0 ±0 Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 383 0.00 New 0 ±0 Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 303 0.00 New 0 ±0 Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 282 0.00 New 0 ±0 Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 278 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 267 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 244 0.00 New 0 ±0 Progressive Sorian Union (US) 98 0.00 New 0 ±0 Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 70 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0 Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 42 0.00 New 0 ±0 Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0 Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0 Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 0 0.00 −0.02 0 ±0 Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0 Blank ballots 188,679 0.80 +0.11 Total 23,591,864 350 ±0 Valid votes 23,591,864 99.46 +0.20 Invalid votes 126,952 0.54 −0.20 Votes cast / turnout 23,718,816 76.44 +6.70 Abstentions 7,311,695 23.56 −6.70 Registered voters 31,030,511 SourcesLozano Carles https://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1993.html Elecciones Generales 6 de junio de 1993 es Historia Electoral.com 25 August 202516 July 1993 Acuerdo de 13 de julio de 1993, de la Junta Electoral Central, por el que se ordena la publicación del resumen de los resultados de las elecciones para el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, y celebradas el 6 de junio de 1993, según los datos que figuran en las actas de escrutinio general remitidas por cada una de las Juntas Electorales Provinciales https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1993/07/16/pdfs/A21822-21843.pdf es Official State Gazette 169 0212-033X 21822–21843 19 October 20259 August 1993 Corrección de errores del resumen de los resultados de las Elecciones para el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, y celebradas el 6 de junio de 1993, según los datos que figuran en las actas de escrutinio general remitidas por cada una de las Juntas Electorales Provinciales https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1993/08/09/pdfs/A24082-24083.pdf es Official State Gazette 189 0212-033X 24082–24083 19 October 2025 left Footnotes: 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and Basque Country Left in the 1989 election. 2 Canarian Coalition results are compared to Canarian Independent Groups totals in the 1989 election. 3 The Greens results are compared to the combined totals of Green List and Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia in the 1989 election. 4 Coalition for a New Socialist Party results are compared to Alliance for the Republic totals in the 1989 election. 5 Madrilenian Independent Regional Party results are compared to Regional Party of Madrid totals in the 1989 election. Popular vote #ddd 550px 500px PSOE Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 38.78 PP People's Party (Spain) 34.76 IU United Left (Spain) 9.55 CiU Convergence and Union 4.94 CDS Democratic and Social Centre (Spain) 1.76 EAJ/PNV Basque Nationalist Party 1.24 CC Canarian Coalition 0.88 HB Herri Batasuna 0.88 ERC Republican Left of Catalonia 0.80 PAR Aragonese Party 0.61 EA–EUE Eusko Alkartasuna 0.55 UV Valencian Union 0.48 Others #777777 3.97 Blank ballots #DDDDDD 0.80 Seats #ddd 550px 500px PSOE Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 45.43 PP People's Party (Spain) 40.29 IU United Left (Spain) 5.14 CiU Convergence and Union 4.86 EAJ/PNV Basque Nationalist Party 1.43 CC Canarian Coalition 1.14 HB Herri Batasuna 0.57 ERC Republican Left of Catalonia 0.29 PAR Aragonese Party 0.29 EA–EUE Eusko Alkartasuna 0.29 UV Valencian Union 0.29 Senate + ← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results → center|375px Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats Votes % ±pp Total +/− Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 25,441,605 39.02 −1.66 96 −11 People's Party (PP) 22,467,236 34.46 +8.40 93 +15 United Left (IU) 6,172,255 9.47 +0.70 0 −1 Convergence and Union (CiU) 3,458,419 5.30 +0.01 10 ±0 Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1,189,877 1.82 −5.78 0 −1 Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 846,605 1.30 −0.04 3 −1 Popular Unity (HB) 599,744 0.92 −0.22 1 −2 The Greens (Verdes)2 570,793 0.88 +0.24 0 ±0 Aragonese Party (PAR) 465,162 0.71 +0.28 0 ±0 Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 402,549 0.62 +0.36 0 ±0 Canarian Coalition (CC)3 396,799 0.61 +0.37 5 +1 Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 381,356 0.58 −0.14 0 ±0 Valencian Union (UV) 347,593 0.53 −0.08 0 ±0 Andalusian Party (PA) 312,384 0.48 −0.67 0 ±0 Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 239,546 0.37 −0.06 0 ±0 Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 180,139 0.28 −0.43 0 ±0 Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 144,784 0.22 New 0 ±0 Valencian People's Union (UPV) 138,183 0.21 −0.03 0 ±0 Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 133,514 0.20 New 0 ±0 The Ecologists (LE) 70,589 0.11 −0.43 0 ±0 Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 60,071 0.09 New 0 ±0 Leonese People's Union (UPL) 57,797 0.09 New 0 ±0 Ecologist Party of Catalonia (PEC) 52,053 0.08 New 0 ±0 Alavese Unity (UA) 49,120 0.08 New 0 ±0 United Extremadura (EU) 48,113 0.07 −0.01 0 ±0 Asturianist Party (PAS) 43,538 0.07 +0.04 0 ±0 Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 43,044 0.07 −0.15 0 ±0 Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 40,478 0.06 +0.03 0 ±0 Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 35,618 0.05 −0.22 0 ±0 Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 30,285 0.05 New 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 28,769 0.04 New 0 ±0 Aragonese Union (CHA) 28,186 0.04 +0.02 0 ±0 Riojan Party (PR) 27,383 0.04 New 0 ±0 Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 24,450 0.04 New 0 ±0 Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 22,845 0.04 −0.09 0 ±0 Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 17,953 0.03 New 0 ±0 Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 16,405 0.03 New 0 ±0 Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4 13,733 0.02 −0.02 0 ±0 Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 13,041 0.02 New 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 12,147 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0 Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 11,830 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0 Humanist Party (PH) 11,176 0.02 −0.05 0 ±0 Galician Alternative (AG) 10,849 0.02 New 0 ±0 Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 10,768 0.02 +0.02 0 ±0 Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5 10,713 0.02 −0.02 0 ±0 Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 10,681 0.02 New 0 ±0 Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 10,258 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0 Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 10,253 0.02 New 0 ±0 Green Social Unity (USV) 9,802 0.02 New 0 ±0 Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 9,704 0.01 −0.17 0 ±0 Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 9,507 0.01 −0.02 0 ±0 Rainbow (Arcoiris) 5,419 0.01 New 0 ±0 Party of El Bierzo (PB) 5,151 0.01 New 0 ±0 People's Palentine Group (APP) 4,869 0.01 New 0 ±0 Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 4,617 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 4,439 0.01 New 0 ±0 Natural Law Party (PLN) 4,422 0.01 New 0 ±0 Cantonal Party (PCAN) 4,333 0.01 New 0 ±0 Federal Socialist Party (PSF) 4,168 0.01 New 0 ±0 Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 4,083 0.01 New 0 ±0 Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 4,047 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0 Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 3,611 0.01 New 0 ±0 Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 3,408 0.01 New 0 ±0 Andecha Astur (AA) 3,068 0.00 New 0 ±0 Castilianist Union (UC) 3,013 0.00 New 0 ±0 Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 2,638 0.00 New 0 ±0 Spanish Action (AE) 2,595 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 2,326 0.00 New 0 ±0 Navarrese Regionalists (RN) 2,213 0.00 New 0 ±0 Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 2,098 0.00 New 0 ±0 Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,961 0.00 New 0 ±0 Socialist October (OS) 1,751 0.00 New 0 ±0 Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 1,641 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 1,566 0.00 New 0 ±0 Natural Culture (CN) 1,557 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0 Blue Party of Progressive Rightwing (PADP) 1,086 0.00 New 0 ±0 Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 1,026 0.00 New 0 ±0 Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 1,016 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 1,009 0.00 New 0 ±0 Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 842 0.00 New 0 ±0 Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 717 0.00 New 0 ±0 Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 583 0.00 New 0 ±0 Proverist Party (PPr) 467 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 460 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0 Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 352 0.00 −0.02 0 ±0 Progressive Sorian Union (US) 347 0.00 New 0 ±0 Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 70 0.00 New 0 ±0 Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0 Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0 Blank ballotsThe percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party. 376,829 1.63 −0.04 Total 65,203,500 208 ±0 Valid votes 23,189,174 97.70 +1.13 Invalid votes 546,821 2.30 −1.13 Votes cast / turnout 23,735,995 76.49 +6.62 Abstentions 7,294,516 23.51 −6.62 Registered voters 31,030,511 SourcesLozano Carles https://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1993comp.html#s Elecciones al Senado 1993 es Historia Electoral.com 25 August 2025 left Footnotes: 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and Basque Country Left in the 1989 election. 2 The Greens results are compared to the combined totals of Green List and Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia in the 1989 election. 3 Canarian Coalition results are compared to the combined totals of Canarian Independent Groups, Lanzarote Independents Group, Majorera Assembly and Independent Herrenian Group in the 1989 election. 4 Coalition for a New Socialist Party results are compared to Alliance for the Republic totals in the 1989 election. 5 Madrilenian Independent Regional Party results are compared to Regional Party of Madrid totals in the 1989 election. Popular vote #ddd 550px 500px PSOE Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 39.02 PP People's Party (Spain) 34.46 IU United Left (Spain) 9.47 CiU Convergence and Union 5.30 CDS Democratic and Social Centre (Spain) 1.82 EAJ/PNV Basque Nationalist Party 1.30 HB Herri Batasuna 0.92 CC Canarian Coalition 0.61 Others #777777 6.52 Blank ballots #DDDDDD 1.63 Seats #ddd 550px 500px PSOE Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 46.15 PP People's Party (Spain) 44.71 CiU Convergence and Union 4.81 CC Canarian Coalition 2.40 EAJ/PNV Basque Nationalist Party 1.44 HB Herri Batasuna 0.48 Maps Aftermath Government formation Fourth government of Felipe González InvestitureCongress of DeputiesNomination of Felipe González (PSOE) Ballot → 9 July 1993 Required majority → 176 out of 350 15 Yes • PSOE (159) • CiU (17) • PNV (5) 181 350 green 125px No • PP (141) • IU–IC (17) • CC (4) • ERC (1) • EA (1) • UV (1) 165 350 red 125px Abstentions • PAR (1) 1 350 gray 125px Absentees • HB (2) • IU–IC (1) 3 350 black 125px SourcesLozano Carles https://www.historiaelectoral.com/congresovota.html Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes es Historia Electoral.com 25 August 2025 Notes References Bibliography Legislation y Constitución Española Constitution 27 December 1978 version as of 28 August 1992 Official State Gazette BOE-A-1978-31229 es https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&tn=1&p=19920828 27 December 2016 Constitution 1978 y Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General Organic Law 5/1985 19 June 1985 version as of 3 November 1992 Official State Gazette BOE-A-1985-11672 es https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1985-11672&tn=1&p=19921103 28 December 2016 LOREG 1985 y Ley 2/1992, de 28 de febrero, por la que pasan a denominarse oficialmente Girona y Lleida las provincias de Gerona y Lérida Law 2/1992 28 February 1992 Official State Gazette BOE-A-1992-4904 es https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1992-4904 6 April 2026 Law 2/1992 1992 y Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones Royal Decree 534/1993 12 April 1993 Official State Gazette BOE-A-1993-9513 es https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1993-9513 1 April 2026 Royal Decree 534/1993 1993 Other Fernández-Miranda Campoamor Carmen 1994 Elecciones legislativas españolas de 6 de junio de 1993 https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/derechopolitico/article/view/8637 Madrid National University of Distance Education es Revista de Derecho Político 39 263–289 0211-979X 10.5944/rdp.39.1994.8637 7 August 2026 Carreras de Odriozola Albert Tafunell Sambola Xavier 2005 1989 Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf es 1 Bilbao Fundación BBVA 1072–1097 II 84-96515-00-1 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf 24 September 2015 dmy-all External links Category:1993 elections in Spain 1993 Category:June 1993 in Spain