1866 Helston by-election

UK parliament by-election in 1866 June 2020 June 2020 1866 Helston by-election presidential United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland no 1865 United Kingdom general election 1865 1868 Helston by-election 1868 1866 5 1 y William Baliol Brett Conservative Party (UK) 153 Robert Campbell Liberal Party (UK) 152 MP Subsequent MP A. W. Young Liberal Party (UK) William Baliol Brett Conservative Party (UK) 50.2% 49.8% Constituency of Helston A by-election was held on 1 May 1866 to return an MP for the constituency of Helston, England. The by-election was caused by the declaration that Adolphus Young's election in the 1865 United Kingdom general election was null and void due to bribery. Two candidates contested the election: Robert Campbell for the Liberal Party and William Baliol Brett for the Conservatives. On the original count, both candidates received 153 votes but Campbell was declared the winner after Thomas Rogers—the mayor of Helston, who was serving as the returning officer—made a casting vote in his favour. The decision was appealed, and upon scrutiny, Brett was declared the winner after it was found that Campbell had received a vote from a local clergyman who did not have the right to vote due to a lack of residency. This election led to Parliament deciding that in future, if an equal number of votes were recorded for two or more candidates at an election, all such candidates should be elected. Background Vacancy At the 1865 United Kingdom general election, Adolphus William Young, representing the Liberal Party, had been elected as the Member of Parliament for the Helston constituency. He defeated the Conservative candidate, Major Shadwell Morley Grylls by 154 votes to 144.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035373/helston-1865-election-result/ Helston election The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 14 July 1865 1 Newspapers.com In the immediate aftermath, a report in the Royal Cornwall Gazette said that the result had been a surprise, and alleged that "certain measures ... were adopted to induce men to break their solemn pledges".https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035455/1865-helston-election-allegations/ Helston election Royal Cornwall Gazette Truro, Cornwall 21 July 1865 4 Newspapers.com A succession of letters were published over the subsequent weeks from representatives of both candidates, making a series of allegations and counter-allegations.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035497/helston-1865-election-letter-of-28-july/ Correspondence: Helston election Plomer J. G. Royal Cornwall Gazette Truro, Cornwall 28 July 1865 4 Newspapers.comhttps://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035509/helston-1865-election-letter-of-11/ Correspondence: The Helston Election Grylls S. M. The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 11 August 1865 5 Newspapers.comhttps://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035521/helston-1865-election-letter-of-18/ Correspondence: The Helston Election Unpaid The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 18 August 1865 8 Newspapers.com In February 1866, a petition was presented to Parliament by three Helston constituents, accusing Young of "acts of bribery and corruption" during the election.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035680/petition-against-1865-helston-election/ Helston election petition The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 16 February 1866 5 Newspapers.com At the subsequent hearing in April, Mr W. H. Cooke—counsel for the petitioners—announced that Young had accepted that without his knowledge, some of his representatives had been guilty of bribery, and he would not contest the charge. By agreement, only one witness was called, and the committee chairman agreed it was sufficient to report the election void.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035802/1865-helston-election-hearing/ Election committees: Helston The Daily News London 19 April 1866 3 Newspapers.com Candidates and campaigning The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser reported that part of the agreement made by Young was that the resulting by-election would be contested by two new candidates, and as a result, neither he nor Major Grylls were presented as candidates.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121035953/1865-helston-election-hearing-result/ Helston election petition The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 20 April 1866 4 Newspapers.com The Liberal Party put forward Robert Campbell, who had previously served as High Sheriff of Berkshire, while the Conservatives were represented by William Baliol Brett, a Queen's Counsel on the Northern Circuit.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121036025/1866-helston-by-election-candidates/ Election intelligence The Derby Mercury 25 April 1866 3 Newspapers.com Brett had previously stood as a Conservative candidate in the 1865 Rochdale by-election, which he lost by 646 votes to 496.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121036880/1865-rochdale-by-election-result/ The election: Triumphant return of Mr Potter, the Liberal candidate The Rochdale Observer 22 April 1865 5 Newspapers.com Only a short period was allowed for campaigning; the seat had been vacated on 18 April, and the resulting by-election was held on 1 May. In a letter published in The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser, Campbell said his "political opinions are in the main identical" to Young's. He supported the Liberal government, and specifically supported the electoral Reform Bill and the abolition of church rates. Brett similarly described himself as having views typical of the Conservative Party at the time. He opposed the Reform Bill as presented, suggesting that it would "give an unfair and predominating influence to the working classes".https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121036627/1866-helston-by-election-campaign/ To the Electors of the Borough of Helston The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 27 April 1866 1 Newspapers.com Result thumb|right|William Baliol Brett (painted later in life, 1885–1890) was elected after petitioning the original by-election result. The nominations took place on Monday 30 April at Helston Town Hall; Brett was proposed by the previous Conservative candidate, Grylls, while Campbell was proposed by C. W. Popham. Campbell won more support in a "show of hands", upon which Brett requested a poll which was determined for the following day.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121036971/1866-helston-by-election-nomination/ Election intelligence: Helston The Standard London 1 May 1866 3 Newspapers.com Three polling stations were established; constituents based in the town of Helston itself would vote at the town hall, while booths were also set up at either end of the town for those electors from Wendron and Sithney. Voting commenced at 8am, and by 10am, 233 of the 348 registered electors had voted; at that stage, Campbell held a three-vote lead. In the late morning, both sides made an effort to round up those who had not yet voted, and at midday Campbell led by 138–134. Voting was much quieter throughout the afternoon, and by the end of the vote at 4pm it was evident that the result was close; the Conservatives believed that they had won by a single vote.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121037615/1866-helston-by-election-polling-as-it/ Helston election: The polling The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 4 May 1866 4 Newspapers.com When the results were announced, Thomas Rogers—the town mayor, who was acting as returning officer—announced that both candidates had received 153 votes. Campbell had gained the majority in Helston itself (79–62), but Brett had the advantage in both the outlying villages (31–28 in Wendron and 60–46 in Sithney). Rogers, who was a Liberal supporter and had already voted for Campbell in the poll, opined that he was not sure whether he held a casting vote, but said that "believing it to be the proper course, I shall give my casting vote for Mr Campbell." Objections immediately ensued from both sides. The Liberals complained that at 3:56pm a voter, Martin, had been prevented from casting a vote for their candidate by the Conservatives "taking possession" of the hall. For their part, the Conservatives rejected this charge, and that by law the Mayor did not hold a casting vote. The town's deputy clerk then formally declared Campbell the elected member for Helston. Campbell was sworn in on 7 May, taking up his seat in the House of Commons.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121038144/1866-helston-by-election-campbell-sworn/ House of Commons – Last Night The Western Daily Press Bristol 8 May 1866 3 Newspapers.com A couple of days later, Brett presented a petition to the House of Commons. In addition to his complaint that the mayor should not have made a casting vote, he also alleged that some of the voters were not "properly qualified", and that a vote was cast after 4pm, when the vote should have closed.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121038285/1866-helston-by-election-petition/ The Helston election The Glasgow Daily Herald 10 May 1866 3 Newspapers.com The petition hearing was held on 3 July. After an initial confirmation of the original, tied result, a Wesleyan minister was called upon. The Reverend Isaac Rogers gave evidence that he had voted, despite no longer residing in the house he had previously occupied in the constituency, in the belief he was still eligible to do so. The hearing committee, as a result, amended the result of the poll to remove Reverend Rogers' vote, and as a result Brett was elected as the Member of Parliament for Helston.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121039682/1866-helston-by-election-petition-result/ The Helston election petitions The Manchester Courier, and Lancashire General Advertiser 4 July 1866 3 Newspapers.com 1866 Helston by-election Conservative Party (UK) William Baliol Brett 153 50.2 +1.9 Liberal Party (UK) Robert Campbell 152 49.8 −1.9 1 0.4 N/A 305 87.6 +2.0 348 Conservative Party (UK) Liberal Party (UK) +1.9 Aftermath This election led to Parliament deciding that "according to the law and usage of Parliament, it is the duty of the sheriff or other returning officer in England, in the case of an equal number of votes being polled for two or more candidates at an election, to return all such candidates".https://archive.org/details/britishparliamen0000crai_y7a3 British Parliamentary Election Results, 1832–1885 1989 1977 Second Craig F. W. S. Parliamentary Research Services Dartmouth 0-900178-26-4 149 Per convention, Brett vacated his seat upon his appointment as Solicitor General in February 1868, but was subsequently re-elected unopposed in a by-election; two candidates initially stood against him but withdrew after appeals from their own party members to wait until the general election later that year.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121041106/1868-helston-by-election/ Local intelligence: The Helston election The Western Times Exeter, Devon 25 February 1868 6 Newspapers.comhttps://www.newspapers.com/clip/121041210/1868-helston-by-election/ The Helston election The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 20 February 1868 4 Newspapers.com In August 1868, Brett was appointed as Justice of the Court of Common Pleas,10.1093/ref:odnb/3350 Brett, William Baliol, first Viscount Esher Hedley Steve 23 September 2004 and he once again vacated his seat.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121042191/helston-brett-vacates-seat/ To the Electors of the Borough of Helston Brett William Baliol Royal Cornwall Gazette Truro, Cornwall 27 August 1868 1 Newspapers.com Shortly thereafter at the 1868 general election, Adolphus William Young was elected by a vote of 494 to 374.https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121042392/1868-helston-general-election-result/ Helston The West Briton & Cornwall Advertiser Truro, Cornwall 26 November 1868 5 Newspapers.com See also Cornwall Politics List of United Kingdom by-elections (1857–1868) Casting vote References Category:1866 in England Category:1866 elections in the United Kingdom Category:19th century in Cornwall Category:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Cornish constituencies Category:May 1866 in the United Kingdom Category:Helston