1961 Indonesian census

First Indonesian census after independence December 2022 1961 Population Censusid Sensus Penduduk 1961 Stamp of Indonesia - 1961 - Colnect 260762 - Population Census.jpeg Postage stamp commemorating the census 1930 1930 Dutch East Indies census 1961 10 31 yes 1971 1971 Indonesian census Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics 97,018,829 59.8% province East Java (21,823,020) Central Kalimantan (496,522) The 1961 Indonesian census was the first census of Indonesia as a sovereign state. With a total population of 97,018,829, Indonesia was the world's fifth-most populous country at the time. The census covered all territories in the country, but no enumeration was done in Indonesian-claimed Western New Guinea because it was under Dutch occupation. Instead, an estimated population for the region was included in the final census numbers. During the 1961 census, its population density was 97018829 1904569 km2 1 num inhabitants/km2. As the first census since 1930, when Indonesia was still a colony of the Netherlands, the data was used for planning the nation's future development.Nitisastro 2006 169 One-third of the country's population was under the age of ten, and 65 percent of the population lived on the island of Java, which had been considered overpopulated as early as the 1930s. Demographers highlighted that the large proportion of young people presented a demographic challenge. Given that as many as one-fifth of rural youths were already unemployed, there was a question of whether Indonesia would be able to absorb a future surge of new workers. Agriculture was the dominant industry, employing 72 percent of workers. The census also collected data on school attendance to facilitate education planning. Just under half of the population aged ten and older could read and write in either Latin characters or a non-Latin script. About 350,000 enumerators were enlisted at the provincial, regency, and district levels. Fields operations began in February 1961, with enumeration and final verification being conducted in October. Tabulation was conducted at the bureau and at the provincial level, but only data for three provinces were ever processed completely. Data for the rest of Indonesia were drawn from a 1 percent sample tabulation of census returns, and many of the original census results have since been lost. Background The 1961 census was the first census in Indonesia after independence from the Netherlands.Nitisastro 2006 168 The 1930 Dutch East Indies census was the previous census completed and enumerated a total population of 60,727,233.Nitisastro 2006 169Nitisastro 2006 75 A census had been planned for 1940, but it was canceled because of World War II.Kahin 2015 85 Based on the assumption of a constant rate of growth from the 1930 census, the official population estimate for 1940 was 70.4 million.Nitisastro 2006 116–117 A subsequent estimate in 1950—this time compiled from civil registration records held by local village heads—placed the population at 77.2 million. However, population records in parts of Java and in the rest of the country at the time were often deficient, and data compilation methods were inconsistent; therefore, the reliability of this estimate has come into question.Nitisastro 2006 124–125 In 1953, the United Nations Statistical Commission and Population Commission began encouraging UN member countries to take and complete their national censuses in and around 1960 under a new set of statistical methods.UNSD 1958 3–4 In response, the Djuanda Cabinet created Indonesia's Central Bureau of Statistics (id Biro Pusat Statistik unset, or BPS) through an ordinance in January 1958 and mandated it to prepare a census to be held in 1960 or 1961.Deppen 1960a 666, 669 The legislature, the People's Representative Council of Mutual Aid (id Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong unset), repealed a Dutch-era census law in the name of national planning and development,Deppen 1960b 725 and Law No. 6 of 1960 on the Census became the new legal basis of the census.Nitisastro 2006 170 thumb|none|upright=4|alt=A map of the Indonesian archipelago, from the island of Sumatra in the west to the western half of New Guinea in the east. Territories of the Republic of Indonesia and of Portuguese Timor are white, while all other territories are tan. Dash-dotted lines mark the boundaries of countries and provinces.|A map of the Indonesian archipelago shows the boundaries of the country's 22 provinces at the time of the 1961 census. Western New Guinea was claimed by Indonesia but remained under Dutch occupation. Enumeration and tabulation thumb|upright=1.5|Household schedule used in the 1961 census Census day was officially designated as 31 October 1961. To facilitate operations, BPS established a census office in each province, and provincial governors were appointed ex officio directors of census operations.Nitisastro 2006 170 Provincial office staff were trained directly by the bureau, and they, in turn, trained census officials at the regency level. The chain continued down to the district level, where enumerators and their supervisors were trained. In total, the census enlisted about 350,000 enumerators and 50,000 supervisors.Nitisastro 2006 171 Preparations began three years prior with the drawing of enumeration districts and conducting of experimental surveys to simulate the census. Field operations began in February 1961 with the listing and verification of households. Approximately 200,000 enumeration districts were set up, with each district containing about 100 households. These activities continued into October, and the actual population enumeration took place that same month. Enumerators canvassed households—about 57 households per enumerator—and verified their information. In South Sulawesi, enumeration was delayed until December because of security concerns during the Permesta Rebellion. Between 19 and 31 October, enumerators revisited all households to conduct a final check for new births, deaths, and other changes since the household was first canvassed.Nitisastro 2006 171 Individuals not present during canvassing because of their employment and those who had been away from home for less than three months were enumerated at their place of origin.Muhidin 2002 128 The census used an individual schedule and a household schedule. The individual schedule collected information on a person's name, relationship to the head of household, sex, age, marital status, nationality, religion, language, place of birth, education, and school attendance.Nitisastro 2006 171 For individuals aged ten or older, the schedule collected information on literacy, type of activity, primary occupation, industry, status in industry, secondary occupation, and the number of births to every married woman. The household scheduled contained separate topics for industrial establishments, institutional households, and private households. For private households, the schedule also captured the type of house and agricultural information.Nitisastro 2006 172 Tabulation of schedules was done in two groups. Schedules from all urban regions and 10 percent of schedules from rural regions were processed mechanically by the bureau. The remaining 90 percent of rural schedules were tabulated manually at the provincial level. The first provisional results were released in December 1961. This was followed six months later by data on each regency and municipality throughout the country.Nitisastro 2006 172 Only data for three provinces (Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and East Java) were ever processed completely, and data for the rest of the country were drawn from a 1 percent sample tabulation of census returns.Muhidin 2002 128 Many of the detailed results have since been lost.Kahin 2015 85 Population data The census yielded a total population of 97,018,829,Nitisastro 2006 168 a nearly 60-percent increase from the 1930 census.Nitisastro 2006 176 This number made Indonesia the world's fifth-most populous country, behind the People's Republic of China (669 million in 1958), India (438 million in 1961), the Soviet Union (214 million in 1960), and the United States (182 million in 1961).Nitisastro 2006 168 The overall sex ratio was 95 males per 100 females.Nitisastro 2006 180 Although the census covered all territories of the country, no enumeration was done in Indonesian-claimed Western New Guinea, which remained under Dutch occupation. Instead, the results included an estimated population of 700,000 for that region.Nitisastro 2006 170 For comparison, Dutch officials reported to the UN in the same year as the census that the indigenous population of Western New Guinea was 717,055. This figure did not include an estimated 12,000 Dutch military soldiers.Lagerberg 1979 116–117 + Population and area by province and geographical unit, Indonesia, 1961 Province Geographical unit(s) Males Females Total Area (km2) Density(personsper km2) Jakarta Java 1,480,771 1,425,762 2,906,533 577 5,037 West Java Java 8,657,815 8,956,740 17,614,555 46,300 380 Central Java Java 8,967,714 9,439,757 18,407,471 34,206 538 Yogyakarta Java 1,092,403 1,149,074 2,241,477 3,169 707 East Java Java 10,602,448 11,220,572 21,823,020 47,922 455 South Sumatra Sumatra 2,465,562 2,381,662 4,847,224 158,163 31 Jambi Sumatra 386,109 358,272 744,381 44,924 17 Riau Sumatra 637,064 597,920 1,234,984 94,562 13 West Sumatra Sumatra 1,117,669 1,201,388 2,319,057 49,778 47 North Sumatra Sumatra 2,514,328 2,450,406 4,964,734 70,787 70 Aceh Sumatra 822,102 806,881 1,628,983 55,392 29 West Kalimantan Kalimantan 802,010 779,024 1,581,034 146,760 11 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan 251,316 245,206 496,522 152,600 3.3 South Kalimantan Kalimantan 725,959 747,196 1,473,155 37,660 39 East Kalimantan Kalimantan 286,963 263,801 550,764 202,440 2.7 North Sulawesi Sulawesi 1,015,050 988,161 2,003,211 88,578 23 South Sulawesi Sulawesi 2,474,747 2,601,391 5,076,138 100,457 51 Bali Lesser Sunda Islands 883,512 899,017 1,782,529 5,561 321 West Nusa Tenggara Lesser Sunda Islands 893,469 814,361 1,807,830 20,177 90 East Nusa Tenggara Lesser Sunda Islands 984,415 982,882 1,967,297 47,876 41 Maluku Maluku Islands 402,500 387,034 789,534 74,505 11 West Irian Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea 375,154 383,242 758,396 421,951 1.8 Total, Indonesia 47,839,080 49,179,749 97,018,829 1,904,345 51 Source: Nitisastro 2006 174, 239–248 Geographical distribution A main feature of the population of Indonesia is the disparity of population density among its islands.Nitisastro 2006 174 Nearly 65 percent of the total population lived on the island of Java, which only accounts for 6.9 percent of the total area of the country.Nitisastro 2006 176 Java was already widely considered to be overpopulated as early as the 1930s.Jones 1966 56 On the other hand, Kalimantan, which accounts for 28 percent of total area, was inhabited by only 4.2 percent of the total population. The ratio of Java's population to the total population decreased from the 1930 census, indicating a smaller rate of growth compared to other islands. Sumatra and Kalimantan, for example, nearly doubled their population from 1930.Nitisastro 2006 176 Urbanization The proportion of the population living in urban areas nearly doubled from the previous census, from 7.5 percent to almost 15 percent.Nitisastro 2006 177 In 1950s literature on Asian urbanization, Indonesia was commonly viewed as among Southeast Asia's less urbanized countries,Milone 1964 1000 although each country applied different criteria for an urban area.Milone 1964 1001 The Federation of Malaya, for example, used a numerical criterion of 1,000 inhabitants and above,Milone 1964 1002 resulting in an urbanization rate of 42.7 percent in 1957.Milone 1964 1000 The 1961 census considered as urban areas the capital city of Jakarta, 48 autonomous urban entities granted municipality status, all regency capitals or seats of government (separate from municipalities), six areas of urban character with more than 20,000 inhabitants, and other areas arbitrarily judged as urban by a regency head.Milone 1964 1001 Because non-numerical criteria were used for this classification, not all towns above a population of 20,000 were counted as urban.Milone 1964 1002 Large industrial settlements were also excluded even if local residents considered them towns.Milone 1964 1001 By contrast, the 1930 census applied the uniform definition of all areas having "a more or less urban appearance" with more than 1,000 inhabitants as urban, comprising 32 municipalities and 146 non-municipalities.Milone 1964 1001–1002 + Population in urban and rural areas, Indonesia, 1961 Area Java All other islands Total, Indonesia Population Percent of totalpopulation, Indonesia Population Percent of totalpopulation, Indonesia Population Percent of totalpopulation, Indonesia Urban 9,807,308 10.1 4,551,064 4.7 14,358,372 14.8 Rural 53,185,748 54.8 29,474,709 30.4 82,660,457 85.2 Total, all areas 62,993,056 64.9 34,025,773 35.1 97,018,829 100.0 Source: Nitisastro 2006 178, republished from the 1 percent sample tabulation completed by BPS About two-thirds of Indonesia's urban population lived on Java.Nitisastro 2006 177 This proportion decreased from 1930, when Java's urban areas accounted for more than 78 percent of Indonesia's urban population.Milone 1964 1006 This trend suggests the growth rates of many municipalities outside Java exceeded those of older municipalities in Java, a reflection of the island's historical developments. Colonial exploitation of Java began in the 17th century, whereas resources on the outer islands were not harvested for large scale exports until the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Milone 1964 1005 In the 1961 census, 13 of the 23 largest cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants were located on Java. In contrast, only 1 out of 7 cities of this size in 1930 was located outside Java.Milone 1964 1006 Two cities had more than 1 million inhabitants.Milone 1964 1008 Jakarta's population grew more than five times from 533,000 in 1930 to 2.97 million,Keyfitz 1965 664 in part because the city had its boundaries extended in 1950.Castles 1967 154, 160 Surabaya in East Java saw its population triple in the same time period to more than 1 million.Keyfitz 1965 664 A third city, Bandung in West Java, was in a close third place with a population of 972,556.Milone 1964 1008 Growth due to population movement from the countryside to the cities was a characteristic seen in most developing countries in the post-war period.Brand 1969 307–308 However, in comparison to neighboring Burma (Myanmar), for example, where growth was largely concentrated in the capital city of Rangoon (Yangon), Indonesia had a more graduated distribution of city sizes that was similar to some developed countries.Milone 1964 1009 Of the cities with a population of more than 100,000, Bandung, along with Medan and Pematangsiantar in North Sumatra, grew at a faster rate than Jakarta.Milone 1964 1005–1006 The fastest growing city, Pekanbaru in Riau, had an annual growth rate of 13.1 percent.Milone 1964 1007 Age distribution thumb|upright|People collect baby milk at the Central Public Hospital in Jakarta in 1951. Increased availability of food contributed to a population boom reflected in census data. A very high percentage of the population (33.6 percent) were children under the age of ten,Hawkins 1966 267 a reflection of declining infant and child mortality in the 1950s attributed to significant reductions in cases of yaws, tuberculosis, and malaria, and better food availability and nutrition compared to the 1940s.Keyfitz 1965 659Hunter 1966 38 Of the total population, 55.3 percent were of working age (ages 15–64).Nitisastro 2006 179Hunter 1966 39–40 This proportion was higher in Java (56.5 percent) and in urban areas (57.6 percent).Nitisastro 2006 179–180 Demographer Kurt Horstmann de theorized that the flat population distribution between ages ten and thirty-five was an economic disadvantage for Indonesia in the 1950s. A more normal distribution would have provided the country with a larger working population.Keyfitz 1965 659 Overall, the dependency ratio was 81 dependent persons per 100 working individuals. Combining age data with urban–rural distribution data showed an influx of younger workers to urban centers. The 15–24 age group had greater representation in cities (20 percent of the urban population) than in the countryside (15 percent of the rural population).Nitisastro 2006 180 + Population by age and sex, Indonesia, 1961 Age group MalesAge distribution numbers exclude the estimated population of Western New Guinea (700,000). agetablenote agetablenotes Femalesagetablenote agetablenotes Totalagetablenote agetablenotes Percentof total 0–4 8,461,949 8,580,361 17,042,310 17.7% 5–9 7,683,534 7,639,422 15,322,956 15.9% 10–14 4,318,543 3,860,869 8,179,412 8.5% 15–19 3,834,117 3,874,058 7,708,175 8.0% 20–24 3,452,362 4,338,603 7,790,965 8.1% 25–34 7,333,617 8,542,102 15,875,719 16.5% 35–44 5,719,856 5,363,334 11,083,190 11.5% 45–54 3,559,007 3,483,325 7,042,332 7.3% 55–64 1,897,510 1,850,396 3,747,906 3.9% 65–74 795,730 829,027 1,624,757 1.7% 75+ 377,747 406,609 784,356 0.8% Unknown 59,882 56,869 116,751 0.1% Total, all ages 47,493,854 48,824,975 96,318,829 100.0% Source: Nitisastro 2006 179Notes: agetablenotes Labor and economy thumb|A woman sells rice in the backyard of her house in Madiun, East Java. The majority of females in rural areas did both housework and another economic activity at the same time. The labor force in 1961 accounted for approximately 54 percent of the population aged ten and older,Nitisastro 2006 182 about 34.6 million in total.Nitisastro 2006 186 They comprised individuals who worked at least two out of the six months preceding the census and those who were unemployed but seeking work. The average unemployment rate stood at 5.4 percent.Nitisastro 2006 182 Three-fourths of all employed persons were males.Nitisastro 2006 189–190 The female labor participation rate was less than half of the male population. Female unemployment was higher at 7.0 percent, compared to 4.8 percent for males.Nitisastro 2006 183 In Jakarta, the unemployment rate exceeded 7 percent.Hawkins 1966 267 Although urban areas had a higher percentage of unemployment than rural areas, underemployment was a serious concern in rural areas. Among agricultural workers in rural areas of Java and Madura, as many as one-third were underemployed.Hawkins 1966 268 At the same time, rural areas also saw a majority of females being engaged in both homemaking and another economic activity simultaneously.Nitisastro 2006 183 + Population aged ten and older by occupation and sex, Indonesia, 1961 Occupation Males Females Both sexes No. % No. % No. % Employed 23,805,691 76.0 8,902,923 27.3 32,708,614 51.2 Unemployed 1,203,106 3.8 666,514 2.0 1,869,620 2.9 Total, labor force 25,008,797 79.8 9,569,437 29.3 34,578,234 54.1 Students 3,832,931 12.2 2,539,464 7.8 6,372,395 9.9 Home-houseworkers 1,017,245 3.2 18,494,942 56.8 19,512,187 30.5 Others and unknown 1,489,398 4.7 2,001,349 6.1 3,490,747 5.5 Total, all occupations 31,348,371 100.0 32,605,192 100.0 63,953,563 100.0 Source: Nitisastro 2006 183 thumb|upright|A man gathers leaves from tobacco plants on a plantation in Tanjung Morawa, North Sumatra. Agriculture was the dominant industry and employed 72 percent of Indonesia's workers. Agriculture (including forestry and fishing) was the dominant industry, employing nearly 72 percent of workers, whereas manufacturing employed less than 6 percent.Nitisastro 2006 186 The share of workers in agriculture showed little or no change relative to 1930.Jones 1966 53 Java had the lowest percentage of workers in the agriculture sector, but it had the highest percentage employed in manufacturing, trade, and services. In urban areas, one-third workers were employed in the services sector, whereas manufacturing only employed one-sixth of urban workers.Nitisastro 2006 188 In rural areas, agriculture comprised 81 percent of workers. Although trade and services accounted for less than 5 percent and less than 6 percent of rural workers, respectively, those engaged in agriculture likely considered these their secondary economic activities.Nitisastro 2006 189 Approximately 1 million children aged 10–14 were in employment (3.4 percent of the employed labor force), with agriculture making up 87 percent of that group's economic activities.Nitisastro 2006 190 + Employed persons aged ten and older by economic activity and sex, Indonesia, 1961 Economic activity Males Females Both sexes No. % No. % No. % Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 17,371,811 72.9 6,144,386 69.0 23,516,197 71.9 Mining and quarrying 76,959 0.3 10,435 0.1 87,394 0.3 Manufacturing 1,158,760 4.9 697,392 7.7 1,856,152 5.7 Construction 560,584 2.3 21,456 0.2 582,040 1.8 Electricity, water, and gas 48,104 0.2 2,625 0.02 50,729 0.1 Trade, banking, and insurance 1,510,566 6.3 683,412 7.5 2,193,978 6.7 Transportation, storage, and communication 666,879 2.8 24,850 0.2 691,459 2.1 Services 2,038,531 8.6 1,056,708 11.6 3,095,239 9.5 Other and unknown 373,497 1.6 261,929 2.9 635,426 1.9 Total, all activities 23,805,691 100.0 8,902,923 100.0 32,708,614 100.0 Source: Nitisastro 2006 189 Literacy and education thumb|Shops in the Chinese district of Glodok, Jakarta, display signs in Latin and Chinese characters. The literacy rate for persons aged ten and older was 46.7 percent. This figure included those who were able to read and write in either Latin characters or in a non-Latin script such as Javanese, Arabic, or Chinese. Individuals who could read but not write were categorized as illiterate.Nitisastro 2006 190 Literacy in Sumatra was higher, at 56.6 percent, than other geographic regions. Among males, this figure reached almost 70 percent. In Java, the overall literacy rate was 45.5 percent.Nitisastro 2006 190–191 In urban areas, two-thirds of persons aged ten and older were literate, whereas rural areas had a literacy rate of 43 percent.Nitisastro 2006 191 The introduction of literacy campaigns in years prior to the census resulted a smaller gap in literacy between males and females in the youngest age groups.Nitisastro 2006 193 About 72 percent of children aged 10–14 (76.2 percent of males and 67.7 percent of females) could read and write.Nitisastro 2006 192 + Percentage of population aged ten and older able to read and write by region and sex, Indonesia, 1961 Region Males Females Both sexes Java 59.2 32.6 45.5 Sumatra 69.3 43.7 56.6 Kalimantan 58.7 31.0 45.0 Sulawesi 51.9 35.8 43.6 Other islands 51.0 26.6 38.8 Average, Indonesia 59.8 34.1 46.7 Source: Nitisastro 2006 191 thumb|Students at a senior high school in Singaraja, Bali In rural areas, almost 70 percent of those ten years and older have never completed primary school. This figure was 42 percent in urban areas.Nitisastro 2006 194 Sumatra had the highest percentage of population aged ten and older who completed primary education at almost 40 percent, as well as the highest percentage who finished some higher school at 4.2 percent. In Java, only 30.5 percent of persons aged ten and older had completed primary school, and 3.2 percent completed education at a higher school.Nitisastro 2006 195 The proportion of persons who completed primary school increased for younger age groups. Among all individuals who completed primary school, the 10–24 age group accounted for 56.1 percent.Nitisastro 2006 196 + Percentage of population aged ten and older by level of education, Indonesia, 1961 Age group No school Primary school(3–7 years) Higher school 10–14 43.4 55.8 0.8 15–19 42.5 50.5 7.0 20–24 54.3 37.9 7.8 25–34 67.9 29.0 3.1 35–44 73.7 24.6 1.7 45–54 82.6 16.1 1.3 55–64 88.6 10.6 0.8 65–74 91.8 7.6 0.6 75+ 93.3 6.3 0.6 Unknown 71.6 25.5 0.4 Average, aged 10 and over 64.8 32.1 3.1 Source: Nitisastro 2006 195 thumb|upright|A woman dresses her son for the first day of school. Most Indonesian children started school at the age of seven or older. To facilitate education planning, BPS created a separate table of school attendance figures among children aged seven to thirteen.Nitisastro 2006 196–197 On average, school attendance in this group was about 55 percent, with three-fourths of children in urban areas and just over half of children in rural areas attending school.Nitisastro 2006 197–198 Although attendance rates for males and females did not differ greatly within each region, there was a larger discrepancy among females of different regions than among males.Nitisastro 2006 199 + Percentage of children aged 7–13 attending school by region and sex, Indonesia, 1961 Region Males Females Both sexes Java 58.3 52.2 55.3 Sumatra 62.9 57.4 60.2 Kalimantan 46.8 41.9 44.5 Sulawesi 55.9 52.5 54.3 Other islands 49.1 37.5 43.5 Average, Indonesia 57.7 51.7 54.8 Source: Nitisastro 2006 198 Subsequent analyses Gaps in ethnographic data right Religion in Jakarta (1961)Castles 1967 170 Islam 84.7 DarkGreen Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism 7.8 Gold Protestantism 3.1 DarkBlue Catholicism 1.7 Purple Other and unknown 2.7 Gray Unlike the previous census completed in 1930, the 1961 census did not capture information on Indonesia's ethnic groups.Castles 1967 153–154 No ethnicity data was collected by successive governments from independence through the 1990s because they believed that information about the country's ethnic composition could be used to incite social and political instability.Ananta Arifin Hasbullah Handayani 2015 10 Such data would not be collected until the 2000 census following democratization and reforms in 1998.Ananta Arifin Hasbullah Handayani 2015 11 As a result, analyses of ethnic groupings at the national level throughout most of the 20th century were either extrapolated from 1930 data or educated estimates.Ananta Arifin Hasbullah Handayani 2015 10 Demographers have noted that this position on ethnicity differed from the government's attitude toward religion, whose information has been collected in all population censuses.Ananta Arifin Hasbullah Handayani 2015 11 Even so, religion was considered a sensitive topic that the complete 1961 data was never made public.Suryadinata Arifin Ananta 2003 103 BPS only released statistics on religion for Jakarta, while researchers later obtained unpublished data for Yogyakarta and East Java.Jones 1976 26 Population projections thumb|Population pyramid of Indonesia in 1961 with adjustments to census data by economist Widjojo Nitisastro A post-enumeration survey was conducted in the same year as the census throughout Java, but only in the provincial capitals for other islands. It found that Java had a net underenumeration of 0.19 percent, whereas the other provincial capitals had a net underenumeration of 0.45 percent. In Jakarta, data on the distribution of population by single year of age showed a tendency of age heaping at ages ending with zero and five and at ages twelve and eighteen.Nitisastro 2006 181 There were also patterns of underenumeration of very young children, overestimation of the ages of old people, and understatements of ages by young females—all commonly seen in population censuses.Nitisastro 2006 181–182 Economist Widjojo Nitisastro, who headed National Development Planning Agency (id Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional unset, or Bappenas), applied adjustments to the sex-age data to make population projections through 1991.Nitisastro 2006 201–202 Demographic surveys were also conducted in each of the subsequent three years. Census planners used information from the completed census and surveys to make improvements to the following census in 1971.Muhidin 2002 128 Given the large proportion of population aged 5–14, demographer Nathan Keyfitz estimated that the number of people entering the labor force would rise from 1.5 million annually in the mid-1960s to over 3 million annually in the early 1970s, raising the question of whether the Indonesian economy could absorb the surge of new workers. He highlighted that the census already showed that as much as one-fifth of young people in rural areas were already unemployed.Keyfitz 1965 663 He anticipated population pressures in land-scarce Java, which was three-quarters rural.Keyfitz 1965 667 Economist Alex Hunter noted that the former Dutch colonial government attempted to solve this problem by introducing a transmigration program to move landless people to less populous outer islands, but the program saw little success among the Javanese.Hunter 1966 36–37 Keyfitz predicted instead that rural-to-urban migration would accelerate, continuing the pattern of rapid growth in cities seen in the census.Keyfitz 1965 664, 667 Demographer Gavin Jones agreed that rural-urban migration was more practical, but noted that "dismal economic performance" in the first half of the 1960s resulted in poor employment opportunities and living conditions in urban areas.Jones 1966 68 See also Demographics of Indonesia Economic history of Indonesia References Citations 20em Bibliography 2 Ananta Aris Arifin Evi Nurvidya Hasbullah M. 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Gavin Jones (demographer) June 1966 The Growth and Changing Structure of the Indonesian Labour Force, 1930–81 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00074916612331332937 Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies Routledge 2 4 50–74 10.1080/00074916612331332937 subscription Jones Gavin W. Gavin Jones (demographer) October 1976 Religion and Education in Indonesia https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53625/INDO_22_0_1107107671_19_56.pdf Indonesia Cornell Southeast Asia Program 22 22 19–56 10.2307/3350976 1813/53625 free 3350976 Kahin Audrey 2015 Historical Dictionary of Indonesia https://books.google.com/books?id=YcuhCgAAQBAJ 3rd Rowman & Littlefield Lanham, Maryland 978-0-8108-7195-3 Keyfitz Nathan Nathan Keyfitz May 1965 Age Distribution as a Challenge to Development https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/223960 American Journal of Sociology University of Chicago Press 70 6 659–668 10.1086/223960 2774392 144279945 subscription Lagerberg Kees 1979 West Irian and Jakarta Imperialism https://www.papuaheritage.org/sites/default/files/collectie/files/2003-10/Lagerberg_1979_West%20Irian.pdf C. Hurst & Co. London 978-0-905838-03-8 McNicoll Geoffrey April 1968 The Internal Migration in Indonesia: Descriptive Notes https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53434/INDO_5_0_1107138147_29_92.pdf Indonesia Cornell University Southeast Asia Program 5 5 29–92 10.2307/3350764 1813/53434 free 3350764 November 1960 Menghadapi Sensus Penduduk 1961 Understanding the 1961 Population Census https://books.google.com/books?id=t1odAQAAIAAJ Mimbar Penerangan Indonesian Jakarta Departemen Penerangan 11 11 723–727 1799283 Deppen 1960b 1968 Methods of Analysing Census Data on Economic Activities of the Population https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_1968_methods_of_analysing_census_data_on_economic_activities_of_the_population_0.pdf United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs New York UN DESA 1968 Milone Pauline D. August 1964 Contemporary Urbanization in Indonesia Asian Survey Institute of International Studies, University of California 4 8 1000–1012 10.2307/2642637 2642637 Muhidin Salahudin 2002 The Population of Indonesia: Regional Demographic Scenarios Using a Multiregional Method and Multiple Data Sources https://research.rug.nl/files/9931863/thesis.pdf PhD Rozenberg Publishers Amsterdam 11370/b1418411-9630-4979-8c72-3f8410ad2ef3 free 978-90-5170-596-6 130006086 September–October 1960 Multum in Extenso Much in the Extended https://books.google.com/books?id=t1odAQAAIAAJ Mimbar Penerangan Indonesian Jakarta Departemen Penerangan 11 9/10 666–671 1799283 Deppen 1960a Nitisastro Widjojo Widjojo Nitisastro 2006 1970 Population Trends in Indonesia https://books.google.com/books?id=RQbd3-G6riUC Equinox Publishing Indonesia Jakarta 978-979-3780-43-6 Suryadinata Leo Leo Suryadinata Arifin Evi Nurvidya Ananta Aris 2003 Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape https://books.google.com/books?id=GzHqWZVtMzEC Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 978-981-230-218-2 Statutes and ordinances 2 Government Ordinance 49 1960 Second Working Cabinet Penyelenggaraan Sensus Penduduk 1961 Administration of the 1961 Population Census https://jdihn.go.id/files/4/1960pp049.pdf id Gov't. Ord. No. 49 of 1960 Law 6 1960 People's Representative Council of Mutual Aid Sensus The Census https://jdihn.go.id/files/4/1960uu006.pdf id Law No. 6 of 1960 External links Population Census 1961, a booklet published in June 1962 containing provisional census figures for each regency and municipality in Indonesia Indonesia Category:1961 in Indonesia Category:Censuses in Indonesia