2005 in science

none March 2013 2005 scienceThe year 2005 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy January 5 – Eris, the most massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System, is identified by a team the Palomar Observatory in California from images taken on October 21, 2003 (discovery announced July 29, 2005). February 23 – Astronomers announce the discovery of a galaxy, VIRGOHI21, that consists almost entirely of dark matter.Minchin, Robert A Dark Hydrogen Cloud in the Virgo Cluster The Astrophysical Journal 622 2005 L21–L24 10.1086/429538 2005ApJ...622L..21M 1 astro-ph/0502312 15639006 etal March 23 – Two independent teams report the observation of light from planets circling two different stars, using the Spitzer infrared space telescope. Both groups detect a during conjunction, when the planet is moving behind its sun's disk (occultation).Cornell University Light detected from two planets outside solar system http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0503/22exoplanets/ Spaceflight Now 2005-03-22 2011-12-08 Cornell University Results are published in Nature and The Astrophysical Journal. March 31 – Dwarf planet Makemake is discovered in the Kuiper belt (discovery announced July 29). April 8 – Total solar eclipse. May 18 – A second photograph by the Hubble Space Telescope confirms the discovery of two new moons of Pluto: Nix and Hydra. July 20–27 – Controversy over the discovery of Haumea: Discovery of dwarf planet Haumea is announced. October 3 – Annular solar eclipse. October–November – Japanese robotic spacecraft Hayabusa makes a rendezvous with near-Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa. Biology June 2 – Michael Kosfeld and colleagues publish their findings that oxytocin increases trust in humans.Kosfeld, Michael Oxytocin increases trust in humans Nature 435 7042 2005 673–5 http://dept.wofford.edu/neuroscience/neuroseminar/pdffall2008/oxy-human.pdf 10.1038/nature03701 2013-07-17 2005Natur.435..673K 15931222 1234727 etal August 31 – A first draft of the chimpanzee genome is published. October 5 – The Spanish flu virus is reconstructed and shown to be closely related to the Avian influenza virus. November 27 – French oral and maxillofacial surgeon Dr. Bernard Devauchelle and colleagues perform the world's first partial face transplant on a living human, replacing Isabelle Dinoire's face, which had been mutilated by her dog. The Stitchbird is reintroduced to mainland New Zealand. Pamela C. Rasmussen and John C. Anderton publish Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Climatology January 27 – Scientists behind the climateprediction.net project, a distributed computing project run from Oxford University, announce that first results indicate a long term surface temperature increase due to global warming of between 2 and 11 degrees Celsius as a consequence of doubling carbon dioxide levels, with most of the simulations predicting a temperature rise of around 3.4 °C.Stainforth D. A. Aina T. Christensen C. Collins M. Faull N. Frame D. J. Kettleborough J. A. Knight S. Martin A. Murphy J. M. Piani C. Sexton D. Smith L. A. Spicer R. A. Thorpe A. J. Allen M. R. 5 Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases Nature Springer Science and Business Media LLC 433 7024 2005 0028-0836 10.1038/nature03301 403–406 15674288 2005Natur.433..403S 2547937 Computer science April 23 – The first video is uploaded to the online video hosting service YouTube established by Jawed Karim, Steve Chen and Chad Hurley. Paleontology January 13 – Chinese paleontologists announce the discovery of fossils of Repenomamus robustus and Repenomamus giganticus, mammals that lived 130 million years ago. The fossil discoveries indicate that these mammals preyed on small dinosaurs.Weil Anne Mammalian palaeobiology: Living large in the Cretaceous Nature Springer Science and Business Media LLC 433 7022 2005-01-13 0028-0836 10.1038/433116b 116–117 15650725 2005Natur.433..116W 52869101 February 17 – Two Ethiopian fossil skulls originally found in 1967 by Richard Leakey, Omo I and Omo II, are re-dated at 195,000 years old, making them the oldest Homo sapiens remains known.McDougall Ian Brown Francis H. Fleagle John G. Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia Nature Springer Science and Business Media LLC 433 7027 2005 0028-0836 10.1038/nature03258 733–736 15716951 2005Natur.433..733M 1454595 December 15 – European and Canadian researchers announce the dating of flint artefacts from Pakefield, Suffolk, UK to around 700,000 years ago, representing the earliest unequivocal evidence for human presence north of the Alps.Parfitt Simon A. Barendregt René W. Breda Marzia Candy Ian Collins Matthew J. Coope G. Russell Durbidge Paul Field Mike H. Lee Jonathan R. Lister Adrian M. Mutch Robert Penkman Kirsty E. H. Preece Richard C. Rose James Stringer Christopher B. Symmons Robert Whittaker John E. Wymer John J. Stuart Anthony J. 5 The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe Nature Springer Science and Business Media LLC 438 7070 2005 0028-0836 10.1038/nature04227 1008–1012 16355223 2005Natur.438.1008P 4362294 Philosophy 2005 in philosophy Physics This has been named the World Year of Physics in honor of the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein's Annus Mirabilis papers of 1905 and the resulting developments in the field of physics. Many institutions are celebrating by holding lecture series on Einstein, the history of special relativity and quantum mechanics and other public events surrounding the history of physics. Space exploration January 14 – The Huygens probe is successfully sent into the atmosphere of Titan and returns science data to Earth via the Cassini orbiter. It survives the landing on the surface of Titan and sends pictures and other data for more than an hour afterwards. January 26 – ESA's SMART-1 begins sending back close range pictures of the lunar surface February 7 – NASA announce budget plans – in the announcement, they state that a mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope will not take place, and that a robotic mission to deorbit the telescope with a safe descent into an ocean will take place. The Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (Jimo) mission is also cancelled. February 12 – ESA successfully launch an Ariane 5 ECA carrying three satellites. The previous attempt to launch the new design of rocket, in December 2002, failed when the rocket deviated from its course minutes into the flight. July 4 – The Deep Impact spacecraft successfully observes the disintegration of its "impactor" section colliding with the comet Tempel 1. A large number of other telescopes also provide data on this event. Technology August 29 – Levee failures in Greater New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. Awards Nobel Prize Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Barry J. Marshall and Robin Warren Nobel Prize in Physics: Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock Abel Prize in Mathematics: Peter David Lax Appointments January 26 – The NIH announce that Elizabeth Nabel will succeed Claude Lenfant as director of the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. February 7 – The National Academy of Sciences elects Ralph Cicerone as its next president, to begin his 6-year term on July 1. He takes over from Bruce Alberts. February 25 – Robert Kirby-Harris is appointed as Chief Executive of the UK's Institute of Physics. – Keith Mason is appointed as the new head of the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council in the UK. – Daniel Höchli is appointed director of the Swiss National Science Foundation. April 13 – Michael D. Griffin is confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the next NASA administrator, succeeding Sean O'Keefe. December 6 – Kaname Ikeda is appointed as first Director General of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Other events February 8 – Yale University wins more than $1 million in damages and attorney's fees, along with the patent rights relating to electrospray ionization from former professor and Nobel Prize winner John Fenn. Publications Jorge E. Hirsch publishes his proposal for an h-index to quantify a scientist's publication productivity.J. E. Hirsch An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10.1073/pnas.0507655102 2005-11-15 102 46 16569–16572 16275915 1283832 physics/0508025 2005PNAS..10216569H free Deaths February 3 – Ernst Mayr (b. 1904), German-American evolutionary biologist. February 6 – Hubert Curien (b. 1924), French physicist, President of CERN and first chairman of ESA. February 10 – D. Allan Bromley (b. 1926), Canadian-American director of Yale's A. W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory. March 6 – Hans Bethe (b. 1906), German-American Nobel laureate in Physics (1967) for his discoveries concerning the energy production mechanism in stars. March 31 – Stanley J. Korsmeyer (b. 1950), American cell biologist. April 11 – Maurice Hilleman (b. 1919), American vaccinologist.Dove Alan April 2005 Maurice Hilleman Nature Medicine 11 4 S2 10.1038/nm1223 15812484 13028372 1546-170X free May 12 – Kai Setälä (b. 1913), Finnish physician.https://www.hs.fi/muistot/art-2000002627923.html Kai Setälä - Muistot Helsingin Sanomat subscription 18 May 2011 12 February 2024 fi June 20 Charles David Keeling (b. 1928), American climate scientist, first to make frequent measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, plotted on the Keeling Curve. Jack Kilby (b. 1923), American electronics engineer, Nobel laureate in Physics (2000) for his work on integrated circuits. July 16 – John Ostrom (b. 1928), American paleontologist, pioneer of the "dinosaur renaissance". August 21 – Robert Moog (b. 1934), pioneer of electronic music. August 31 – Sir Joseph Rotblat (b. 1908), Polish-born British nuclear physicist, Nobel laureate in Peace. September 1 – Jacob A. Marinsky (b. 1918), American chemist, co-discoverer of the element Promethium.Jeremy Pearce Jacob Marinsky, 87, Dies; Isolated Promethium Ions https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/08/us/jacob-marinsky-87-dies-isolated-promethium-ions.html subscription 15 February 2021 The New York Times 8 September 2005 B 9 September 20 – Matest M. Agrest (b. 2005), Russian mathematician and ethnologist. September 28 – Leo Sternbach (b. 1908), Polish-born American chemist.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)67588-5/fulltext 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67588-5 Leo H Sternbach 2005 Oransky Ivan The Lancet 366 9495 1430 October 28 – Richard Smalley (b. 1943), American Nobel laureate in Chemistry (1996) for the discovery of a new form of carbon, Buckminsterfullerene. November 16 – Henry Taube (b. 1915), Canadian-American Nobel laureate in Chemistry (1983) for his work in the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes. External links The year in science and technology in Israel https://web.archive.org/web/20060105032451/http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/301205_tech_2005.htm 2006-01-05 – IsraCast article 2005: The year in biology and medicine – New Scientist 2005: The year in space – New Scientist 2005: The year in technology – New Scientist References Category:21st century in science Category:2000s in science